Research Article |
Corresponding author: Patrick Jung ( patrick_jung90@web.de ) Academic editor: Pradeep Divakar
© 2023 Patrick Jung, Lina Werner, Laura Briegel-Williams, Dina Emrich, Michael Lakatos.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Jung P, Werner L, Briegel-Williams L, Emrich D, Lakatos M (2023) Roccellinastrum, Cenozosia and Heterodermia: Ecology and phylogeny of fog lichens and their photobionts from the coastal Atacama Desert. MycoKeys 98: 317-348. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.98.107764
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Some deserts on Earth such as the Namib or the Atacama are influenced by fog which can lead to the formation of local fog oases - unique environments hosting a great diversity of specialized plants and lichens. Lichens of the genera Ramalina, Niebla or Heterodermia have taxonomically been investigated from fog oases around the globe but not from the Atacama Desert, one of the oldest and driest deserts. Conditioned by its topography and the presence of orographic fog, the National Park Pan de Azúcar in the Atacama Desert is considered to be such a lichen hotspot. Applying multi-gen loci involving phylogenetic analyses combined with intense morphological and chemical characterization, we determined the taxonomic position of five of the most abundant epiphytic lichens of this area. We evaluated Roccellinastrum spongoideum and Heterodermia follmannii which were both described from the area but also finally showed that the genus Cenozosia is the endemic sister genus to Ramalina, Vermilacinia, Namibialina and Niebla. As a result, we have described the species Heterodermia adunca, C. cava and C. excorticata as new lichen species. This work provides a comprehensive dataset for common fog lichen genera of the Coastal Range of the Atacama Desert that can be used as a baseline for monitoring programs and environmental health assessments.
Chlorolichens, Heterodermia, Niebla, Pan de Azucar, Symbiochloris, Trebouxia
Extensive coastal deserts affected by fog occur in three areas of the world, the Namib Desert of South Africa, the Sonoran Desert of Baja California and the Atacama Desert of South America - and all of them are well known to be home to a vast diversity of lichens (Nash et al. 1997;
The genus Niebla, for example, has recently been split into Namibialina which is endemic to SW Africa, and a duo formed by Niebla and Vermilacinia, which are endemic to fog-influenced coastal deserts of the New World (
Some of the most conspicuous lichens from fog oases of the Atacama Desert are Heterodermia, various Niebla species, or Roccellinastrum (
Not only the mycobiont’s phylogenetic position of lichens from the genera Niebla, Roccellinastrum and Heterodermia from the Atacama are of interest for recent advances in taxonomy but also their photobionts. During the last few years, a new phylogenetic and taxonomic framework was created for the largest chlorobiont genus Trebouxia based on multi-locus DNA datasets which increased the resolution and comparability of such photobiont clades (
This study now aims to help fill the presented scientific gaps by an extensive evaluation of the phylogenetic position of the mycobiont and photobiont of two Niebla species (cf. N. ceruchis, cf. N. tigrina), two Heterodermia species and Roccellinastrum spongoideum from the National Park Pan de Azúcar, a fog oasis in the Atacama Desert. To achieve this, we critically evaluated the morphology and chemical character of the five specimens including 3D models as a reference, microscopic techniques, thin layer chromatography (TLC) and spot tests. We also created a multi-locus phylogeny following the molecular methods applied by
Sampling of all lichens took place in February 2022 in the National Park Pan de Azúcar in close proximity to a meteorological station (25°59'03"S, 70°36'55"W; 764 m a.s.l.). The national park is located between 25°53' and 26°15'S and 70°29' and 70°40'W along the Pacific coast in Chile, in the southern part of the Atacama Desert. A narrow pediment close to the coast characterizes the local topography with a steep ridge that reaches altitudes of up to 850 meters a.s.l. and drops towards the interior to altitudes between 700 and 400 m a.s.l. Parts of the National Park such as “Las Lomitas” are well-known as fog oases (
Images of the lichens in their natural setting were obtained via photography (Panasonic Lumix 7.2), and their details were captured in the laboratory using a digital 3D 4K stereo microscope (VHX-7000, Keyence Deutschland GmbH, Neu-Isenburg, Germany) with up to 1000x magnification. Spores from apothecia were captured by homogenization of the apothecia in a drop of water on a microscope slide followed by light microscopy (BX51, Olympus, Tokyo) coupled with a camera (MicroLive, Bremen, Germany) and MicroLive 5 software (MicroLive, Bremen, Germany).
