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A compendium of macrofungi of Pakistan by ecoregions
expand article infoNourin Aman§, Abdul Nasir Khalid, Jean-Marc Moncalvo§|
‡ University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
§ Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Canada
| University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Open Access

Abstract

Macrofungi form fruiting bodies that can be detected with the naked eye in the field and handled by hand. They mostly consist of basidiomycetes, but also include some ascomycetes. Mycology in Pakistan is still in its infancy, but there have been many historical reports and checklists of macrofungi occurrence from its 15 ecoregions, which range from Himalayan alpine grasslands and subtropical pine forests to deserts and xeric shrublands. In this work, we searched and reviewed the historical literature and the GenBank database for compiling a comprehensive list of macrofungi reported from Pakistan to date. We recorded 1,293 species belonging to 411 genera, 115 families and 24 orders. These occurrences were updated taxonomically following the classification system currently proposed in the Index Fungorum website. The highest represented order by taxon number is Agaricales (47%) with 31 families, 146 genera and 602 species, followed by Polyporales (11%), Russulales (9%) and Pezizales (8%). Genera occurrence reported therein are presented for each ecoregion to the best of our ability given the data. We also discussed the currently known macrofungi diversity between different ecoregions in Pakistan. Overall, this work should serve as a solid foundation for the inclusion of Pakistan macrofungi in global biodiversity and conservation studies.

Keywords

Biodiversity, conservation, ecoregions, fungi, taxonomic list

Introduction

Fungi are amongst the most diverse groups of organisms on earth. There have been numerous estimates regarding the total number of fungi worldwide. Bisby and Ainsworth (1943) recorded the total number to be about 100,000 and later, Hawksworth (1991) hypothesised the total number of fungal species to be 1.5 million. Later, Blackwell (2011) estimated the total number of fungi to be around 3.5 – 5.1 million. More recently, Hawksworth and Lucking (2017) predicted the total number to be in the range of 2.8 to 3.8 million. To date, 149,974 species have been recognised (Index Fungorum 2021). The current rate of fungal species discovery per year averages at 2,000 as compared to 1,000 to 2,000 a decade ago (Cheek et al. 2020).

Macrofungi form fruiting bodies that can be detected with the naked eye in the field and handled by hand. They mostly consist of basidiomycetes, but also include some ascomycetes. They play many essential roles in ecosystems as mutualists, pathogens, decomposers or saprotrophs (Volk 2013). Some are edible, medicinal or toxic to humans. About 20,000 macrofungal species have been recognised worldwide (Hawksworth 2001), but many belong to cryptic species complexes and many more await discovery, particularly from poorly explored regions of the world.

A major hindrance of traditional systematics in fungal discovery and identification is the presence of limited taxonomic features (Wu et al. 2019). The traditional identification techniques utilised morphological features, ecological characters, physiology and biochemistry of tissues (Wang et al. 2016). The boom in molecular methods in the 1980s and a remarkable paper by White et al. (1990) describing rRNA primers in fungi spurred the beginning of molecular data utilisation in fungal classification and species identification. Phylogenetic studies have shown that morphologically similar taxa might belong to different lineages (e.g. Hibbett et al. 1997; Moncalvo et al. 2002). DNA sequences can also be helpful for detecting and distinguishing amongst cryptic taxa sharing similar morphological traits (e.g. Moncalvo and Buchanan 2008; Schoch et al. 2012; Wu et al. 2019).

Before the partition of British India, mycoflora of the region (presently India and Pakistan) was listed by Butler and Bisby (1931) and Mundkur (1938). These checklists recorded only 198 species of this region expanding on 30,000 square miles (77700 km2). Later, Ahmad et al. (1997) recorded about 4,500 fungal taxa in a list that included all groups of fungi, i.e. macrofungi as well as microfungi and lichens. In the last two decades, many new records and description of new species have been added, based on morphological characters alone or in combination with molecular data (e.g. Sarwar et al. 2011; Saba et al. 2019a; Bashir et al. 2020a; Khalid in press), but none of these was comprehensively addressing macrofungal diversity in Pakistan and the ecoregions of their occurrence.

