Research Article |
Corresponding author: Jing Yang ( yangjing5633@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Paul Kirk
© 2018 Jing Yang, Jian-Kui Liu, Kevin D. Hyde, E.B. Gareth Jones, Zuo-Yi Liu.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Yang J, Liu JK, Hyde KD, Jones EBG, Liu ZY (2018) New species in Dictyosporium, new combinations in Dictyocheirospora and an updated backbone tree for Dictyosporiaceae. MycoKeys 36: 83-105. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.36.27051
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A survey of freshwater fungi on submerged wood in China and Thailand resulted in the collection of three species in Dictyocheirospora and four species in Dictyosporium including two new species in the latter genus. Morphological characters and phylogenetic analyses based on ITS, LSU and TEF1α sequence data support their placement in Dictyocheirospora and Dictyosporium (Dictyosporiaceae). An updated backbone tree is provided for the family Dictyosporiaceae. Descriptions and illustrations of the new taxa and re-collections are provided. Four new combinations are proposed for Dictyocheirospora.
2 new taxa, asexual morph, Dothideomycetes , phylogeny, taxonomy
The family Dictyosporiaceae was introduced by
Dictyosporium, the type genus of the family, has been reported worldwide from dead wood and plant litter in terrestrial and aquatic habitats (
Dictyocheirospora was introduced by
During a survey of freshwater fungi on submerged wood along a north/south gradient in the Asian/Australasian region (
Specimens of submerged, decaying wood were collected from streams in Chiang Rai, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Phang Nga and Trat Provinces, Thailand, in December 2014, 2015, April 2016 and Guizhou Province, China, in October 2016. Specimens were brought to the laboratory in plastic bags and incubated in plastic boxes lined with moistened tissue paper at room temperature for one week. Morphological observations were made using a Motic SMZ 168 Series dissecting microscope for fungal structures on natural substrate. The fungal structures were collected using a syringe needle and transferred to a small drop of distilled water on a clean slide and covered with a cover glass. The fungi were examined using a Nikon ECLIPSE 80i compound microscope and photographed with a Canon 550D, 600D or 70D digital camera fitted to the microscope. Measurements were made with the TAROSOFT (R) IMAGE FRAME WORK programme and images used for figures were processed with ADOBE PHOTOSHOP CS6 software. Single spore isolations were made on to potato dextrose agar (PDA) or water agar (WA) and later transferred on to malt extract agar (MEA) or PDA following the method of
Isolates were grown on PDA and/or MEA medium at 25 °C for one month. Fungal mycelium was scraped off and transferred to a 1.5-ml microcentrifuge tube using a sterilised lancet for genomic DNA extraction. Ezup Column Fungi Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Sangon Biotech, China) was used to extract DNA following the manufacturer’s instructions. ITS, LSU and TEF1α gene regions were amplified using the primer pairs ITS5 or ITS1 with ITS4 (
The taxa included in the phylogenetic analyses were selected and obtained from previous studies and GenBank (
Phylogenetic analysis of the sequence data consisted of maximum likelihood (ML) using RAxML-HPC v.8 (
Maximum parsimony (MP) analyses were performed with PAUP v. 4.0b10 (
The programme MRMODELTEST2 v. 2.3 (
The resulting trees were printed with FIGTREE v. 1.4.0 (http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/) and the layout was created in MICROSOFT POWERPOINT for Mac v. 15.19.1. The alignment of phylogenetic analyses and resultant tree were deposited in TreeBASE (www.treebase.org, submission number 22802). Sequences generated in this study were submitted to GenBank (Table
Isolates and sequences used in this study (newly generated sequences are indicated in bold, ex-type strains are indicated with T after strain number).