For electron microscopy, a low-temperature scanning electron microscope (Supra 55VP; Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) was used to study fully hydrated lichen thalli. The samples were frozen in liquid nitrogen slush (K1250X Cryogenic preparation system, Quorum technologies) and mounted on special brass trays. After sublimation for 30 min at −80 °C, samples were sputter-coated with gold–palladium and viewed at a temperature of −130 °C and 5 kV accelerator voltage.
In order to create a digital, freely accessible reference for the lichens, 3D models were prepared based on the type material of each lichen used in this study by VirNat s.r.o., https://virnat.sk/, Budapest, Slovakia.
The secondary lichen metabolites were detected from each lichen in triplicates using thin layer chromatography (TLC) following the protocol of
Spot tests for each sample were applied (potassium hydroxide (K), sodium hypochlorite (C), combination of potassium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite (KC), para-phenylendiamine (P)) and the lichen sample were also tested under UV light.
Biomass from three replicates per species were picked with tweezers under a binocular stereoscope and subsequently washed in sterile ddH2O. Small proportions of these (equivalent to the size of three sand grains) were finally picked off the cleaned lichen fragments and transferred to 200 µl PCR tubes filled with lysis buffer of the Platinum Direct PCR Universal Master Mix - Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc). Lysis was carried out according to standard protocol provided by the manufacturer and acted as template for subsequent PCRs.
Multiple taxonomic gene regions for all studied lichens were selected and amplified based on the latest phylogenetic-based studies available for each lichen genus as outlined in detail below. All PCR reactions were carried out using the Platinum Direct PCR Universal Master Mix - Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc) in a Mini Amp Plus Thermal Cycler (Applied Biosystems, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, USA).
All PCR products were checked by gel electrophoresis using 1% E-gel EX (Invitrogen, Thermo Fisher, Waltham, USA) in an E-Gel Power Snap instrument (Invitrogen, Thermo Fisher, Waltham, USA).
Successful PCR products were purified using the NucleoSpin Gel and PCR Clean-up Kit (Marchery Nagel, New England, Canada) according to the manufacturer’s standard protocol. Subsequently, they were sent for Sanger sequencing carried out by Azenta (Göttingen, Germany) with the primers that were for the amplification of the respective gene regions. All generated DNA sequences were deposited at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) GenBank.
Sequences for individual loci were checked against the NCBI GenBank dataset using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) of Mega 11 (
Significant conflict was detected for Roccellinastrum and thus the alignments were not concatenated for this lichen. Instead the single phylogenetic trees were kept including 1162 base pairs of the ITS gene region, 1121 of the protein coding gene region RPB1 and 1115 base pairs of RPB2 as well as 822 bp of the mtSSU gene region (GTR+G+I substitution model). Besides Maximum Likelihood analyses (ML) also Bayesian Inference (BI) was calculated for each of these trees using Mr. Bayes 3.2.1 (
All other alignments were concatenated so that the final alignment for Heterodermia (ITS-mtSSU-nuLR; Suppl. material
The alignment of the 18S rDNA covering 2398 bp from the photobionts was curated as described above and calculated using the TN93+G substitution model with 1,000 replications for the ML analyses.
Phylogenetic trees were finally depicted in iTOL (
Based on the holistic approach applied here, combining multi loci gene phylogenies, intensive morphological- and chemical analyses, the lichens Roccellinastrum spongoideum and Heterodermia follmannii were characterized in addition to the novel species Heterodermia adunca, Cenozosia excorticata and C. cava, which were described here. In addition, information on the lichen’s photobionts could be gained based on morphological and phylogenetic investigations.
Thalli of Roccellinastrum spongoideum (Fig.
Roccellinastrum spongoideum A, B photographs showing R. spongoideum on the downfacing cactus needles of different Eulychnia cacti in the National Park Pan de Azucar C photograph of byssoid lichen thallus D, E close-up of byssoid thallus showing the coarse hyphal structure F SEM image of hyphal loops G close-up of a cross section with a loose hyphal network, patchy arrangement of photobionts and pink apothecia H SEM image of four ‘micareoid’ photobionts on fungal hyphae I light microscopy of micareoid photobionts with large vacuole-like structures J, K SEM image and light microscopy of the lichen thallus L microscopic cross section through apothecium with two-celled spores divided by a septum. QR code redirects to 3D scan of R. spongoideum. PW: Lichen.
The gray Heterodermia follmannii (Fig.