From a biodiversity conservation perspective, ecologists have been concerned about the factors that affect the delimitation of ecological units and how it affects our knowledge of ecological processes (Weins et al. 1985; Gosz 1991). Numerous efforts have been made to categorise geographical zones with analogous features. In a remarkable paper, Olson et al. (2001) defined ecoregions as broad areas of land or water that consist of geographically distinct assemblages of taxa, natural communities and environmental conditions. They presented an ecoregion map for its utilisation at global as well as regional scales. They based their map on biogeographic information and this was built with the collaboration of more than 1,000 experts in biogeography, taxonomy, conservation biology and ecology from all over the world. Ecoregions were classified by taking into account biogeographic features like endemism, species richness and special evolutionary perspectives. The unique feature of this global biodiversity map is that it focuses on species allocation and communities more precisely than the earlier models, based on biophysical characters, for instance, rainfall and temperature (Holdridge 1967; Walter and Box 1976; Schultz 1995; Bailey 1998) or vegetation structure (UNESCO 1969; de Laubenfels 1975; Schmidthüsen 1976). In Olson et al. (2001), the terrestrial world is divided into 14 biomes, eight biogeographic realms and 867 ecoregions; out of which, nine biomes, two realms and 15 ecoregions are found in Pakistan. This country covers a wide altitudinal range from sea level (Arabian Sea) to the second highest peak of the world, K2. The variety of ecoregions from Himalayan alpine grasslands and subtropical pine forests to deserts and xeric shrublands promotes a great deal of fungal diversity that still remains largely unaccounted for.

In this study we compiled a compendium of macrofungi reported from Pakistan to date from searches in the historical literature as well as in the GenBank database. We have included fungi with prominent fruiting bodies visible to the naked eye in this taxonomic list. We have excluded taxa in Ascomycota which are immersed or half immersed structures, galls or non-prominent fruiting structures on animal dung. We also categorised the reported macromycetes into ecoregions, based on available data.

Materials and methods

Compendium of Macromycetes of Pakistan

For compiling a comprehensive compendium of macromycetes of Pakistan, data were gathered from extensive literature searches of checklists and published papers, as well as in the GenBank sequence database. Sequence data in GenBank (2020, 2021) was retrieved using a Python script written by Santiago Sanchez-Ramirez (available upon request) on 09-10-2020 for Basidiomycota and on 22-06-2021 for Ascomycota. The list was arranged following the current classification system in Index Fungorum (2021) with great care about eliminating synonymy.

Division of macromycetes of Pakistan into Ecoregions

In order to attribute ecoregion occurrence of the taxa we retrieved, we used their locality-based information to consult various repositories, such as Ecoregion 2017 (Dinerstein et al. 2017), DOPA explorer (Dubois et al. 2018) and the ArcGis search tool (2021). Ecoregion allocation of genera was graphically represented on an MS excel spreadsheet for analyses. Genera were listed in rows and ecoregions in columns. The presence or absence of a genus in an ecoregion was scored “1” or “0”, respectively. The sum and percentage of each genus in each ecoregion were then calculated.

Results

Table 1 provides a comprehensive record of the macrofungal biota of Pakistan known to date, to the best of our knowledge. It lists 1,293 species belonging to 411 genera, 115 families and 24 orders. Out of which, 1,117 species, 338 genera, 83 families and 16 orders belong to Basidiomycota and 176 species, 73 genera, 32 families and eight orders are from Ascomycota. The source reference in Table 1 indicates that most entries are from the extensive checklist by Ahmad et al. (1997; 874 entries). The highest order recorded is Agaricales (27%) with 31 families, 146 genera and 602 species, followed by Polyporales (11%), Russulales (9%) and Pezizales (8%). The orders of least occurrences are Atheliales, Leotiales and Trechisporales representing one taxon in a single genus and family. The proportion of respective families, genera as well as species are shown in Fig. 1.