Species | Source | GenBank accession number | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
ITS | LSU | TEF1α | ||
Aquadictyospora lignicola | MFLUCC 17-1318T | MF948621 | MF948629 | MF953164 |
Aquaticheirospora lignicola | HKUCC 10304T | AY864770 | AY736378 | – |
Cheirosporium triseriale | HMAS 180703T | EU413953 | EU413954 | – |
Dendryphiella eucalyptorum | CBS 137987T | KJ869139 | KJ869196 | – |
Dendryphiella fasciculata | MFLUCC 17-1074T | MF399213 | MF399214 | – |
Dendryphiella paravinosa | CBS 141286T | KX228257 | KX228309 | – |
Dictyocheirospora aquatica | KUMCC 15-0305T | KY320508 | KY320513 | – |
Dictyocheirospora bannica | KH 332T | LC014543 | AB807513 | AB808489 |
Dictyocheirospora bannica | MFLUCC 16-0874 | MH381765 | MH381774 | – |
Dictyocheirospora garethjonesii | MFLUCC 16-0909T | KY320509 | KY320514 | – |
Dictyocheirospora garethjonesii | DLUCC 0848 | MF948623 | MF948631 | MF953166 |
Dictyocheirospora gigantica | BCC 11346 | DQ018095 | – | – |
Dictyocheirospora heptaspora | CBS 396.59 | DQ018090 | – | – |
Dictyocheirospora indica | MFLUCC 15-0056 | MH381763 | MH381772 | MH388817 |
Dictyocheirospora pseudomusae | yone 234T | LC014550 | AB807520 | AB808496 |
Dictyocheirospora rotunda | MFLUCC 14-0293T | KU179099 | KU179100 | – |
Dictyocheirospora rotunda | MFLUCC 17-0222 | MH381764 | MH381773 | MH388818 |
Dictyocheirospora rotunda | MFLUCC 17-1313 | MF948625 | MF948633 | MF953168 |
Dictyocheirospora subramanianii | BCC 3503 | DQ018094 | – | – |
Dictyocheirospora vinaya | MFLUCC 14-0294T | KU179102 | KU179103 | – |
Dictyosporium alatum | ATCC 34953T | NR_077171 | DQ018101 | – |
Dictyosporium aquaticum | MF 1318T | KM610236 | – | – |
Dictyosporium bulbosum | yone 221 | LC014544 | AB807511 | AB808487 |
Dictyosporium digitatum | KH 401 | LC014545 | AB807515 | AB808491 |
Dictyosporium digitatum | yone 280 | LC014547 | AB807512 | AB808488 |
Dictyosporium elegans | NBRC 32502T | DQ018087 | DQ018100 | – |
Dictyosporium hughesii | KT 1847 | LC014548 | AB807517 | AB808493 |
Dictyosporium meiosporum | MFLUCC 10-0131T | KP710944 | KP710945 | – |
Dictyosporium nigroapice | BCC 3555 | DQ018085 | – | – |
Dictyosporium nigroapice | MFLUCC 17-2053 | MH381768 | MH381777 | MH388821 |
Dictyosporium olivaceosporum | KH 375T | LC014542 | AB807514 | AB808490 |
Dictyosporium sexualis | MFLUCC 10-0127T | KU179105 | KU179106 | – |
Dictyosporium sp. | MFLUCC 15-0629 | MH381766 | MH381775 | MH388819 |
Dictyosporium stellatum | CCFC 241241T | NR_154608 | JF951177 | – |
Dictyosporium strelitziae | CBS 123359T | NR_156216 | FJ839653 | – |
Dictyosporium tetrasporum | KT 2865 | LC014551 | AB807519 | AB808495 |
Dictyosporium thailandicum | MFLUCC 13-0773T | KP716706 | KP716707 | – |
Dictyosporium tratense | MFLUCC 17-2052T | MH381767 | MH381776 | MH388820 |
Dictyosporium tubulatum | MFLUCC 15-0631T | MH381769 | MH381778 | MH388822 |
Dictyosporium tubulatum | MFLUCC 17-2056 | MH381770 | MH381779 | – |
Dictyosporium wuyiense | CGMCC 3.18703T | KY072977 | – | – |
Dictyosporium zhejiangense | MW-2009aT | FJ456893 | – | – |
Digitodesmium bambusicola | CBS 110279T | DQ018091 | DQ018103 | – |
Gregarithecium curvisporum | KT 922T | AB809644 | AB807547 | – |
Jalapriya inflata | NTOU 3855 | JQ267362 | JQ267363 | – |
Jalapriya pulchra | MFLUCC 15-0348T | KU179108 | KU179109 | – |
Jalapriya pulchra | MFLUCC 17-1683 | MF948628 | MF948636 | MF953171 |
