Research Article |
Corresponding author: Pamela Rodriguez-Flakus ( p.rodriguez@botany.pl ) Academic editor: Thorsten Lumbsch
© 2023 Martin Kukwa, Pamela Rodriguez-Flakus, André Aptroot, Adam Flakus.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Kukwa M, Rodriguez-Flakus P, Aptroot A, Flakus A (2023) Two new species of Astrothelium from Sud Yungas in Bolivia and the first discovery of vegetative propagules in the family Trypetheliaceae (lichen-forming Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota). MycoKeys 95: 83-100. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.95.98986
|
Two new species of Astrothelium are described from the Yungas forest in Bolivian Andes. Astrothelium chulumanense is characterised by pseudostromata concolorous with the thallus, perithecia immersed for the most part, with the upper portion elevated above the thallus and covered, except the tops, with orange pigment, apical and fused ostioles, the absence of lichexanthone (but thallus UV+ orange-yellow), clear hamathecium, 8-spored asci and amyloid, large, muriform ascospores with median septa. Astrothelium isidiatum is known only in a sterile state and produces isidia that develop in groups on areoles, but easily break off to reveal a medulla that resembles soralia. Both species, according to the two-locus phylogeny, belong to Astrothelium s.str. The production of isidia is reported from the genus Astrothelium and the family Trypetheliaceae for the first time.
lichens, lichenised fungi, Neotropics, South America, taxonomy
Trypetheliaceae Zenker is the core family of the order Trypetheliales Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman and comprises about 500 species and 19 genera (
Species of Trypetheliaceae grow in various, mostly tropical and subtropical ecosystems in Africa, America, Asia and Australia and are important and common elements in the rain and dry forests and savannahs (
Within Trypetheliaceae, the genus Astrothelium Eschw. is the most speciose and comprises about 275 species (
In Bolivia, 35 species of Astrothelium are known so far, of which 12 have been recently described (
Our study was based on specimens freshly collected by the authors and deposited at KRAM, LPB and UGDA. Morphology and anatomy were examined using stereo- and compound microscopes (Nikon SMZ 800, Nikon Eclipse 80i DIC; Tokyo, Japan). Sections were prepared manually using a razor blade. Sections and squash mounts were examined in tap water, 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) (K) or lactophenol cotton blue (LPCB; Sigma-Aldrich, catalogue no. 61335-100ML; St. Louis, Missouri, USA) and amyloid reactions of anatomical structures were tested using Lugol’s solution (I) (Fluka no. 62650-1L-F) or with Lugol’s solution preceded by a 10% KOH treatment (K/I). All photomicrographs showing anatomical characters were made using transmitted differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy. All measurements were made in distilled water. Lichen substances were investigated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) following the methods by
Freshly collected hymenia or thallus fragments were removed from the specimens and carefully cleaned in double-distilled water (ddH2O) on a microscope slide under sterile conditions to remove any visible impurities using ultra-thin tweezers and a razor blade. Genomic DNA was extracted from a few ascomata or thallus pieces using the QIAamp DNA Investigator Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) following the manufacturer’s instructions. We amplified both the mtDNA small subunit DNA (mtSSU) using primers pair mrSSU1 and mrSSU3R (
All sequences generated were checked by BLAST (
Voucher data and GenBank accession numbers for the sequences included in this study. Newly-generated sequences are shown in bold.