Figure 1. 

The Bar graph showing number of families, genera and species per order.

Table 2 indicates the ecoregions from which each genus was recorded. Fig. 2 shows that the highest macrofungal diversity is found in the western Himalayan broadleaf forests (36%) followed by north-western thorn scrub forests (25%). In addition, Himalayan subtropical pine forests have rich macrofungal diversity with 17% taxa representation, followed by western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests with 13% distribution. The Karakorem West Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe and Baluchistan xeric woodlands show 5% or lesser distribution. On the other hand, the Indus River Delta, Arabian Sea mangroves, Thar Desert, Sulaiman range alpine meadows, East Afghan montane conifer forests, Registan north Pakistan sandy desert, south Iran Nubo-Sindian desert and semi-desert, Rann of Kutch seasonal marsh, as well as the north-western Himalayan alpine scrub and meadows have 0–2% macromycetes record.

Figure 2. 

Percentage of macrofungi taxa in different ecoregions of Pakistan. Where, BXW = Baluchistan Xeric woodlands, EAMCF = East Afghan montane conifer forests, IRM = Indus River Delta Arabian Sea mangroves, IVD = Indus Valley Desert, HSTPF = Himalayan subtropical pine forests, KWTP = Karakorem West Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe, NWTSF = North-western thorn scrub forest, NWHASM = North-western Himalayan alpine scrub & meadows, RNPSD = Registan north Pakistan sandy desert, ROK = Rann of Kutch seasonal marsh, SINSD = South Iran Nubo-Sindian desert & semi-desert, SRAM = Sulaiman Range Alpine meadows, WHBF = Western Himalayan broadleaf forests, WHSACF = Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests, TD = Thar Desert.

Biomes and macrofungi occurrence details therein are presented in the supplementary document labelled “Macrofungi_list_by_biomes_and_ecoregions_of_Pakistan, whereas supplementary table entitled “Detailed_compendium_of_macrofungi_of_Pakistan” contains thorough information about synonymy, locality and taxa level ecoregion allocation.

Table 1.

A compendium of macrofungi of Pakistan. Note:FOP refers to checklist ‘Fungi of Pakistan’ (Ahmad et al. 1997).