Heterodermia follmannii A, B photographs of Heterodermia follmannii with its gray thallus and black cilia C top view of thallus lobes D bottom view of thallus lobes without lower cortex showing the white, loose medulla and brownish attachment sides E cross section of thallus lobe showing the photobiont layer and the gray upper cortex which forms a rim on the ventral side with an open medulla F ventral side of thallus lobe with open medulla and black, long and branched cilia G top view H upwards bent terminal thallus part which is slightly bloated I ventral view of the attachment side. QR code redirects to 3D scan of Heterodermia follmannii. PW: Lichen.
Heterodermia adunca sp. nov. (Fig.
Heterodermia adunca sp. nov. A–C photographs of Heterodermia adunca sp. nov. on fine soil in the National Park Pan de Azucar D thallus fragments with black cilia and whitish ventral thallus parts forming a rim without lower cortex E terminal wrapped thallus part with blackish cilia F, G photographs H detail of thallus cross section with photobiont layer showing the curved upper cortex that forms a rim where the white medulla is without a lower cortex I, J terminal thallus parts with the typical wrapped ends. QR code redirects to 3D scan of Heterodermia adunca sp. nov. PW: Lichen.
Cenozosia cava sp. nov. was found on cacti (mostly Eulychnia spp.) in the fog zones resembling a habitus comparable to Niebla ceruchis but with less tapered, hollow thallus parts (Fig.
Cenozosia cava sp. nov. A–C photographs of Cenozosia cava sp. nov. on various cacti in the National Park Pan de Azucar D, E close-up of light pink apothecia including microscopic image of the two-celled spore with a septum in D note the tremelloid, gall-like structures across the thalli F close-up of lichen thallus cross section depicting the hollow structure of the thallus, the irregular photobiont nests and the smooth outer cortex structure G–I photographs of various thalli and apothecia. QR code redirects to 3D scan of Cenozosia cava sp. nov. PW: Lichen.
In contrast to C. cava sp. nov., Cenozosia excorticata sp. nov. was characterized by thallus branches that had a unique cortex structure made hyalin, coalesced hyphae that formed a strongly perforated and wide sleeve around the white medulla pillowed by a few hyphal strands that crisscrossed between medulla and cortex sleeve (Fig.
Cenozosia excorticata sp. nov. A–D photographs of Cenozosia excorticata sp. nov. on cacti needles in the National Park Pan de Azucar and under laboratory conditions E–I different close-ups of thallus sections showing the bright white central strand surrounded by a layer of gray, hyaline coalesced hyphae forming a perforated cortex and chondroid strands that crisscross the medulla. Note that new growth of branches is initiated by the whitish inner strand that breaks through the perforated cortex structures (G, I) J, K apothecia with pink hymenial disc L microscopic cross section through the apothecium with two-celled spores divided by a septum. QR code redirects to 3D scan of Cenozosia excorticata sp. nov. PW: Lichen.
Thin layer chromatography (TLC) revealed that Roccellinastrum spongoideum showed atranorin and protocetric acid as secondary lichen substances including two other unknown substances. Heterodermia follmannii and Heterodermia adunca sp. nov. both contained atranorin and zeorin as secondary lichen substances. Cenozosia cava sp. nov. and C. excorticata sp. nov. were positive for zeorin, decarboxynorstenosporic acid and decarboxydivaricatic acid, in addition to fatty acids. Two other unknown secondary lichen substances were found in C. cava sp. nov., and another unknown secondary metabolite was found in C. excorticata sp. nov.
For Roccellinastrum spongoideum a significant conflict was detected during the attempt to concatenate the single gene alignments and thus the alignments were not concatenated (Fig.
For both Heterodermia lichens a three loci dataset could be generated covering the ITS, mtSSU and nuLR gene regions (Fig.
The three gene phylogeny including the ITS, RPB1 and RPB2 gene regions for the Cenozosia lichens was created based on the dataset provided by
The 18S rDNA sequences which were obtained from the photobionts of all five lichens showed that an undescribed Symbiochloris species was the photobiont of Roccellinastrum spongoideum (Fig.