Taxon | Origin | Collector | Voucher | Herbarium | Isolate | GenBank accession numbers | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mtSSU | nuLSU | ||||||
Aptrootia elatior | New Zealand | Knight | O61815 | OTA | MPN560B | KM453821 | KM453754 |
Aptrootia robusta | Australia | Lumbsch | 20012 | F | MPN235B | KM453822 | KM453755 |
Aptrootia terricola | Costa Rica | Lücking | 17211 | F | DNA1501 | DQ328995 | KM453756 |
Architrypethelium lauropaluanum | Peru | Nelsen | Cit1P | F | MPN48 | KX215566 | KX215605 |
Architrypethelium nitens | Panama | Lücking | 27038 | F | MPN257 | KM453823 | KM453757 |
Architrypethelium uberinum | Brazil | Nelsen | s.n. | F | MPN489 | – | KM453758 |
Astrothelium aenascens 1 | Thailand | Luangsuphabool | 27887 | RAMK | HRK93 | LC128018 | LC127403 |
Astrothelium aenascens 2 | Thailand | Luangsuphabool | 27888 | RAMK | HRK98 | LC128019 | LC127404 |
Astrothelium aeneum | Panama | Lücking | 27056 | F | MPN302 | – | KX215606 |
Astrothelium bicolor | USA | Nelsen | 4002a | F | MPN139 | GU327706 | GU327728 |
Astrothelium carassense | Brazil | Lücking | 31004 | F | MPN438 | KM453849 | KM453784 |
Astrothelium cecidiogenum | Costa Rica | Lücking | s.n. | F | N/A | DQ328991 | – |
Astrothelium chulumanense | Bolivia | Flakus | 29985 | KRAM | 14-31 | OQ275191 | OQ281430 |
Astrothelium cinereorosellum 2 | Philippines | RivasPlata | 2106 | F | MPN199C | – | KX215610 |
Astrotheliumcinereorosellum 1 | Philippines | RivasPlata | 2110 | F | MPN191 | KM453873 | KM453809 |
Astrothelium cinnamomeum | Costa Rica | Lücking | 15322b | DUKE | AFTOL110 | AY584632 | AY584652 |
Astrothelium crassum | Peru | Nelsen | s.n. | F | MPN98 | GU327685 | GU327710 |
Astrothelium aff. crassum | Brazil | Cáceres | 6011 | F | MPN335 | KM453827 | KM453761 |
Astrothelium croceum | Peru | Nelsen | 211D | F | MPN55 | KX215567 | KX215611 |
Astrothelium degenerans 1 | Costa Rica | Lücking | 17502b | CR | DNA1496 | DQ328987 | – |
Astrothelium degenerans 2 | Panama | Lücking | 27109 | F | MPN267 | KM453835 | KM453770 |
Astrothelium diplocarpum 2 | Nicaragua | Lücking | 28529 | F | MPN210 | KM453846 | KM453781 |
Astrothelium diplocarpum 1 | USA | Nelsen | s.n. | F | MPN134 | KX215568 | – |
Astrothelium endochryseum | Brazil | Lücking | 31088 | F | MPN436 | KM453837 | KM453772 |
Astrothelium erubescens | Peru | Nelsen | AnaG | F | MPN96 | KX215569 | KX215614 |
Astrothelium euthelium 1 | Thailand | Lücking | 24075 | F | MPN226 | – | KX215615 |
Astrothelium euthelium 2 | Philippines | RivasPlata | 1194B | F | MPN22B | – | KX215616 |
Astrothelium flavocoronatum 1 | Thailand | Luangsuphabool | 27890 | RAMK | KY859 | LC128014 | LC127398 |
Astrothelium flavocoronatum 2 | Thailand | Luangsuphabool | 27889 | RAMK | TSL63 | AB759874 | LC127397 |
Astrothelium floridanum 1 | USA | Nelsen | 4008 | F | MPN132 | GU327705 | GU327727 |
Astrothelium floridanum 2 | Panama | Lücking | 27131a | F | MPN304 | KM453876 | KM453811 |
Astrothelium gigantosporum | Panama | Lücking | 33037 | F | MPN590 | KM453851 | KM453786 |
Astrothelium grossum 2 | Panama | Lücking | 27045 | F | MPN259 | KM453834 | KM453769 |