Phylum/Order Family Genus Species Authority Source
Basidiomycota/Agaricales Agaricaceae Agaricus arvensis Schaeff. FOP
bisporiticus Nawaz, Callac, Thongklang & Khalid GenBank (KJ575608); Thongklang et al. (2014)
bisporus (J.E. Lange) Imbach GenBank (KU170542); Sultana et al. (2011)
bitorquis (Quel.) Sacc. GenBank (KU170541); FOP
bolorhizus Berk. & Broome FOP
callipelus Berk. & Broome FOP
campestris L. Razaq et al. (2014)
dulcidulus Schulzer Razaq et al. (2014)
endoxanthus Berk. & Broome GenBank (MK101039); FOP
glabriusculus S. Hussain GenBank (MK751855); Hussain and Sher (2019)
goossensiae Heinem. GenBank (KU170540)
gregariomyces J.L. Zhou & R.L. Zhao GenBank (MK101032)
hemilasius Berk. & Broome FOP
heterocystis Heinem. & Gooss.-Font. GenBank (KU170543)
inoxydabilis Heinem. GenBank (KU170539)
latiumbonatus S. Hussain GenBank (MK751859) ; Hussain and Sher (2019)
lateriticolor Heinem. FOP
latipes Berk. FOP
pakistanicus H. Bashir, A.N. Khalid, L.A. Parra & Callac GenBank (MG669256); Bashir et al. (2018)
placomyces Peck. FOP
pseudopratensis (Bohus) Bohus GenBank (MK123324)
punjabensis Qasim, A. Ashraf & Khalid GenBank (KT985908); Chen et al. (2016)
rufoalbus Berk. FOP
semotus Fr. FOP
sinoplacomyces P. Callac & R.L. Zhao GenBank (KY741891)
squalidus Massee FOP
sparsisquamosus H. Bashir, S. Hussain, A.N. Khalid & H. Ahmed GenBank (MG669253); Sultana et al. (2011); Bashir et al. (2018)
sylvaticus Schaeff. Sultana et al. (2011)
trisulphuratus Berk. GenBank (KU170545); FOP; Sultana et al. (2011)
woodrowii Massee FOP
xanthodermus Genev. GenBank (KU170544)
Baeospora myosura (Fr.) Singer FOP
Battarrea phalloides (Dicks.) Pers. FOP; Yousaf et al. (2013a)
Chamaemyces fracidus (Fr.) Donk. FOP
Chlorophyllum hortense (Murrill) Vellinga GenBank (KM350689)
molybdites (G. Mey.) Massee GenBank (MN577080); Razaq and Shahzad (2012)
palaeotropicum Z.W. Ge & A. Jacobs GenBank (MN577079)
rachodes (Vittad.) Vellinga FOP; Sultana et al. (2011)
Coprinus comatus (Muell. Ex Fr.) S.F. Gray GenBank (HE819398); FOP; Razaq et al. (2014c)
hookeri Berk. FOP
Agaricales Agaricaceae Cystoderma amianthinum (Scop.) Fayod FOP
Cystodermella cinnabarina (Alb & Schwein.) Harmaja Razaq et al. (2013c)
granulosa (Batsch) Harmaja FOP
Cystolepiota pseudogranulosa (Berk. & Broome) Pegler FOP
Disciseda cervina (Berk) Hollos FOP
Echinoderma asperum (Pers.) Bon FOP, Razaq et al. (2013a)
Hymenagaricus alphitochrous (Berk. & Broome) Heinem. FOP
Lepiota albogranulosa Qasim & Khalid Qasim et al. (2015b)
anthomyces (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. FOP
brunneoincarnata Chodat & C. Martín Razaq et al. (2013b)
ceramogenes (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. FOP
cholistanensis H. Bashir, Usman & Khalid Bashir et al. (2020a)
cingulum Kelderman GenBank (MN240457)
clypeolaria (Bull.) P. Kumm. GenBank (KJ906506)
cristata (Bolton) P. Kumm. FOP; Razaq et al. (2013a)
eriphaea (Berk. & Br.) Sacc. FOP
erythrogramma (Berk. & Br.) Sacc. FOP
himalayensis Khalid & Razaq Razaq et al. (2012a)
ignivolvata Bousset & Joss. ex Joss. Sultana et al. (2011)