Jalapriya toruloides | CBS 209.65 | DQ018093 | DQ018104 | – |
Periconia igniaria | CBS 379.86 | LC014585 | AB807566 | AB808542 |
Periconia igniaria | CBS 845.96 | LC014586 | AB807567 | AB808543 |
Pseudocoleophoma calamagrostidis | KT 3284T | LC014592 | LC014609 | LC014614 |
Pseudocoleophoma polygonicola | KT 731T | AB809634 | AB807546 | AB808522 |
Pseudocoleophoma typhicola | MFLUCC 16-0123T | KX576655 | KX576656 | – |
Pseudodictyosporium elegans | CBS 688.93T | DQ018099 | DQ018106 | – |
Pseudodictyosporium indicum | CBS 471.95 | DQ018097 | – | – |
Pseudodictyosporium thailandica | MFLUCC 16-0029T | KX259520 | KX259522 | KX259526 |
Pseudodictyosporium wauense | NBRC 30078 | DQ018098 | DQ018105 | – |
Pseudodictyosporium wauense | DLUCC 0801 | MF948622 | MF948630 | MF953165 |
Vikalpa australiensis | HKUCC 8797T | DQ018092 | – | – |
The analysed dataset consisted of combined ITS (557 bp), LSU (803 bp) and TEF1α (918 bp) sequence data (a total of 2278 characters including gaps) for 59 taxa in Dictyosporiaceae with Periconia igniaria E.W. Mason & M.B. Ellis (CBS 379.86, CBS 845.96) as the outgroup taxon. The best scoring RAxML tree is shown in Figure
Maximum likelihood majority rule consensus tree for the analysed Dictyosporiaceae isolates based on a dataset of combined ITS, LSU and TEF1α sequence data. Bootstrap support values for maximum likelihood (ML) and maximum parsimony (MP) greater than 75% and Bayesian posterior probabilities greater than 0.95 are indicated above the nodes as MLBS/MPBS/PP. The scale bar represents the expected number of changes per site. The tree is rooted with Periconia igniaria (CBS 379.86, CBS 845.96). The strain numbers are noted after the species names with ex-type strains indicated with T. The new collections are in bold with new taxa in red. Branches with 100% ML BS, 100% MP BS and 1.0 PP are shown as black nodes. Genera are indicated as coloured blocks.
Phylogenetic analyses indicated the placement of three isolates (MFLUCC 15-0056, MFLLUCC 16-0874 and MFLUCC 17-0222) within the genus Dictyocheirospora. Five isolates (MFLUCC 15-0629, MFLUCC 17-2052, MFLUCC 17-2056, MFLUCC 15-0631 and MFLUCC 17-2053) nested in Dictyosporium. Phylogenetic results showed that Dictyocheirospora indica (MFLUCC 15-0056) clustered with Dictyocheirospora subramanianii (B. Sutton) D'souza, Boonmee & K.D. Hyde (BCC 3503) with good support. Dictyocheirospora bannica (MFLUCC 16-0874) was placed as sister taxon to the ex-type strain Dictyocheirospora bannica (KH 332). Dictyocheirospora rotunda (MFLUCC 17-0222) grouped together with Dictyocheirospora rotunda (MFLUCC 17-1313) and the ex-type strain Dictyocheirospora rotunda (MFLUCC 14-0293) with strong support. The strain Dictyosporium sp. (MFLUCC 15-0629) clustered as sister taxon to Dictyosporium digitatum J.L. Chen, C.H. Hwang & Tzean (KH 401), Dictyosporium aquaticum Abdel-Aziz (MF 1318) and Dictyosporium stellatum G.P. White & Seifert (CCFC 241241). The new taxon Dictyosporium tratense (MFLUCC 17-2052) formed a single clade within Dictyosporium which is distinct from other species in the genus. The new collection Dictyosporium nigroapice (MFLUCC 17-2053) was placed as sister taxon to a previous isolate Dictyosporium nigroapice (BCC 3555). Two isolates of the new taxon Dictyosporium tubulatum (MFLUCC 15-0631 and MFLUCC 17-2056) nested in Dictyosporium as sister clade to Dictyosporium nigroapice (MFLUCC 17-2053 and BCC 3555).