Fog zones of coastal areas such as the Coastal Range of the Atacama or the Namib Desert have long been proposed as lichen hot spots with a high diversity (
Due to a byssoid thallus, the epiphytic genus Roccellinastrum comprises a set of morphologically conspicuous species with R. spongoideum from the Atacama Desert, R. epiphyllum from Southern Chile, R. candidum from South America, R. neglectum from the needles of coniferous trees of New Zealand, and R. lagarostrobi as well as R. flavescens from Tasmania, all of which are deemed to be endemic (
Members of the Heterodermia-complex (Physciaceae) can easily be recognized based on cilia that cover their lobed, grayish to white thalli and among foliose lichens they are one of the most common lichens in tropical and subtropical regions, with a few species reaching temperate regions. Many ‘Heterodermia’ species have been described from North America, India, Africa, Europe, Thailand and many other regions (
The Ramalinaceae is the fourth-largest family of lichenized ascomycetes and their fruticose genera were recently updated and now support the four genera Ramalina (sub-cosmopolitan), Namibialina (endemic to South West Africa), Niebla and Vermilacinia (endemic to the New World) (
It has often been assumed that lichens ehich share a unique ecological niche such as those occurring in a fog oasis also share a common set of photobionts determining the ecophysiological potential of those lichens. In 2020, a multi-locus DNA backbone helped to provide a framework for the identification of trebouxioid lichen photobionts (
A different story unrolls for the photobiont of R. spongoideum which was previously characterized as micareoid (
Thallus usually 2 cm large but specimens up to 7 cm were observed, gray to brownish gray, sub- fruticose, byssoid-spongiose or cottony-granular. Lobes tubular, up to 20 mm long or longer, cylindrical and up to 5 mm broad or flattened and up to 6 mm broad, partly fenestrate in older parts. Young thalli at first as erect tufts developing to hollow tubes covered with white to light pink or brownish apothecia which are laminal, up to 0.5 mm broad, frequently compound, sessile or shortly stipitate. Hymenium 35–45 µm high, paraphyses branched, hypothecium colorless. Asci 26–35 × 8–10 µm, spores 1-septate at maturity, 7.5–10 × 1.5–3 µm. Excipulum of (often dichotomously) branched, radiating hyphae with strongly gelatinized walls, colorless, not sharply delimited from the paraphyses. Single hyphae often form loop structures in inner thallus parts. Thallus hyphae 3–9 µm wide, lumina ca. 1 µm thick. Cell lumina elongated or short, the ends sometimes characteristically enlarged adjacent to septa. Cells of the Symbiochloris photobionts (= ‘micareoid’) of 8–10 µm in diameter, arranged in nests of several cells.
Atranorin, protocetraric acid and traces of two unknown constituents. UV-, K-, C-, KC+ orange, P+ yellow to orange.
The endemic species grows epiphytically on downwards pointing needles mainly of the cactus Eulychnia sp. along the Coastal Range of the Atacama Desert of Chile where fog frequently occurs.
The pale brownish tinge of the apothecia is caused by crystals of pigments deposited on the outer surface of the fruiting bodies. It seems that
specimen HBG-025791 (Herbarium Hamburgense, Hamburg, Germany) from Chile, Atacama Desert, Pan de Azúcar National Park.
Thalli up to 5 cm, only attached at central parts by whitish to brown rhizines, which are significantly thinner and shorter than the cilia. Thallus divided into linear, ca. 2–4 mm wide, often dichotomously or palmately branched, ascending, often bullate lobes. Upper side flat or slightly convex to concave; lower side decorticate, without rhizines, ca. 0.8–1.3 mm wide, bordered by rather swollen thallus margins, sometimes with weak and irregular cartilaginous ridges. Internodes ca. 1–1.5 mm long. Cilia are conspicuous and dense, ca 3 or more per mm on each side, black, usually up to 5 mm long, mostly simple, occasionally with a few terminal bifurcations or a few perpendicular branchlets. The cilia are not very strictly marginal, and may be implanted more or less away from the margin, on the lower, lateral, or upper side of the margin, or on the upper surface, incidentally also on ridges of the lower side. Soredia present, farinose, produced in slightly greenish or blue greenish soralia on the lower side of upturned lobe tips. Soralia poorly delimited and perhaps covering all of the lower surface of the lobes, but most distinct near the lobe tips. In cross section with a cortical layer of very irregular thickness, forming pronounced longitudinal ridges, ca 25–40 µm thick on thin spots, up to 100–150 µm at the ridges, with ca. 100 µm thick medulla. Apothecia and pycnidia unknown. Trebouxioid photobionts are arranged in a continuous layer.
Atranorin, zeorin, weak traces probably of additional terpenoids. Cortex UV-, C-, K+ yellow, KC-, P-; medulla UV-, C-, K-, P-.