Astrothelium grossum 1 | Peru | Nelsen | 4000a | F | MPN47 | GU327689 | GU327713 |
Astrothelium inspersoaeneum | Peru | Nelsen | Cit1K | F | MPN45 | KX215571 | – |
Astrothelium isidiatum | Bolivia | Flakus | 30000 | KRAM | 14-8 | OQ275190 | OQ281431 |
Astrothelium kunzei 1 | Salvador | Lücking | 28120 | F | MPN201B | – | KX215624 |
Astrotheliumkunzei 2 | Salvador | Lücking | 28137 | F | MPN203B | – | KX215625 |
Astrothelium laevigatum | Brazil | Lücking | 31010 | F | MPN430 | KX215572 | – |
Astrothelium laevithallinum | Brazil | Lücking | 31061 | F | MPN442 | KM453836 | KM453771 |
Astrothelium leucoconicum | Peru | Nelsen | 4000c | F | MPN42 | KM453830 | KM453764 |
Astrothelium leucosessile 1 | Panama | Lücking | 27059 | F | MPN258 | KM453828 | KM453762 |
Astrothelium leucosessile 2 | Brazil | Cáceres | 11201 | F | MPN713 | KM453869 | KM453805 |
Astrothelium macrocarpum 1 | Panama | Lücking | 27077 | F | MPN260 | KM453829 | KM453763 |
Astrothelium macrocarpum 2 | Thailand | n/a | 27892 | RAMK | UBN37 | LC128015 | LC127400 |
Astrotheliummacrocarpum 3 | Thailand | n/a | 27894 | RAMK | UBN43 | LC128016 | LC127399 |
Astrothelium macrostiolatum | Thailand | Luangsuphabool | 27895 | RAMK | PHL84 | LC128022 | LC127407 |
Astrothelium megaspermum 2 | Gabon | Ertz | 9725 | BR | AFTOL2094 | GU561847 | FJ267702 |
Astrothelium megaspermum 3 | USA | Nelsen | s.n. | F | MPN138 | KX215574 | KX215632 |
Astrothelium megaspermum 1 | Thailand | Nelsen | s.n. | F | MPN32B | KX215576 | – |
Astrothelium meristosporum 2 | Philippines | RivasPlata | 2128 | F | MPN198 | – | KX215634 |
Astrothelium meristosporum 1 | Philippines | RivasPlata | 2108 | F | MPN189 | KM453850 | KM453785 |
Astrothelium neglectum 1 | Thailand | Luangsuphabool | 27898 | RAMK | TAK8 | LC128025 | LC127410 |
Astrothelium neglectum 2 | Thailand | Luangsuphabool | 27896 | RAMK | TAK12 | LC128026 | LC127411 |
Astrothelium neglectum 3 | Thailand | Luangsuphabool | 27897 | RAMK | TAK17 | LC128027 | LC127412 |
Astrothelium neogalbineum 1 | Brazil | Cáceres | 11100 | F | MPN711 | KM453877 | KM453812 |
Astrothelium neogalbineum 2 | Peru | Nelsen | Cit1T | F | MPN51 | KX215577 | KX215635 |
Astrothelium neoinspersum 2 | Peru | Nelsen | AnaJ | F | MPN61C | – | KX215636 |
Astrothelium neoinspersum 1 | Peru | Nelsen | s.n. | F | MPN62 | KM453866 | KM453802 |
Astrothelium neovariolosum 1 | Thailand | Luangsuphabool | 27899 | RAMK | KY777 | LC128023 | LC127408 |
Astrothelium neovariolosum 2 | Thailand | Luangsuphabool | 27900 | RAMK | KY848 | LC128024 | LC127409 |
Astrothelium nicaraguense 1 | Nicaragua | Lücking | 28503 | F | MPN205 | – | KX215637 |
Astrothelium nicaraguense 2 | Nicaragua | Lücking | 28551 | F | MPN213 | – | KX215639 |
Astrothelium nitidiusculum 2 | Fiji | Lumbsch | 20547i | F | MPN768 | – | KX215640 |
Astrothelium nitidiusculum 1 | Brazil | Cáceres | 11297 | F | MPN704 | KM453868 | KM453804 |
Astrothelium norisianum | Peru | Nelsen | 4000d | F | MPN52C | KM453848 | KM453783 |
Astrothelium aff. norisianum | Peru | Nelsen | Cit1B | F | MPN23B | KX215578 | KX215607 |