THAILAND. Phang Nga Province, Bann Tom Thong Khang, on decaying wood submerged in a freshwater stream, 17 Dec 2015, J. Yang, Site 7-70-1 (MFLU 18-1040, HKAS 102131), living culture MFLUCC 16-0874 (Additional SSU sequence GenBank MH381759).
The phylogenetic result showed the strain MFLUCC 16-0874 clustered with the ex-type (KH 332) of Dictyocheirospora bannica. The morphological examination of this collection matched well with the holotype of Dictyocheirospora bannica (
Dictyosporium hydei I.B. Prasher & R.K. Verma, Phytotaxa 204 (3): 196 (2015).
INDIA. Himachal Pradesh, Bilaspur, on bark of Tecoma stans, 17 September 2013, I.B. Prasher and R.K. Verma (PAN 30364).
Considering the latest generic concept of Dictyocheirospora and Dictyosporium, we suggest that Dictyosporium hydei should be referred to Dictyocheirospora with the key character of non-complanate or cylindrical conidia with conidial arms closely gathered together at the apex. We have not examined the holotype of Dictyocheirospora hydei. The details provided by
Dictyosporium indicum I.B. Prasher & R.K. Verma, Phytotaxa 204 (3): 194 (2015).
INDIA. Himachal Pradesh, Mandi, on petiole of Phoenix rupicola, 19 November 2012, I.B. Prasher and R.K. Verma (PAN 30313).
THAILAND. Chiang Rai, stream flowing in Tham Luang Nang Non Cave, on decaying submerged wood, 25 November 2014, J. Yang, YJ-3 (MFLU 15-1169 reference specimen designated here, HKAS 102135), living culture MFLUCC 15-0056 (Additional SSU sequence GenBank MH381757).
Collection MFLU 15-1169 was identified as Dictyocheirospora indica (Dictyosporium indicum) based on morphological examination. Phylogenetic analyses indicated the placement of this taxon within Dictyocheirospora and sister to Di. subramanianii (BCC 3503). Dictyocheirospora subramanianii differs from Di. indica in lacking appendages. Dictyocheirospora indica resembles Di. musae in having non-complanate, cylindrical conidia with globose to subglobose appendages. However, conidial appendages of Di. indica are attached at the subapical cells, while appendages of Di. musae are attached at the central cells of the outer cell-row. The conidial size of Di. indica (33–48 × 13–18 µm) is smaller than that of Di. musae (45–65 × 20–27 µm) (
Dictyocheirospora indica (MFLU 15-1169, reference specimen). a Substrate b, c Colonies on woody substrate d, e Conidial formation f–iConidia with partial conidiophores j–oConidiap Germinated conidium q–r Culture, q from above, r from reverse. Scale bars: b = 200 μm, c = 100 μm, d–i, l–o = 20 μm, j = 10 μm, k = 15 μm, p = 30 μm.
Dictyosporium musae Photita, Mycotaxon 82: 416 (2002)
THAILAND. Mae Hong Son Province, Sob Mei, Huay Thicha Village, on decaying petioles of Musa acuminata, 23 November 2000, W. Photita (PDD 74135).
Notes. Dictyocheirospora musae is morphologically similar to Di. hydei in having non-complanate, cylindrical conidia with globose to subglobose appendages. However, Dictyocheirospora musae differs in having appendages in the middle cells while Di. hydei has appendages on the basal cells (
CHINA. Guizhou Province, Anshun city, Gaodang village, 26°4.267'N, 105°41.883'E, on decaying wood submerged in Suoluo river, 19 October 2016, J. Yang, GD 2-3 (MFLU 18-1041, HKAS 102132), living culture MFLUCC 17-0222 (Additional SSU sequence GenBank MH381758).
This species is known in China and Thailand from freshwater habitats (
Dictyosporium tetraploides L. Cai & K.D. Hyde, Sydowia 55 (2): 132 (2003)
CHINA. Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Menglun, a small stream, on submerged wood, 21 June 2002, L. Cai (HKUM 17146).