lahorensis Qasim & Khalid GenBank (KT186609); Qasim et al. (2016)
lepidophora (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. FOP
leprica (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. FOP
magnispora Murrill Sultana et al. (2011)
metulispora (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. FOP
micropholis (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. FOP
ochraceofulva P.D. Orton Sultana et al. (2011)
pardalota Sacc. FOP
revelata (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. FOP
subincarnata J.E. Lange FOP; Razaq et al. (2013b)
vellingana Nawaz & Khalid Nawaz et al. (2013)
Leucoagaricus asiaticus Qasim, Nawaz, & Khalid Ge et al. (2015)
badhamii (Berk. & Broome) Singer Sultana et al. (2011)
badius S. Hussain, Pfister, Afshan & Khalid Hussain et al. (2018b)
brunneus Z. Ullah, Jabeen & Khalid Ullah et al. (2019)
lahorensiformis S. Hussain, H. Ahmad, Afshan & Khalid Hussain et al. (2018b)
lahorensis Qasim, T. Amir & Nawaz Qasim et al. (2015a)
leucothites (Vittad.) Wasser FOP
nivalis (W.F. Chiu) Z.W. Ge & Zhu L. Yang GenBank (MK106148); Jabeen et al. (2020a)
meleagris (Gray) Singer FOP
pabbiensis S. Jabeen & A.N. Khalid GenBank (MG973423); Usman and Khalid (2018)
pakistaniensis S. Jabeen & A.N. Khalid GenBank (KU647726); Hussain et al. (2018b)
serenus (Fr.) Bon & Boiffard FOP; Sultana et al. (2011)
sultanii S. Hussain, H. Ahmad & Khalid Hussain et al. (2018b)
umbonatus S. Hussain, H. Ahmad & Afshan GenBank (KU647737); Hussain et al. (2018b)
viriditinctus (Berk. & Broome) J.F. Liang, Zhu L. Yang & J. Xu FOP
Leucocoprinus birnbaumii (Corda.) Singer GenBank (KJ717764); FOP
Agaricales Agaricaceae Leucocoprinus cepaestipes (Sw. ex Fr.) Pat. FOP
zeylanicus (Berk.) Boedijn FOP
Macrolepiota dolichaula (Berk & Broome) Pegler & R.W. Rayner GenBank (KJ643334); Fiaz et al. (2014)
excoriata (Schaeff.) Wasser GenBank (KJ643333); Fiaz et al. (2014)
procera (Scop.) Singer FOP
venenata Bon Sultana et al. (2011)
Micropsalliota arginea (Berk. & Broome) Pegler & R.W. Rayner FOP
brunneosperma (Berk. & Broome) Höhn. FOP
plumaria (Berk. & Broome) Höhn. FOP
Montagnea arenaria (DC) Zeller FOP
Mycenastrum corium (Guers.) Desv. FOP
Podaxis pistillaris (L.) Fr. FOP
Phellorinia herculeana (Pers.) Kreisel Sultana et al. (2011); Yousaf et al. (2012b)
Schizostoma laceratum Ehrenb. ex Fr.) Lév. FOP
mundkuri (S. Ahmad) Long & Stouffer FOP
Tulostoma ahmadii H. Hussain & Khalid GenBank (KP738711); Hussain et al. (2015b)
amnicola Long & S. Ahmad FOP
australianum Lloyd FOP
balanoides Long & S. Ahmad FOP
brumale Pers. FOP
cineraceum Long FOP
crassipes Long & S. Ahmad FOP
egranulosum Lloyd FOP
evanescens Long & S. Ahmad FOP
exitum Long & S. Ahmad FOP
hygrophilum Long & S. Ahmad FOP
inonotum Long & S. Ahmad FOP
ladhaerens Lloyd FOP
macalpineanum Lloyd FOP
mussooriense Henn. FOP
occidentale Lloyd FOP
operculatum Long & S. Ahmad FOP
parvissimum Long & S. Ahmad FOP
perplexum Long & S. Ahmad FOP
pluriosteum Long & S. Ahmad FOP
puncticulosum Long & S. Ahmad FOP
squamosum (J.F. Gmel.) Pers. GenBank (KT285883); Hussain et al. (2015b)
volvulatum I.G. Borshch. FOP