Astrothelium aff. obscurum | Philippines | RivasPlata | 2175 | F | MPN194 | – | KX215608 |
Astrothelium obtectum | Brazil | Lücking | 31242 | F | MPN422 | KM453832 | KM453767 |
Astrothelium perspersum | Gabon | Ertz | 9716 | BR | AFTOL2099 | GU561848 | FJ267701 |
Astrothelium phlyctaena 1 | USA | Nelsen | 4167 | F | MPN373 | – | KX215641 |
Astrothelium phlyctaena 2 | USA | Nelsen | 4149 | F | MPN386 | – | KX215644 |
Astrothelium pulcherrimum | Panama | Lücking | 27046 | F | MPN313 | KM453879 | KM453814 |
Astrothelium pupula | Colombia | Lücking | 26305 | F | MPN224 | KM453880 | KM453815 |
Astrothelium purpurascens | Peru | Nelsen | s.n. | F | MPN53C | KM453847 | KM453782 |
Astrothelium robustum 1 | Costa Rica | Mercado | 586 | F | MPN754 | KM453826 | KM453760 |
Astrothelium robustum 2 | Nicaragua | Lücking | 28519 | F | MPN209 | – | KX215645 |
Astrothelium robustum 3 | Nicaragua | Lücking | 28547 | F | MPN212 | – | KX215646 |
Astrothelium rufescens 1 | Brazil | Nelsen | B1 | F | MPN143 | – | KX215650 |
Astrothelium rufescens 2 | Argentina | Lücking | 30511 | CTES | MPN346 | – | KX215652 |
Astrothelium sanguinarium 1 | Brazil | Cañez | 3133 | CGMS | MPN765 | KM453853 | KM453788 |
Astrothelium sanguinarium 2 | Brazil | Cañez | 3135 | CGMS | MPN766 | KX215579 | KX215653 |
Astrothelium sanguinarium 3 | Brazil | Cañez | 3137a | CGMS | MPN767 | KX215580 | KX215654 |
Astrothelium scoria | Panama | Lücking | 27181 | F | MPN310 | – | KX215655 |
Astrothelium scorizum | Brazil | Lücking | 29814 | F | MPN336 | KM453872 | KM453808 |
Astrothelium aff. sepultum 2 | Costa Rica | Lücking | 21027 | F | MPN229 | – | KX215609 |
Astrotheliumaff. sepultum 1 | Peru | Nelsen | 4001a | F | MPN63C | GU327690 | GU327714 |
Astrothelium siamense 1 | Thailand | Luangsuphabool | 27901 | RAMK | KRB105 | LC128020 | LC127405 |
Astrothelium siamense 2 | Thailand | Luangsuphabool | 27902 | RAMK | KRB139 | LC128021 | LC127406 |
Astrothelium subcatervarium | Peru | Nelsen | 4009a | F | MPN97 | GU327707 | GU327729 |
Astrothelium subendochryseum | Salvador | Lücking | 28121 | F | MPN202B | – | KX215659 |
Astrothelium subinterjectum | Brazil | Nelsen | B15 | F | MPN157 | KX215583 | KX215660 |
Astrothelium subscoria 1 | Nicaragua | Lücking | 28640 | F | MPN217 | KM453878 | KM453813 |
Astrothelium subscoria 2 | Bolivia | Lücking | 29010 | F | MPN325 | KX215584 | KX215661 |
Astrothelium tuberculosum | Costa Rica | Lücking | 16306a | F | DNA1504 | DQ329008 | – |
Astrothelium variolosum 1 | Peru | Nelsen | s.n. | F | MPN43 | KM453833 | KM453768 |
Astrothelium variolosum 2 | Peru | Nelsen | Cit1F | F | MPN41 | KX215585 | KX215662 |
Two new sequences of each marker (mtSSU and nuLSU) from two new species of Astrothelium were generated for this study (Table
Phylogenetic placement of the two new species of Astrothelium within Trypetheliaceae inferred from ML analyses of combined mtSSU and nuLSU rDNA dataset. Aptrootia and Architrypethelium species were used as the outgroups. Bold branches represent either bootstrap values ≥ 70 and/or Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95.