Dictyocheirospora tetraploides is morphologically similar to Di. musae in conidial shape, size, colour and appendages. However, conidia of Di. tetraploides have 5-rowed cells, while those of Di. musae are 7-rowed cells (
Referring to the tubular conidial appendages.
Saprobic on decaying plant substrates. Asexual morph: Colonies punctiform, sporodochial, scattered, dark brown to black, glistening. Mycelium mostly immersed, composed of smooth, septate, branched, hyaline to pale brown hyphae. Conidiophores micronematous, mononematous, septate, cylindrical, hyaline to pale brown, smooth-walled, 6.5–15 × 3.5–6 μm, sometimes reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, integrated, terminal, determinate, hyaline to pale brown. Conidia acrogenous, solitary, cheiroid, smooth-walled, complanate, yellowish-brown to medium brown, mostly consisting of four arms closely compact with side arms lower than middle arms, rarely with five arms, 5–7-euseptate in each arm, guttulate, (22–)29–35(–38) × (14–)17–19(–22) μm (x¯ = 32.5 × 18 μm, n = 40), with hyaline, tubular, elongated appendages which are 19–24 × 3.5–7 μm and mostly attached at the apical part of two outer arms. Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Conidia germinating on PDA within 24 h and germ tubes produced from the basal cell. Colonies on MEA reaching 5–10 mm diam. in a week at 25 °C, in natural light, circular, with fluffy, dense, white mycelium on the surface with entire margin; in reverse yellow in the middle and white at the margin.
THAILAND. Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, near 12°30.19'N, 99°31.35'E, on decaying wood submerged in a freshwater stream, 25 December 2014, J. van Strien, Site 5-11-1 (MFLU 15-1166 holotype, HKAS 102136 isotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 15-0631; ibid. Trat Province, Amphoe Ko Chang, 12°08'N, 102°38'E, on decaying wood submerged in a freshwater stream, 27 April 2017, Y.Z. Lu, YJT 22-2 (MFLU 18-1044, HKAS 102137 paratype), living culture MFLUCC 17-2056.
Phylogenetic analyses showed that Dictyosporium tubulatum nested in Dictyosporium and sister to D. nigroapice. Dictyosporium tubulatum morphologically resembles D. alatum Emden, D. canisporum L. Cai & K.D. Hyde and D. thailandicum D’ souza, D.J. Bhat & K.D. Hyde in conidial ontogeny and conidial shape, colour and appendages. Dictyosporium tubulatum differs from the three species in the number of conidial cell rows. There are mostly four conidial columns in D. tubulatum while mostly five columns in the others. Dictyosporium tubulatum has smaller conidia (25–38 × 14–22 μm) than those in D. canisporum (32.5–47.5 × 20–25 μm) but has similar conidial size with D. alatum (26–32 × 15–24 μm) and D. thailandicum (15.4–34.5 × 14.5–20.6 μm) (
Dictyosporium tubulatum (MFLU 15-1166, holotype). a, b Colonies on woody substrate c Squash mount of a sporodochium d–gConidiah–iConidia with conidiophores j–lConidia with appendages m lateral view of a conidium n Germinated conidium o, p Culture, o from above p from reverse. Scale bars: a = 1000 μm, b = 200 μm, c, n = 30 μm, d, e = 10 μm, f–m = 15 μm.
Referring to the collecting site in Trat province, Thailand.
Saprobic> on decaying plant substrates. Asexual morph: Colonies punctiform, sporodochial, scattered, black, glistening. Mycelium mostly immersed, composed of smooth, septate, branched, hyaline to pale brown hyphae. Conidiophores micronematous, mononematous, septate, cylindrical, hyaline to pale brown, smooth-walled, sometimes reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, integrated, terminal, determinate, hyaline to pale brown. Conidia (40–)43–54(–57) × (20–)23–32(–36) μm (x¯ = 49.5 × 26 μm, n = 40), acrogenous, solitary, cheiroid, smooth-walled, complanate, yellowish-brown to light brown, consisting of 39–68 cells arranged in 4–6 (mostly 5) closely compact columns, 9–11-euseptate in each column, guttulate; the inner columns nested within the outer columns, the outer columns derived from the basal cell of the conidium; the intermediate columns are derived from the first or second cell of the outer columns; the inner columns derived from the first or second cell of the intermediate columns; usually with 2–3 central columns longest and of equal length, 2–3 peripheral columns shorter and of equal length; sometimes with hyaline globose appendages at the apical cells of outer columns with hyaline cloud-shaped mucilaginous sheath. Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Conidia germinating on PDA within 24 h and germ tubes produced from basal cell. Colonies on MEA reaching 5–10 mm diam. in a week at 25 °C, in natural light, circular, with fluffy, dense, pale yellow mycelium in the middle and sparse mycelium in the outer ring on the surface with irregular margin; in reverse, dark yellow to brown in the middle and pale yellow at the margin.
