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Research Article
Three new species of Iodosphaeria (Xylariomycetidae): I. chiayiensis, I. jinghongensis and I. thailandica
expand article infoLakmali S. Dissanayake‡, Diana S. Marasinghe§|, Milan C. Samarakoon|, Sajeewa S.N. Maharachchikumbura, Peter E. Mortimer#, Kevin D. Hyde¤|, Chang-Hsin Kuo§, Ji-Chuan Kang‡
‡ Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
§ National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
¶ University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
# Kunming Institute of Botany, Yunnan, China
¤ Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China

Corresponding author: Ji-Chuan Kang ( jckang@gzu.edu.cn )

Academic editor: Andrew Miller
© 2022 Lakmali S. Dissanayake, Diana S. Marasinghe, Milan C. Samarakoon, Sajeewa S.N. Maharachchikumbura, Peter E. Mortimer, Kevin D. Hyde, Chang-Hsin Kuo, Ji-Chuan Kang.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Dissanayake LS, Marasinghe DS, Samarakoon MC, Maharachchikumbura SS, Mortimer PE, Hyde KD, Kuo C-H, Kang J-C (2022) Three new species of Iodosphaeria (Xylariomycetidae): I. chiayiensis, I. jinghongensis and I. thailandica. MycoKeys 86: 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.86.75801
Open Access

Abstract

Three fungal specimens (two sexual and one asexual) were collected during fieldwork conducted in China, Taiwan and Thailand. Both sexual morphs share superficial, black ascomata surrounded by flexuous setae; 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical asci, with J+, apical ring, and ellipsoidal to allantoid, aseptate, guttulate ascospores. The asexual morph has ceratosporium-like conidia arising from aerial hyphae with a single arm and are usually attached or with 2–3 arms, brown, often with a subglobose to conical cell at the point of attachment. Morphological examinations and phylogenetic analyses of a combined LSU-ITS dataset via maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses indicated that these three collections were new species. Iodosphaeria chiayiensis (sexual morph), I. thailandica (sexual morph) and I. jinghongensis (asexual morph) are therefore introduced as new species in this study. Iodosphaeria chiayiensis has small, hyaline and ellipsoidal to allantoid ascospores, while I. thailandica has large ascomata, cylindrical to allantoid asci and hyaline to pale brown ascospores.

Keywords

Ceratosporium-like asexual morph, Sordariomycetes, taxonomy, three new taxa

Introduction

Iodosphaeria was introduced by Samuels et al. (1987) with its type I. phyllophila on a rachis of Cyathea sp., from Brazil. Only five of the nine Iodosphaeria species have been sequenced (Li et al. 2015; Marasinghe et al. 2019; Miller and Réblová 2021) and several species of them lack DNA-based sequence data. The sexual morph of Iodosphaeria is characterized by superficial, black, apapillate ascomata with unbranched, brown radial flexuous hairs, a two layered peridium composed of a pigmented outer layer and a hyaline inner layer; unitunicate, amyloid or non-amyloid, cylindrical to narrowly clavate, 8-spored asci; and mostly allantoid to ellipsoidal, aseptate, hyaline ascospores with or without a gelatinous sheath (Miller and Réblová 2021). The asexual morphs of Iodosphaeria are considered selenosporella-like or ceratosporium-like (Samuels et al. 1987; Li et al. 2015; Miller and Réblová 2021). Members of Iodosphaeria are regarded as cosmopolitan species (Li et al. 2015). These species are usually saprobic on dead branches, twigs, stems, and petioles of economically important plants, such as Alnus sp., Archontophoenix alexandrae, Arundinaria sp., Corylus sp., Cyathea dealbata, Podocarpus parlatorei, Polygonum chinense and Ripogonum scandens (Samuels et al. 1987; Barr 1993; Hyde 1995; Candoussau et al. 1996; Hsieh et al. 1997; Taylor and Hyde 1999; Catania and Romero 2012; Li et al. 2015; Miller and Réblová 2021), but have never been reported as pathogens (Hyde et al. 2020a).