The phylogenetic reconstruction shows that all Astrothelium species form a well-supported clade divided into two subclades, of which the smaller and well-supported (six species) refers to the clade labelled as Astothelium s.lat. by
Astrothelium chulumanense and A. isidiatum are placed in the larger clade defined by
The most surprising finding is the presence of isidia in one of the new species, Astrothelium isidiatum. This is the first case when vegetative lichenised diaspores are reported in Trypetheliaceae. Moreover, the new species is sterile and lichen taxa being sterile, but reproducing by isidia or other similar propagules consisting of mycobiont and photobiont, are known in several other groups of lichenised fungi. In extreme cases even entire lineages evolved into permanently asexually reproducing genera, like Botryolepraria Canals et al., Lepraria Ach. and others (
The two new species of Astrothelium, as well as some of these recently described taxa within Trypetheliaceae from Bolivia by
Characterised by pseudostromata not differing in colour from the thallus, perithecia immersed for the most part in thallus, with the upper part elevated above the thallus and covered, except the tops, with orange pigment, apical and fused ostioles, the absence of lichexanthone, clear hamathecium, 8-spored asci and amyloid, large (125–167 × 27–35 μm), muriform ascospores with a thickened median septum.
Astrothelium chulumanense (holotype) A, B thallus and ascomata C vertical cross section through pseudostromata D horizontal cross section through pseudostromata E asci (violet ascospores in Lugol’s solution) F ascospores (violet in Lugol’s solution). Scale bars: 1000 μm (A, B); 500 μm (C, D); 50 μm (E); 10 μm (F).
Bolivia. Dept. La Paz; Prov. Sud Yungas, Pataloa, near estación biológica Santiago de Chirca, near Chulumani, 16°23'57.16"S, 67°34'33.96"W, elev. 2271 m, Yungas montane forest, corticolous, 22 Jan 2020, A. Flakus 29985 & P. Rodriguez-Flakus (holotype KRAM-L 73244, isotypes LPB, UGDA).
Thallus corticate, with corticiform layer 10–20 μm thick, uneven, folded to bumpy, somewhat shiny, continuous, ca. 0.1mm thick, greenish, surrounded by a dark prothallus, not inducing swellings of the host bark, covering areas ≤ 8 cm diam. Pseudostromata with a surface similar to the thallus, distinctly raised above the thallus, hemispherical to wart-shaped, ca. 1.5–3 mm in diam. and 0.5–1.5 mm high, the same colour like thallus with black to orange-black apical spot, inside containing bark tissue. Ascomata perithecia, pyriform to hemispherical, aggregated, 0.6–1 mm diam., emerging from beneath the upper periderm layers of the bark and surrounded by bark tissues in outside part, immersed in most parts in regular in outline pseudostromata, upper part elevated above the thallus and covered, except the tops, with orange pigment. Ostioles apical, centrally fused to form a shared channel leading to various chambers. Wall fully carbonised, not differentiated into excipulum and involucrellum, thicker, ≤ ca. 100 μm wide in the upper part and thinner, up to ca. 20 μm wide, near the base. Ostioles apical, fused, black. Hamathecium clear, composed of thin and anastomosing paraphysoids, 1.5–2.5 μm wide. Asci 8-spored, 350–470 × 56–60 µm. Ascospores distoseptate, hyaline, I+ violet, densely muriform, with a gelatinous layer in younger stages, with a distinct thickened median septum, sometimes breaking into two parts in the septa, narrowly ellipsoid, 125–167 × 27–35 μm, ends rounded, lumina diamond-shaped.
Thallus surface UV+ orange-yellow, K–, C–, KC–, thallus medulla K–; pseudostromata surface UV+ orange-yellow, K–, inner part of pseudostromata K–, visible part of perithecia K+ red. Trace of unidentified substance detected in the thallus by thin layer chromatography; pigment on the top of perithecia.
The species is named after its locus classicus located near Chulumani town in Bolivia.
So far, the species is known only from the type locality in Yungas forest in Bolivia.