THAILAND. Trat Province, Amphoe Ko Chang, 12°08'N, 102°38'E, on decaying wood submerged in a freshwater stream, 27 April 2017, Y.Z. Lu, YJT 6-2 (MFLU 18-1042 holotype, HKAS 102133 isotype), ex-type living culture MFLUCC 17-2052 (Additional SSU sequence GenBank MH381761).
Phylogenetic analyses indicated Dictyosporium tratense nested within Dictyosporium and close to D. wuyiense. It is distinguished from the other species in the genus in having a mucilaginous sheath. Morphologically, D. tratense is most comparable to D. elegans in conidial colour and shape, but conidia of the new taxon (40-57 × 20-36 μm) are smaller than those of D. elegans (40-80 × 24-36 μm) (
THAILAND. Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, near 12°30.19'N, 99°31.35'E, on decaying wood submerged in a freshwater stream, 25 December 2014, J. van Strien, Site 5-5-1 (MFLU 15-1164), living culture MFLUCC 15-0629 (Additional SSU sequence GenBank MH381760).
Phylogenetic analyses indicated the isolate Dictyosporium sp. (MFLUCC 15-0629) was placed as sister taxon to D. digitatum (KH 401), D. aquaticum (MF 1318) and D. stellatum (CCFC 241241) with good support. The strain D. digitatum (KH 401), D. aquaticum (MF 1318) and our strain MFLUCC 15-0629, showed the same nucleotide (490 bp) between them for ITS gene regions, while there is only one nucleotide difference between our strain and D. stellatum (CCFC 241241). However, the strain Dictyosporium sp. (MFLUCC 15-0629) showed seven nucleotides different from D. digitatum (yone 280) for ITS gene regions. Morphologically, D. digitatum and D. aquaticum share the character in having appendages borne at the terminal cells of each conidial arm (
Dictyosporium sp. (MFLU 15-1164). a Colonies on submerged wood b Squash mount of a sporodochium; c Germinated conidium b–e, h, iConidiaf Germinated conidium gConidia with conidiophores j, k Culture, j from above, k from reverse. Scale bars: a = 200 μm, b, f–i = 30 μm, c = 50 μm d, e = 20 μm.
THAILAND. Trat Province, Amphoe Ko Chang, 12°08'N, 102°38'E, on decaying wood submerged in a freshwater stream, 27 April 2017, Y.Z. Lu, YJT 7-1 (MFLU 18-1043, HKAS 102134), living culture MFLUCC 17-2053 (Additional SSU sequence GenBank MH381762).
Conidia in Dictyosporium nigroapice are characterised by conspicuously darker apical cells of the two inner arms, rarely darker at the apex of the outer arms. Morphological characters of this collection well agree with the original diagnosis of the holotype of D. nigroapice (
Dictyosporiaceae accommodates a holomorphic group of Dothideomycetes, including 12 genera with nine being dictyosporous (
We would like to thank The Research of Featured Microbial Resources and Diversity Investigation in the Southwest Karst area (project no. 2014FY120100) for its financial support. Kevin D. Hyde would like to thank the Thailand Research grants entitled “The future of specialist fungi in a changing climate: baseline data for generalist and specialist fungi associated with ants, Rhododendron species and Dracaena species” (grant no: DBG6080013) and “Impact of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Subregion” (grant no: RDG6130001) for supporting this study. Jing Yang thanks Shaun Pennycook for the corrections to the Latin names. Zong-Long Luo is acknowledged for the help with phylogenetic analyses.