The species grows attached to stones or epiphytically on the lower third of cacti restricted to a small strip on top of the steep coastal ridge with high wind speeds and regular fog events. It is also known from the neighborhood of Iquique (
Heterodermia follmannii is morphologically indistinguishable from H. multiciliata except by its lobes with upturned tips and sorediate lower side, and by the absence of apothecia. The great morphological similarity suggests that it is a vegetatively reproducing species derived from H. multiciliata. It may be most easily confused with H. comosa, which shares the regularly branched, ascending lobes which are sorediate on the lower surface. H. comosa differs by its flabellate-expanded, not linear lobes, and its usually white cilia, which are exceptionally darkened at the tips. According to the three-gen phylogenetic reconstruction presented here the species falls within the monophyletic Leucodermia cluster and is separated from H. adunca. According to the ITS-only phylogeny the species falls in a separated cluster together with H. adunca, one H. leucomelaena and one H. erinacea ITS sequence.
specimen HBG-025794 (Herbarium Hamburgense, Hamburg, Germany) from Chile, Atacama Desert, Pan de Azúcar National Park.
Chile. Atacama Desert, Pan de Azúcar National Park (25°59'03"S, 70°36'55"W; 764 m a.s.l.) specimen HBG-025795 (Herbarium Hamburgense, Hamburg, Germany).
Recognized by its ‘hairy’ growth of the densely ciliated, thin branches.
The epithet ‘adunca’ refers to the curled, hooked tips that the species produces regularly.
Thallus appears hairy and is attached at various parts by inconspicuous, small whitish to brown rhizines, which are significantly thinner and shorter than the cilia. Cilia are black, emerging from the upper cortex, sometimes branched, up to 5 mm in length. Thread-like lobes that have a rounded appearance created by the curving around of the upper cortex forming a rim, but the threads are clearly made up of upper and lower parts once investigated with a good hand lens. Upper cortex present, smooth, white to pale gray, parts that are closer to the substrate often appear brownish (mature parts). Lower cortex missing, surface appears rough and whitish between the rims. Main lobes are several cm long and often stretch out horizontally from which irregular side branches emerge that are shorter than the main branches. Tips of the branches are often tightly curled under forming short spirals. Pycnidia and apothecia absent. Trebouxioid photobionts are arranged in a continuous layer.
Atranorin, zeorin. UV-, C-, K+ slightly yellow, KC-, P-.
The species grows attached to stones or on soil restricted to a small strip on top of the steep coastal ridge with high wind speeds and regular fog events. It has also been observed at Alto Patache (Iquique), near the coast in northern Chile. There it grows on SW-facing slopes between ca. 600–1300 m, on low vegetation or directly on soil, in desert vegetation with increased precipitation by fog. Often appears together with H. follmannii.
According to the three-gen phylogenetic reconstruction presented here the species falls within the monophyletic Leucodermia cluster and is separated from H. follmannii. According to the ITS-only phylogeny the species falls in a separated cluster together with H. follmannii, one H. leucomelaena and one H. erinacea ITS sequence. In addition, the species might be confused with Heterodermia circinalis but the latter has broader, more flat lobes, its main distribution in the paramos of South America, above 3000 m, its medulla and cortex are P+ and the lichen contains leucotylin.
Chile. Atacama Desert, Pan de Azúcar National Park (25°59'03"S, 70°36'55"W; 764 m a.s.l.) specimen HBG-025793 (Herbarium Hamburgense, Hamburg, Germany).
Similar to Niebla ceruchis, but this species has not been verified from the Atacama Desert. C. cava also forms smaller and rarer apothecia.
Epithet ‘cava’ refers to the hollow thallus.
Thallus white to gray and strongly wrinkled or folded in the dry state, gray-green and significantly less wrinkled if hydrated, divided into many long, uniformly narrow cylindrical-teretiform, flexuous branches from a pale brown to blackened base, up to 7.0 cm long and 0.5 cm thick. Mostly made of primary, fastigiate branches, sometimes dichotomously divided. Cortex present, gray, 40–60 μm thick. Medulla white, very loose, with single hyphal strands crisscrossing the hollow interior of the thalli. Apothecia, round, flat, bowl-shaped when young, pale brown to slightly orange with a pale, concave, pink disc, mostly emerging lateral, sometimes terminal, up to 0.8 cm in diameter. Spores two-celled, divided by a septum. Pycnidia black, forming conspicuous, conical protrusions throughout the thallus. Trebouxioid photobiont arranged in nests throughout the loose medulla network.
Decarboxynorstenosporic acid, decarboxydivaricatic acid, zeorin, fatty acids. UV-, K-, C+ red, KC-, P-.
Epiphytically directly on cacti stems, preferably on Eulychnia sp., in the fog zones together with C. excorticata and various Ramalina species.