vulgare Long & S. Ahmad FOP
xerophilum Long FOP
Xanthagaricus flavidorufus (Berk. & Broome) Little Flower, Hosag. & T.K. Abraham FOP
pakistanicus S. Hussain, Afshan & H. Ahmad GenBank (KY621555); Hussain et al. (2018c)
subaeruginosus (Berk. & Broome) S. Hussain FOP; Hussain et al. (2018c)
Amanitaceae Amanita ahmadii Jabeen, I. Ahmad, M. Kiran, J. Khan & Khalid GenBank (MF070490); Jabeen et al. (2019)
battarrae (Boud.) Bon Tulloss et al. (2001); Sultana et al. (2011)
Agaricales Amanitaceae Amanita caesarea (Scop.) Pers. FOP
ceciliae (Berk. & Broome) Bas FOP
cinnamomescens Tulloss, S.H. Iqbal, A.N. Khalid & Bhandary Tulloss et al. (2005)
cinis S. Ullah, A.W. Wilson, Tulloss & Khalid Ullah et al. (2019b)
emodotrygon Mehmood, Tulloss, K. Das, Hosen & R.P. Bhatt Ullah et al. (2019b)
flavipes S. Imai. FOP; Tulloss et al. (2001)
glarea Jabeen, M. Kiran & Sadiqullah GenBank (KY817310); Jabeen et al. (2017c)
griseofusca J. Khan & M. Kiran GenBank (MH241055); Kiran et al. (2018)
hemibapha (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. FOP
longistriata S. Imai FOP
mansehraensis M. Saba, Haelew. & A.N. Khalid Saba et al. (2019b)
muscaria (L.) Lam. GenBank (MK719200), FOP
olivovaginata S. Ullah, Tulloss & Khalid Ullah et al. (2019a)
orsonii Ash. Kumar & T.N. Lakh. GenBank (KU248132); Tulloss et al. (2001)
pantherina (DC.) Krombh FOP; Sultana et al. (2011)
pakistanica Tulloss, S.H. Iqbal & Khalid GenBank (KX061523); Tulloss et al. (2001)
pallidorosea P. Zhang & Zhu L. Yang GenBank (KY621476); Kiran et al. (2017)
phalloides (Vaill. ex Fr.) Link FOP
porphyria Alb. & Schwein. FOP
pseudovaginata Hongo GenBank (MT277138); Naseer and Khalid (2020a)
rubescens Pers. FOP; Niazi et al. (2009)
subjunquillea S. Imai GenBank (MH998627); Ishaq et al. (2019a)
vaginata (Bull.) Lam. FOP
verna (Bull. Ex Fr.) Roques FOP
virosa Bertill. FOP
watlingii Kumar, BhattAsh. Kumar & T.N. Lakh.& Lakhanpal. FOP
Saproamanita nana (Singer) Redhead, Vizzini, Drehmel & Contu FOP
Limacella delicata (Fr.) Earle ex Konrad & Maubl. FOP
Limacellopsis guttata (Pers.) Zhu L. Yang, Q. Cai & Y.Y. Cui FOP
Zhuliangomyces pakistanicus Usman & Khalid GenBank (MN240881); Usman and Khalid (2020a)
illinitus (Fr.) Redhead FOP
Bolbitaceae Bolbitius titubans (Bull.) Fr. FOP
Conocybe khasiensis (Berk.) Watling FOP
macrocephala Kühner & Watling FOP
mesospora Kühner ex Watling FOP
pubescens (Gillet) Kühner FOP
punjabensis A. Izhar, H. Bashir & Khalid GenBank (MK637515); Izhar et al. (2019)
rickenii (Jul. Schäff.) Kühner FOP
semiglobata Kühner & Watling FOP
semiglobata var. campanulata Hauskn. GenBank (MT994769)
tenera (Schaeff.) Kühner FOP
Agaricales Bolbitaceae Descolea flavoannulata (Lj.N. Vassiljeva) E. Horak Niazi et al. (2007)
quercina J. Khan & Naseer GenBank (MF966634); Khan et al. (2017a)
Callistosporiaceae Callistosporium luteo-olivaceum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Singer GenBank (KJ101607); Saba and Khalid (2014a)
Macrocybe gigantea (Massee) Pegler & Lodge GenBank (LK932287); Razaq et al. 2016b
Pseudolaccaria pachyphylla (Fr.) Vizzini & Contu GenBank (KJ906503)