Samuels et al. (1987) accepted Iodosphaeria in Amphisphaeriaceae, and later, various authors placed it in Lasiosphaeriaceae and Trichosphaeriaceae (Barr 1990, 1994; Kang et al. 1998; Hilber and Hilber 2002; Jeewon et al. 2003). Again, Eriksson et al. (2001) placed Iodosphaeria in Amphisphaeriaceae. Later, Hilber and Hilber (2002) accommodated Iodosphaeria in the newly introduced family Iodosphaeriaceae. Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016) and Samarakoon et al. (2016) provided multigene phylogenies and accepted Iodosphaeriaceae in Xylariales. Hongsanan et al. (2017) treated it as Xylariomycetidae family incertae sedis, while Hyde et al. (2020a) and Wijayawardene et al. (2020) accepted Iodosphaeriaceae in Amphisphaeriales. In the most recent study of Miller and Réblová (2021), Iodosphaeriaceae is accounted as a family in Xylariales.

This study introduces three novel Iodosphaeria species from China, Taiwan, and Thailand. Detailed morphological descriptions, illustrations and a key are provided, and phylogenetic affinities of the new taxa are discussed.

Materials and methods

Morphological observations

Dead leaves were collected from Dahu Forest (Chiayi City, Taiwan) during autumn (September 2019), from dead twigs in Jinghong City (Yunnan Province, China) during winter (December 2019) and from dead leaves at MRC (Mushroom Research Centre, Chiang Mai, Thailand) during the rainy season (September 2020). Specimens were treated following the methods outlined in Senanayake et al. (2020). A Motic SMZ 168 Series microscope was used to examine fruiting structures. Hand sections of the fruiting structures were mounted in water and 5% KOH for microscopic studies and microphotography. Indian ink was used to stain any gelatinous sheath around the ascospores and Melzer’s reagent for ascal apical ring reaction. The micro-morphologies were examined using a Nikon ECLIPSE 80i compound microscope and photographed using a Canon 750D digital camera fitted to the microscope. Tarosoft (R) Image Frame Work program (IFW 0.97 version) and Adobe Photoshop CS6 software (Adobe Systems, USA) were used for image processing and measurements. The type specimens were deposited in the Mae Fah Luang University Herbarium (MFLU), Chiang Rai, Thailand and the Cryptogamic Herbarium, Kunming Institute of Botany Academia Sinica (HKAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China. The new taxa were linked with Facesoffungi (Jayasiri et al. 2015) and Index Fungorum (http://www.indexfungorum.org).

DNA extraction, PCR amplification and sequencing

DNA extraction, PCR amplification and sequencing were carried out following the methods described in Dissanayake et al. (2020). Direct DNA extraction was done using a Biospin Fungus Genomic DNA Extraction Kit-BSC14S1 (BioFlux, P.R. China) with 15–20 fruiting bodies of the fungus as described in Wanasinghe et al. (2018). PCR amplification was done using LSU and ITS DNA regions with LR0R/LR5 (Vilgalys and Hester 1990) and ITS5/ITS4 (White et al. 1990) primer pairs, respectively. The thermal cycling program was followed by Wanasinghe et al. (2020). Purified PCR products were sent to a commercial sequencing provider, Beijing Biomed Gene Technology Co., Ltd., Shijingshan District, TsingKe Biological Technology Co., Beijing, China.

Phylogenetic analyses

Newly generated sequences were assembled and subjected to the standard BLAST search to identify the closest matches in GenBank. The accession numbers of taxa used in our analyses are shown in Table 1. Single datasets (LSU and ITS) were aligned using MAFFT v. 6.864b (http://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/server/index.html, Katoh and Standley 2013; Katoh et al. 2019), combined and manually improved using BioEdit v. 7.0.5.2 (Hall 1999). Maximum likelihood analysis and Bayesian inference (BI) were performed using RAxML-HPC2 on the XSEDE v. 8.2.10 tool and MrBayes 3.2.2 on the XSEDE tool in the CIPRES Science Gateway portal (Miller et al. 2012; Ronquist et al. 2012; Stamatakis 2014). The optimal ML tree was obtained with 1,000 separate runs under the GTR+GAMMA substitution model resulting from model tests using MrModeltest v. 2.3 (Nylander 2004) under the AIC (Akaike Information Criterion) implemented in PAUP v. 4.0b10. Maximum Likelihood bootstrap values (ML) equal or greater than 60% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (BYPP) equal or greater than 0.95 are presented above each node (Figure 1). All trees were visualized with FigTree v1.4.0 (Rambaut 2012), and the final layout was done with Microsoft PowerPoint (2016). The finalized alignment and tree were registered in TreeBASE (submission ID TB2: S29095). Reviewer access URL: http://purl.org/phylo/treebase/phylows/study/TB2:S29095?x-access-code=43fac9fe7622929c65c2bd4120a2c10a&format=html

Table 1.
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Taxa used in the phylogenetic analyses and corresponding GenBank accession numbers.