The species is similar to Niebla ceruchis but can clearly be differentiated from the latter based on its phylogeny and the smaller, less pronounced formation of apothecia.
Chile. Atacama Desert, Pan de Azúcar National Park (25°59'03"S, 70°36'55"W; 764 m a.s.l.) specimen HBG-025792 (Herbarium Hamburgense, Hamburg, Germany).
Recognized by its perforated, leprose thallus.
The epithet ‘excorticata’ refers to the chondroid, perforated cortex which is loosely wrapped around a whitish medulla that penetrates the cortex during new growth.
Thallus white to gray-brown with a leprose appearance, forming nest-like structures around 5 cm across but also large examples of more than 12 cm have been observed. Thallus divided into many long branches, up to 9 cm long, 0.3 mm thick, narrow cylindrical-teretiform but terminally kinked with a pale brown to blackened base. Mostly made of primary, fastigiate branches, sometimes dichotomously divided, especially towards the tips. Cortex made of pale, gray, hyaline, coalesced hyphae, forming a strongly perforated and wide sleeve around the white medulla pillowed by a few hyphal strands that crisscross between medulla and cortex sleeve. Medulla white, forming a loose, irregular strand made of crisscrossing hyphae within the cortex sleeve. During new growth the whitish medulla strand penetrates the cortex. Juvenile medulla strands without cortex sleeve are terminally light brown. Apothecia, round, bowl-shaped, gray with a concave, pink disc, mostly emerging lateral, sometimes terminal, up to 0.5 cm in diameter. Spores two celled, divided by a septum. Trebouxioid photobiont arranged in infrequent nests throughout the loose medulla and cortex network.
Decarboxynorstenosporic acid, decarboxydivaricatic acid, zeorin. UV-, K-, C+ red, central strand only, KC+ yellow, central strand only, P-.
Epiphytically directly on cacti stems or needles, preferably on Eulychnia sp., in the fog zones together with C. cava and various Ramalina species.
Similar to various Niebla species but endemic to the Atacama Desert forming the distinct Cenozosia cluster.
This work sets a new framework for fog zone lichens of the Atacama Desert that can help to pinpoint the identities of related fog zone lichens from other parts of the Atacama or even from other deserts. The generated 3D models will enable lichenologists, as well as the national park rangers or tourists, to easily and correctly identify the presented lichen in the field. We also focused on a detailed morphological description of the investigated lichens so that the rangers of the national park can prepare a concept for e.g. a monitoring approach. Regular lichen counts could help to track the health status of the ecosystem that is influenced by mining activities which cause dust turbulence and air pollution. Some lichens can be negatively influenced by these forms of stresses resulting in a die-back that can now be monitored in the long term. This article has also indicated a potentially new Trebouxia photobiont cluster and a new Symbiochloris photobiont species. In a follow-up study we aim to isolate these photobionts in order to determine their ecophysiology and to further elucidate their phylogenetic and taxonomic positions.
The authors want to thank CONAF (Corporación Nacional Forestal) for their help in the context of this research project and the kind contributions of the rangers. LBW wants to thank the University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern for internal funding. The authors also want to thank Michael Schermer for his help during field work and SEM analyses and Paul D’Agostino for supporting molecular work.
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
No ethical statement was reported.
PJ was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) with the grant number JU 3228/1-1. ML was funded by the Ministry of Science and Health Rhineland-Palatinate (PhytoBioTech, 724-0116#2021/004-1501 15405) and by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (W2V-Strategy2Value, 03WIR4502A).
Conceptualization: PJ. Data curation: DE, LBW, LW, PJ. Funding acquisition: PJ. Methodology: PJ. Visualization: PJ. Writing - original draft: PJ. Writing - review and editing: ML, LW, LBW, DE.
Patrick Jung https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7607-3906
Laura Briegel-Williams https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3926-8840
Dina Emrich https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2490-8545
Michael Lakatos https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2636-8917
All generated sequences were submitted to NCBI and can be found in supplementary material or in the figures.
PCR conditions and primers for each locus
Data type: molecular (word document)
Explanation note: PCR conditions and primers for each locus: ITS, LSU, RPB1, RPB2, mtSSU, nuLR, 18S.
Accession numbers used for the concatenated alignment of Heterodermia
Data type: molecular (word document)
Accession numbers used for the concatenated alignment of Cenozosia
Data type: molecular (word document)
Spot tests and TLC
Data type: chemical tests (word document)
Explanation note: Secondary metabolites and spot test reactions.