Astrothelium chulumanense can be distinguished by pseudostromata not differing in colour from the thallus, the orange-yellow reaction in UV (perhaps due to the presence of an unknown substance), the absence of lichexanthone, perithecia immersed for the most part in the thallus, but with upper part elevated above the thallus and covered, except the tops, with orange pigment, apical and fused ostioles, clear hamathecium, 8-spored asci and amyloid, large, muriform ascospores with median septa. The new species is phylogenetically related and externally similar to A. robustum. Both species have also ascomata with fused ostioles; however, ascospores in A. robustum are (3–)5–7(–9)-septate and I negative. Furthermore, the species does not produce secondary metabolites (
Only four Astrothelium species have clear hamathecium, 8-spored asci and large, muriform ascospores, which react I+ violet. Astrothelium amylosporum Flakus & Aptroot has pseudostromata not covered by thallus and lacks pigments, whereas A. palaeoexostemmatis Sipman & Aptroot lacks pigments, has smaller ascospores (85–100 × 20–24 μm) and ascomata are almost completely covered by the thallus and do not form distinct pseudostromata. Astrothelium sanguinarium (Malme) Aptroot & Lücking differs in the shape of pseudostromata, the pigment is red (isohypocrellin), reacts K+ yellow-green and is present internally within pseudostromata. Astrothelium sanguineoxanthum Aptroot has smaller (up to 86 μm long) ascospores, whitish pseudostromata and produces lichexanthone and isohypocrellin (internal in pseudostromata) (
Several other species of the genus have pseudostromata or aggregated ascomata often with fused ostioles, clear hymenium, large (at least some over 80 μm long) and muriform, but I negative ascospores and 8-spored asci. They differ significantly in other characters (for the key to all species, see
The new species differs from all known species of the genus by developing groups of isidia on the surface of areoles, which break off to reveal a medulla that resembles soralia.
Bolivia. Dept. La Paz; Prov. Sud Yungas, near Reserva Ecológica de Apa Apa, Sanani near Chulumani, 16°20'39.70"S, 67°29'54.32"W, elev. 2423 m, Yungas montane forest, corticolous, 23 Jan 2020, A. Flakus 30000 & P. Rodriguez-Flakus (KRAM-L 73245 holotype; LPB, UGDA isotypes).
Thallus endosubstratal to episubstratal and then grey-green, shiny, folded in non-areolate parts, with areoles, isidiate. Areoles tuberculate, sometimes with cylindrical outgrowth developing at the lateral parts of areoles (Fig.
Astrothelium isidiatum (type collection) A–D thallus morphology A, B isidia developing in groups on areoles which are partly shed exposing the medulla of the areoles C isidia-like outgrows developing on lateral parts of areoles D isidia-like outgrowths developing directly from the endosubstratal parts of the thallus E, F a vertical cross-section through thallus with crystals present in the medulla (E) (in LPCB) G, H vertical cross-section through cortical layer (in LPCB). Scale bars: 1000 μm (A, B); 500 μm (C, D); 50 μm (E, F); 10 μm (G, H).
Thallus surface UV–, K–, C–, KC–; medulla with yellow pigment, K+ yellow going into solution, C+ yellow-orange; upper parts of areoles with shed isidia with patches of orange pigment reacting K+ purple. Unidentified substances (probably some of them are anthraquinones) in trace to minor amounts detected by thin layer chromatography.
The name refers to the production of isidia, which are unique in the genus.
So far, the species is known only from the type locality in the Yungas forest in Bolivia.
This is a very characteristic species with areoles filled with crystals, cylindrical isidia developing on the areoles and usually yellow thallus medulla. The ascomata were not found in the studied material. It differs from all species of Astrothelium and Trypetheliaceae in the presence of isidia.
Some species of Trypetheliaceae, for example, Architrypethelium lauropaluanum Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Marcelli, Astrothelium komposchii Aptroot or A. puiggarii (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking (
We are not aware of any other similar species in other groups, which remind us of the unique taxon described here.
We would like to thank Robert Lücking for his constructive comments on the manuscript, members of Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés La Paz, for their generous cooperation and, in particular, our friend Silvia C. Gallegos for her invaluable assistance during the fieldwork. This research received support from the National Science Centre (project no 2015/17/B/NZ8/02441: Hidden genetic diversity in sterile crustose lichens in the Neotropical forests – an innovative case study in Bolivia, a hotspot of biodiversity) and statutory funds from the W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland.