Research Article |
Corresponding author: Gonzalo Guevara-Guerrero ( guevaragg@hotmail.com ) Academic editor: Marc Stadler
© 2019 Rafael Peña-Ramírez, Zai-Wei Ge, Rigoberto Gaitán-Hernández, César Ramiro Martínez-González, Gonzalo Guevara-Guerrero.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Peña-Ramírez R, Ge Z-W, Gaitán-Hernández R, Martínez-González CR, Guevara-Guerrero G (2019) A novel sequestrate species from Mexico: Aroramyces guanajuatensis sp. nov. (Hysterangiaceae, Hysterangiales). MycoKeys 61: 27-37. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.61.36444
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Knowledge of sequestrate Hysterangiaceae fungi in Mexico is very limited. In the present study, a new member of the family, Aroramyces guanajuatensis sp. nov., is described. This speciesis closely related to A. balanosporus, but differs from the latter in possessing a tomentose peridium 165–240 µm thick, with occasional large terminal hyphae up to 170 µm, a variable mesocutis (isodiametric to angular), and distinct bright yellowish subcutis. In contrast, A. balanosporus possesses a fibrillose peridial surface with shorter hyphae, a peridium 200–450 µm thick, and a mainly hyaline isodiametric mesocutis with a slightly wider subcutis. The phylogenetic analysis of the LSU gene separated A. guanajuatensis from A. balanosporus with a Bayesian posterior probability (PP) = 1. This is the third Aroramyces species described for the American continent.
Truffle, truffle-like, sequestrate fungi, hypogeous fungi
Aroramyces Castellano and Verbeken was coined to settle Hymenogaster radiatus (Lloyd, 1925) and Hysterangium gelatinosporum (Cribb, 1957) from two different genera (
The collections were discovered with a cultivator, digging around trees up to a depth of 15 cm. All encountered fruiting bodies were photographed fresh and then dried at 50 °C. The chosen material was cut by hand and rehydrated with 5% KOH for morphological studies. Thirty spores were measured. Peridial slices were made and observed under optical microscopy (
Genomic DNA was obtained with CTAB (Martínez-González et al. 2017)) or using Fungal DNA extraction Kit (Bio Teke Corporation, China) from 2–3 mg of dry tissue. DNA quantification was performed with Nanodrop (Thermo, USA). Each sample was diluted to 20 ng/uL for PCR amplification. LR0R and LR5 primers were used to amplify the LSU gene (
Sequencing was carried out in a genetic analyzer (Model 3130XL, Applied BioSystems, USA) at the Biology Institute of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). The sequences of both strains of each sample were analyzed, edited, and assembled using BioEdit v. 1.0.5 (
List of NCBI accession numbers for LSU and ITS sequences of Aroramyces guanajuatensis.
Herbarium number | LSU NCBI number | ITS NCBI number |
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ITCV 1689 | MK761021 | MN392935 |
ITCV 1691 | MK761022 | MN392936 |
ITCV 1694 | MK761023 | MN392937 |
ITCV 1711 | MK761024 | MN392938 |
ITCV 1610 | MK761025 | MN392939 |
ITCV 1610 | MK811035 | – |
ITCV 1613 | MK761026 | MN392940 |
ITCV 1613 | MK811036 | – |
ITCV 1729 | MK761027 | MN392941 |
ITCV 1731 | MK761028 | MN392942 |
ITCV 1734 | MK761029 | MN392943 |
ITCV 1738 | MK761030 | MN392944 |
ITCV 1739 | MK761031 | MN392945 |
ITCV 1741 | MK761032 | MN392946 |
ITS and LSU sequences of 12 samples of A. guanajuatensis were obtained (Table
List of Aroramyces and Hysterangium species, GenBank accession numbers, and references for LSU sequences used in the phylogenetic analysis. Sequences of new taxon are in bold.
Species | GenBank | Reference |
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Aroramyces balanosporus G. Guevara & Castellano | MK811031 | This paper |
A. guanajuatensis | MK761024 | This paper |
MK811036 | This paper | |
MK811035 | This paper | |
MK761031 | This paper | |
A. gelatinosporus (J.W. Cribb) Castellano | DQ218524 |
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A. radiatus (Lloyd) Castellano, Verbeken & Walleyn | DQ218525 |
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Aroramyces sp. | KY686203 | Nuske & Abell unpublished |
DQ218527 |
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DQ218530 |
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Hysterangium affine Mase & Rodway | DQ218546 |
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H. album Zeller & C.W. Dodge | DQ218490 |
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H. aureum Zeller | DQ218491 |
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H. calcareum R. Hesse | DQ218492 |
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H. clathroides Vittad | AF213121 | Humpert et al. unpublished |
H. coriaceum R. Hesse | AF213122 | Humpert et al. unpublished |
AY574686 |
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H. crassum (Tul & C. Tul) E, Fisch | AY574687 |
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H. epiroticum Pacioni | DQ218495 |
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H. fragile Vittad | DQ218496 |
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H. hallingi Castellano & J.J. Muchovej | DQ218497 |
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H. inflatun Rodway | DQ218549 |
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H. membranaceum Vittad | DQ218498 |
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H. neotunicatun Castellano & Beever | DQ218550 |
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H. pompholyx Tul. & C. Tul. | DQ218499 |
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H. rugisporum Castellano & Beever | DQ218500 |
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H. salmonaceum G.W. Beaton, Pegler & T.W.K. Young | DQ218501 |
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H. separabile Zeller | DQ974810 |
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DQ218502 |
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H. spegazzinii Castellano & J.J. Muchovej | DQ218503 |
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H. stoloniferum Tul. & C. Tul. | AF336259 |
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H. strobilus Zeller & C.W. Dodge | DQ218504 |
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MEXICO. State of Guanajuato, municipality of Guanajuato, Cuenca de la Esperanza Protected Natural Area, 7 November. 2016Peña-Ramírez 108 (Holotype: ITCV 1613).
Aroramyces guanajuatensis is characterized by a peridium 167–240 µm thick, of cotton-like hyphae, up to 170 µm, long, variably structured mesocutis, yellowish subcutis, spores with irregular and inflated utricle.
a–f Aroramyces guanajuatensis (holotype ITCV 1613) a, b basidiome showing the peridial surface c basidiome in cross-section showing glebal surface d cross-section of peridium showing three-layered peridium (1 epicutis, 2 mesocutis, 3 subcutis) at 400× e–f basidiospore 1000× f irregular crest contained within an inflated utricle. Scale bars: 0.5 cm (a–c, f), 20 µm (d), 5 µm (e).
"guanajuatensis" in reference to the site (Guanajuato state) where the new taxon was discovered.
Basidiome 4.4–17×3.9–13.5×3.2–11.2 mm, globose or subglobose to irregular, sometimes compressed when growing together. Peridial surface white, pale brown, fibrillose or tomentose, often with cotton-like patches of white hyphae encompassing some debris soil, stones, leaves, and roots. Peridium Separable and fragile, exposing portions of the gleba. < 0.5 mm thick, mostly hyaline, outer portion pale brown, with a dark ring next to the gleba. Gleba brown, trama gelatinized, locules irregularly shaped, columella dendroid, translucent gray. Odor fungoid; taste not recorded. Basidiomata hard wen dried.
Peridium three layered, 165–240 µm thick. Epicutis 7.5–22.5 µm thick of hyaline to reddish brown, thin-walled, interwoven to repent or erect hyphae, 2–9 µm wide, forming scattered caespitose groups of erect, branched, setal hyphae up to 170 µm long, with abundant crystalline structures adherent on hyphal walls, clamp connections present. Mesocutis 55–105 µm thick, abundant hyaline, isodiametric, globose to subglobose, angular pseudoparenchyma like cells. 4–35×3–24 µm, also with some irregularly shaped, interwoven hyphae, 3–11 µm wide. walls 1–2 µm µm wide, clamp connection absent. Subcutis 22.5–95 µm thick, of interwoven prostrate hyphae, 3–4 µm broad, with scattered large pseudoparenchyma like cells up to 37.5×30 µm, clamp connection absent.
Trama of hyaline, interwoven hyphae 4 µm wide, embedded in a gelatinized matrix, clamp connections present.
Basidia fusoid to clavate, hyaline, 14–48 × 9–12 µm, mean = 32.5 × 10.3 µm, wall 1 µm thick. Basidiospores ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, symmetrical, hyaline to pale brown, slightly reddish in KOH, pale brown in mass, excluding utricle 9–13 × 6–7 µm long, mean = 11 × 6.1 µm, Q range = 1.5–2.17, Q mean = 1.8; with utricle 12–17 × 7–10 µm long, mean = 14.47 × 8.27 µm, Q = 1.5–2.13, mean = 1.76. Ornamentation of irregular crest contained within an inflated utricle, hilar appendage in cross-section appears rectangular, 1–3 × 4–6 µm, mean = 1.97 × 5.2 µm. Apex obtuse. Utricle inflated up to 3 µm from spore wall, mean = 1.43 µm, occasionally the utricle is asymmetrically inflated.
a–f Aroramyces guanajuatensis (holotype ITCV 1613) a–c Cross-section of peridium a epicutis of hyphae postrate cells and angular pseudoparenchyma like mesocutis b arrow head showing postrate cell subcutis c arrow head showing large cell scattered in subcutis d arrow head showing epicutis hyphae with attached crystals e basidia and basidioles f epicutis clamp connection. Scale bar: 10 µm (a–c, e), 25 µm (d), 5 µm (f).
MEXICO, state of Guanajuato. Cuenca de la Esperanza Protected Natural Area. Hypogeous, under Quercus spp. at 2530 m. 21°03.87'N, 101°13.193'W. October to December. The March collection was dried in situ.
Mexico, state of Guanajuato, Cuenca de la Esperanza Protected Natural Area: 21°04.075'N, 101°13.193'W 2500 m, 26 October 2016, Peña-Ramírez 102, paratype (ITCV 1610). 21°03891'N, 101°13.531'W 2457 m, 5 October 2016, Peña-Ramírez 70 (ITCV 1689). 21°03.891'N, 101°13.533'W, 2464 m, 5 October 2016, Peña-Ramírez 72 (ITCV 1691). 21°03.88'N, 101°13.561'W, 2471 m, 5 October 2016, Peña-Ramírez 75 (ITCV 1694). 21°03.85'N, 101°13.278'W. 2533 m, 19 October 2016 Peña-Ramírez 92 (ITCV 1711). 21°03.741'N, 101°13.461'W. 2500 m, 14 November 2016, Peña-Ramírez 110 (ITCV 1729). 21°03.901'N, 101°13.551'W. 22 December 2016, Peña-Ramírez 119 (ITCV 1738). 21°03.905'N, 101°13.018'W. 2458 m. 22 December 2016, Peña-Ramírez 120 (ITCV 1739). 21°04.045'N, 101°13.018'W. 2508 m, 6 March 2017, Peña-Ramírez 122 (ITCV 1741).
In the Bayesian inference analysis, Various Aroramyces nest together along with undescribed species mentioned in Nuske & Abell (unpublished) and
The hilar appendage is larger in Aroramyces guanajuatensis compared to A. balanosporus. The isodiametric mesocutis cells of A. guanajuatensis differ from the variously shaped cells in the mesocutis of A. balanosporus. The asymmetric utricle of Aroramyces herrerae up to 6 µm wide whereas the asymmetric utricle of A. guanajuatensis rarely reaches 3 µm wide. Mexican Aroramyces are associated with Quercus spp. Interestingly A. radiatus from Africa has smaller spores, 10–12(–13.5) × 6–7(–8) μm, and is associated with Brachystegia spiciformis (Caesalpinioideae) and Upaca sp. (Euphorbiaceae). Aroramyces gelatinosporus from Australia has similar sized spores but a single-layered peridium and is associated with Eucalyptus spp. (Myrtaceae) (
The collections were discovered in the Cuenca de la Esperanza Protected Natural Area in Guanajuato, Mexico, located north of Michoacán and east of Jalisco. The presence of unidentified species in this region highlights the importance of this protected natural area and as an area to search for additional new fungal taxa.
Peña-Ramírez acknowledges TecNM (Tecnológico Nacional de México) for fellowship PRODEP 1264-2015-2017. Guevara-Guerrero thanks CONACyT and TecNM for research support. Martínez-González acknowledges Laura Márquez y Nelly López, LaNaBio, of Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and to María Eugenia Muñiz Díaz de León, for giving us access to the Laboratory of Molecular Biology. Zai-Wei was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 31670024 and 31872619).