Taxon Specimen/Strain GenBank accession numbers References
ITS LSU
Delonicicola siamense MFLUCC 15-0670 T MF167586 MF158345 Perera et al. (2017)
Furfurella luteostiolata CBS 143620 T MK527842 MK527842 Voglmayr et al. (2019)
Iodosphaeria chiayiensis MFLU 21-0042 T MZ918994 MZ918992 This study
I. foliicola NBM-F-07096 T MZ509148 MZ509160 Miller and Réblová (2021)
I. honghensis MFLU 19-0719 T MK737501 MK722172 Marasinghe et al. (2019)
I. jinghongensis HKAS 115761 T MZ918989 MZ923776 This study
I. phyllophila PDD 56626 MZ509149 MZ509149 Miller and Réblová (2021)
I. phyllophila FC 5099-2d MZ509150 N/A Miller and Réblová (2021)
I. phyllophila ILLS00121493 T MZ509151 N/A Miller and Réblová (2021)
I. ripogoni PDD 103350 MZ509152 MZ509152 Miller and Réblová (2021)
I. thailandica MFLU 21-0041 T MZ923759 MZ923758 This study
I. tongrenensis MFLU 15-0393 T KR095282 KR095283 Li et al. (2015)
Oxydothis metroxylonicola MFLUCC 15-0281 T KY206776 KY206765 Konta et al. (2016)
O. palmicola MFLUCC 15-0806 T KY206774 KY206763 Konta et al. (2016)
O. phoenicis MFLUCC 18-0270 T MK088066 MK088062 Hyde et al. (2020a)
Pseudosporidesmium knawiae CBS 123529 T FJ349609 FJ349610 Vu et al. (2019)
P. lambertiae CBS 143169 T MG386034 MG386087 Crous et al. (2017)
Vialaea insculpta DAOM 240257 KC181926 KC181924 McTaggart et al. (2013)
V. mangiferae MFLUCC 12-0808 T KF724974 KF724975 Senanayake et al. (2014)
V. minutella BRIP 56959 JX139726 JX139726 Shoemaker et al. (2013)

Types strains are indicated with (T). Newly generated sequences are indicated in bold. “N/A” sequences are unavailable. Abbreviations: BRIP: Queensland Plant Pathology Herbarium, Australia; CBS: Centraalbueau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, The Netherlands; DAOM: Plant Research Institute, Department of Agriculture (Mycology), Ottawa, Canada; HKAS: Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China. KUMCC: Kunming Institute of Botany Culture Collection, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, China; MFLUCC: Mae Fah Luang University Culture Collection, Chiang Rai, Thailand; MFLU: Mae Fah Luang University Herbarium, Chiang Rai, Thailand; Others: information not available.
Figure 1. 

RAxML tree based on a combined dataset of partial LSU and ITS sequence analyses. The tree is rooted to Delonicicola siamense (MFLUCC 15-0670) and Furfurella luteostiolata (CBS 143620). Type strains are in bold, and the newly generated strains are in red.

Results

Phylogenetic analyses

The combined LSU and ITS comprise 20 taxa including the outgroup taxa. The best scoring RAxML tree is shown in Figure with a final ML optimization likelihood value of -7278.703992. The matrix had 575 distinct alignment patterns, with 19.44% undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were: A = 0.245534, C = 0.244177, G = 0.286855, T = 0.223434 substitution rates AC = 1.190714, AG = 2.269637, AT = 1.889784, CG = 1.069908, CT = 5.997198, GT = 1.000000; proportion of invariable sites I = 0.39717; gamma distribution shape parameters α = 0.578305. Both trees (ML and BYPP) were similar in topology and did not differ in species relationships, which is in agreement with multi-gene phylogenies of previous studies (Marasinghe et al. 2019; Miller and Réblová 2021).

In the combined multi-gene phylogenetic analysis, Iodosphaeriaceae received 100% ML and 1.00 BYPP support values (Figure 1). Three strains of Iodosphaeria phyllophila grouped as a monophyletic clade with 82% ML and 1.00 BYPP support. Iodosphaeria honghensis (MFLU 19-0719) nested as a sister clade to I. phyllophila with 82% ML and 1.00 BYPP support. Within the Iodosphaeria clade, our new collections viz. HKAS 115761 (I. jinghongensis), MFLU 21-0042 (I. chiayiensis) and MFLU 21-0041 (I. thailandica) grouped as distinct lineages (Figure 1). Iodosphaeria jinghongensis was distinct from I. ripogoni by 100% ML and 1.00 BYPP support values. Iodosphaeria chiayiensis nested between I. thailandica and I. jinghongensis. However, this relationship is statistically not supported. Iodosphaeria thailandica received 100% ML and 1.00 BYPP support values. Iodosphaeria foliicola (NBM-F-07096) is grouped as the basal taxon in the Iodosphaeriaceae.

Taxonomy

Iodosphaeria chiayiensis Marasinghe, C.H. Kuo & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.

IndexFungorum number: IF558412
Facesoffungi Number No: FoF09711
Figure 2

Etymology

The specific epithet chiayiensis refers to the city name where the fungus was collected.

Holotype

MFLU 21-0042.

Description

Saprobic on dead leaves of an unidentified host. Sexual morph: Ascomata 150–190 × 160–200 μm (x̅ = 170 × 180 μm, n = 10), globose to subglobose, superficial, black, solitary to gregarious, consisting of numerous long, flexuous setae. Setae 3–5 μm wide, arising from cells at the peridium surface, brown, unbranched, septate, apex flattened. Ostiole periphysate, apapillate. Peridium 50–55 μm wide (x̅ = 53.4 μm, n = 10), comprises two layers of textura angularis cells, outer layer of dark brown to black thick-walled cells, and an inner layer of flattened, light brown. Paraphyses 2–4 μm wide, shorter than asci, hyaline, embedded in a gelatinous matrix. Asci 60–90 × 8–10 μm (x̅ = 72.9 × 9.2 μm, n = 30), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, shortly pedicellate, apex rounded, with a J+ apical ring. Ascospores 15–20 × 4–6 μm (x̅ = 17.2 × 5.2 μm, n = 30), overlapping uni-seriate, ellipsoidal to allantoid, aseptate, hyaline, guttulate. Asexual morph: Undetermined

Figure 2. 

Iodosphaeria chiayiensis (MFLU 21-0042, holotype) a substrate b ascomata on the host surface c section of ascoma d appearance of setae on peridium e peridium f, g asci h J+ apical ring (in Melzer’s reagent) i paraphyses j–m ascospores (m stained in lactophenol cotton blue). Scale bars: 50 μm (c, e); 5 μm (d); 20 μm (f–g); 5 μm (h, i); 10 μm (j–m).

Material examined

Taiwan, Chiayi, Fanlu Township area, on dead leaves of an undetermined species, 10 September 2019, D.S Marasinghe, DTF018 (MFLU 21-0042, holotype).

Notes

Iodosphaeria chiayiensis resembles I. polygoni which has globose to sub globose, superficial, solitary to gregarious ascomata, cylindrical, short pedicellate asci with J+, apical rings and ellipsoidal to allantoid, aseptate, guttulate ascospores. However, I. chiayiensis differs from I. polygoni in having smaller ascomata (150–190 × 160–200 μm vs. 270–475 × 250–500 μm) and shorter asci (60–90 × 8–10 μm vs. 150–180 × 10–13 μm) (Hsieh et al. 1997). In the multi-gene phylogenetic analyses (Figure 1), our collection (Iodosphaeria chiayiensis, MFLU 21-0042) has close affinity to I. thailandica. However, it was not possible to compare I. chiayiensis and I. jinghongensis as they occur as different morphs.

Iodosphaeria jinghongensis L.S. Dissan., J.C. Kang & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.

IndexFungorum number: IF558800
Facesoffungi Number No: FoF09712
Figure 3

Etymology

The specific epithet jinghongensis refers to the city name where the fungus was collected.

Holotype

HKAS 115761.

Description

Saprobic on dead twigs of an unidentified host. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Colonies on natural substrate effuse, punctiform, scattered, blackish brown, mycelium mostly superficial, non-branched, hyaline, smooth hyphae. Conidiophores micronematous, smooth, flexuous, pale brown. Conidia ceratosporium-like, arising from aerial hyphae, solitary, dry, composed of a central cell and 2–3 arms. Arms 70–93 × 9–14 μm (x̅ = 79.8 × 12.1 μm, n = 20), wide at the tip 5–8 μm (x̅ = 6.9 μm), radiating from the centrally located attachment point, multi-septate (9–10), each septum with a central pore, brown, often with a sub-globose to conical cell at the point of attachment, dehiscence scar circular 3–4 μm diam. (x̅ = 3.5 μm).

Figure 3. 

Iodosphaeria jinghongensis (HKAS 115761, holotype) a, b colonies on the host surface c–f conidia, conidiogenous cells and conidiophores (black arrow shows hyphae, red arrow shows conidiophore). Scale bars: 20 μm (c–f).

Material examined

China, Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Jinghong City, Jinghaxiang (21°780617'N, 101°056122'E), on a dead twig of undetermined species, 19 December 2019, D.N. Wanasinghe, DW060 (HKAS 115761, holotype).

Notes

Iodosphaeria jinghongensis is similar to I. ripogoni in having septate, brown, subglobose to conical conidia with 2–3 arms (Figure 4; Samuels et al. 1987). However, I. jinghongensis differs from I. ripogoni in having smaller arms (70–93 × 9–14 μm vs 95–120 × 14–16 μm). Iodosphaeria ripogoni was collected from the stem of Ripogonum scandens from New Zealand, and I. jinghongensis was collected from twigs of undetermined species from China.

Figure 4. 

Asexual morph of Iodosphaeria ripogoni (ceratosporium-like conidia). Redrawn from: Samuels et al. (1987). Scale bar: 20 μm.

Iodosphaeria thailandica L.S. Dissan., Marasinghe, & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.

IndexFungorum number: IF558411
Facesoffungi number No: FoF09710
Figure 5

Etymology

The specific epithet thailandica refers to the country where the fungus was collected.

Holotype

MFLU 21-0041

Description

Saprobic on dead leaves of unidentified host. Sexual morph: Ascomata 250–285 × 250–295 μm (x̅ = 267.3 × 272 μm, n = 10), globose to subglobose, superficial, black, solitary to gregarious, consisting of numerous long, flexuous setae. Setae 4.5 μm wide, arising from cells at the peridium surface, dark brown to brown, unbranched, septate. Ostiole periphysate, apapillate. Peridium 40–50 μm wide (x̅ = 44.6 μm, n = 10), comprising two layers of cells of textura angularis, outer layer of dark brown to black thick-walled cells and an inner layer of flattened, hyaline cells. Paraphyses 5–8 μm wide, length as longer than asci, septate, hyaline, branched, embedded in a gelatinous matrix. Asci 65–100 × 8–10 μm (x̅ = 84.3 × 8.9 μm, n = 30), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, short pedicellate, apex rounded, with a J+ apical ring. Ascospores 20–35 × 2–4 μm (x̅ = 29.1 × 3.2 μm, n = 30), overlapping uni-seriate, cylindrical to allantoid, aseptate, hyaline to pale brown, guttulate, slightly curved. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Figure 5. 

Iodosphaeria thailandica (MFLU 21-0041, holotype) a substrate b, c ascomata on the host surface d peridium e section of ascomata f appearance of setae (black arrow) on peridium g setae h paraphyses i, j asci k J+ apical ring (in Melzer’s reagent) l–q ascospores (p, q stained in Lactophenol Cotton Blue). Scale bars: 10 μm (d); 100 μm (e); 5 μm (f–h); 20 μm (i, j); 10 μm (k–q).

Material examined

Thailand, Chiang Mai, Mushroom Research Centre, on dead leaves of an undetermined species, 11 September 2020, D.S Marasinghe, DMRC011 (MFLU 21-0041, holotype)

Notes

Iodosphaeria thailandica shares similar characteristics with I. honghensis in having globose to subglobose, superficial, solitary to gregarious ascomata, cylindrical, short pedicellate, J+, apical ring and cylindrical to allantoid asci with aseptate, guttulate ascospores (Marasinghe et al. 2019). However, I. thailandica differs from I. honghensis in having long, narrow (20–35 × 2–4 μm) and hyaline to pale brown ascospores versus short, broad (18.5–22.5 × 4.5–6.5 μm) and hyaline ascospores. In the phylogenetic analyses, I. thailandica is distinct from other species in the genus by 100 % ML and 1.00BYPP and sister to the I. chiayiensis. Iodosphaeria thailandica has larger ascomata (250–285 × 250–295 μm), cylindrical to allantoid asci and hyaline to pale brown ascospores, while the ascomata of I. chiayiensis are smaller (150–190 × 160–200 μm) and ascospores are hyaline and ellipsoidal to allantoid. Iodosphaeria thailandica is the first report of Iodosphaeria from Thailand.

Key to the accepted Iodosphaeria species based on known sexual morph

1 Asci with a distinct apical ring 2
– Asci lacking a distinct apical ring 10
2 Apical ring not staining blue in Melzer’s reagent I. arundinariae
– Apical ring staining blue in Melzer’s reagent 3
3 Ascomata immersed to erumpent I. aquatica
– Ascomata superficial 4
4 Ascospores guttulate 5
– Ascospores eguttulate 8
5 Ascospores ellipsoidal 6
– Ascospores cylindrical 7
6 Ascomata 270–475 × 250–500 μm I. polygoni
– Ascomata 150–190 × 160–200 μm I. chiayiensis
7 Ascospores 18.5–22.5 × 4.5–6.5 μm, hyaline I. honghensis
– Ascospores 20–35 × 2–4 μm, hyaline to pale brown I. thailandica
8 Asci shorter than 150 μm 9
– Asci longer than 150 μm I. tongrenensis
9 Ascospores allantoid 11
– Ascospores ellipsoidal I. podocarpi
10 Ascospores with a mucilaginous sheath I. ripogoni
– Ascospores without a mucilaginous sheath I. hongkongensis
11 Paraphyses of similar length to asci I. foliicola
– Paraphyses longer than asci I. phyllophila

Discussion

Iodosphaeria is seldom collected. In 15 years of studying fungi in Hong Kong, only a single collection was found despite intensive collection efforts (Taylor and Hyde 1999). Iodosphaeria is widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions, e.g., China (Guizhou, Yunnan), Europe (Belgium, Germany), Great Britain, Canada, Hong Kong, New Zealand, South America (Brazil, Argentina, French Guiana), Taiwan and USA (Louisiana) (Samuels et al. 1987; Barr 1993; Hyde 1995; Candoussau et al. 1996; Hsieh et al. 1997; Taylor and Hyde 1999; Catania and Romero 2012; Li et al. 2015; Marasinghe et al. 2019; Miller and Réblová 2021). This genus is saprobic on dead plant substrates in terrestrial grassland habitats (Barr 1993), on fern rachides (Samuels et al. 1987), on dead petioles of palms (Taylor and Hyde 1999), and on submerged wood in freshwater (Hyde 1995) but has never been reported as pathogenic on hosts. They are likely endophytes that become saprobes during leaf senescence (Hyde et al. 2020a). Iodosphaeria species may not be host-specific due to their wide distribution range (Miller and Réblová 2021). The genus may be much more diverse than presently known, as is true for many other microfungal genera (Hyde et al. 2020b).

The asexual morphs of this genus were recorded as selenosporella- or ceratosporium-like (Samuels et al. 1987; Li et al. 2015; Marasinghe et al. 2019). Iodosphaeria phyllophila, I. polygoni and I. ripogoni (Figure 4) were introduced with both sexual and asexual morphs (Hsieh et al. 1997; Samuels et al. 1987). Iodosphaeria honghensis and I. tongrenensis were observed to have ceratosporium-like conidia on their host surface (Li et al. 2015; Marasinghe et al. 2019). Samuels et al. (1987) observed another asexual morph of selenosporella- like conidia that was different from ceratosporium-like conidia. In present study, we establish ceratosporium-like conidia as an asexual morph of Iodosphaeria.

Acknowledgements

Ji-Chuan Kang thanks the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC Grants Nos. 31670027 & 31460011) and the Open Fund Program of Engineering Research Center of Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University (No. GZUKEY 20160705). Shaun Pennycook is thanked for the nomenclatural advice. Dhanushka Wanasinghe is thanked for the specimen collections and for providing sequence data. Peter Mortimer thanks the National Science Foundation of China (grant no. 41761144055) and High-End Foreign Experts” in the High-Level Talent Recruitment Plan of Yunnan Province (2021). Austin G. Smith at World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Kunming Institute of Botany, China, is thanked for English editing.

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