Clavariaceae Clavaria rosea Fr. FOP
vermicularis Batsch FOP
Clavulinopsis corniculata (Schaeff.) Corner FOP
Cortinariaceae Cortinarius acetosus (Velen.) Melot Razaq et al. (2014)
brunneocarpus Razaq & Khalid GenBank (MN738695); Song et al. (2019)
bulliardii (Pers.) Fr. FOP
cinnamomeus (L.) Gray FOP
claricolor (Fr.) Fr. Sultana et al. (2011)
delibutus Fr. Sultana et al. (2011)
elegantissimus Rob. Henry Sultana et al. (2011)
gentilis (Fr.) Fr. Sultana et al. (2011)
hinnuleus Fr. FOP
longistipitatus M. Saba, S. Jabeen, Khalid & Dima GenBank (MF872641); Saba et al. (2017)
leucopus (Bull.) Fr. GenBank (JN133921)
melanotus Kalchbr. Sultana et al. (2011)
olivaceofuscus Kühner Sultana et al. (2011)
pakistanicus A. Naseer & A. N. Khalid Naseer et al. (2020b)
percomis Fr. Sultana et al. (2011)
pseudotorvus A. Naseer, J. Khan & A.N. Khalid GenBank (MN864286); Naseer et al. (2020b)
purpureus (Bull.) Bidaud, Moënne-Locc. & Reumaux FOP
rufo-olivaceus (Pers.) Fr. Sultana et al. (2011)
sanguineus (Wulfen) Gray Sultana et al. (2011)
subturbinatus Rob. Henry Sultana et al. (2011)
violaceus (L.) Gray Sultana et al. (2011)
Crepidotaceae Crepidotus applanatus (Pers.) P. Kumm. FOP
caspari Velen. FOP
epibryus (Fr.) Quel. FOP
mollis (Schaeff.) Staude FOP
Simocybe centunculus (Fr.) P. Karst. Razaq and Shahzad (2017)
Cyphellaceae Chondrostereum purpureum (Pers.) Pouzar FOP
Entolomataceae Clitocella mundula (Lasch) Kluting, T.J. Baroni & Bergemann FOP
popinalis (Fr.) Kluting, T.J. Baroni & Bergemann Sultana et al. (2011)
Clitopilus apalus (Berk. & Broome) Petch FOP
hobsonii (Berk.) P.D. Orton FOP
peri (Berk. & Broome) Petch FOP
pinsitus (Fr.) Joss. FOP
scyphoides (Fr.) Singer Sultana et al. (2011)
Entoloma cetratum (Fr.) M.M. Moser Sultana et al. (2011)
gnophodes Berk. & Broome) E. Horak FOP
gnaphalodes (Berk. & Broome) E. Horak FOP
incanum (Fr.) Hesler FOP
iodnephes (Berk. & Broome) Pegler FOP
mougeotii (Fr.) Hesler Sultana et al. (2011)
Agaricales Entolomataceae Entoloma papillatum (Bres.) Dennis Sultana et al. (2011)
polycolor Blanco-Dios FOP
shandongense T. Bau & J.R. Wang GenBank (MT255022); Haelewaters et al. (2020)
Leptonia gnaphodes (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. FOP
Rhodocybe truncata (Schaeff.) Singer Sultana et al. (2011)
subgilva (Berk. & Broome) Pegler FOP
Hygrophoraceae Arrhenia epichysium (Pers.) Redhead, Lutzoni, Moncalvo & Vilgalys FOP
Hygrocybe acutoconica (Clem.) Singer Sultana et al. (2011)
bresadolae Quel. FOP
chlorophana (Fr.) Wunsch FOP
conica (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. FOP; Sultana et al. (2011)
nigrescens (Quél.) Kühner Sultana et al. (2011)
ovina (Bull.) Kühner Sultana et al. (2011)
spadicea (Scop.) P. Karst. [as 'Hydrocybe'] Sultana et al. (2011)
Hygrophorus alboflavescens A. Naseer & A.N Khalid GenBank (MK066232); Naseer et al. (2019b)
agathomus Fr. (Fr.) FOP
chrysodon (Batsch) Fr. Razaq et al. (2014b)
marzuolus (Fr.) Bres. Razaq and Shahzad (2005a)
pudorinus (Fr.) Fr. GenBank (MK066233); Naseer et al. (2019b)
scabrellus A. Naseer & A.N Khalid Genbak (MK066234); Naseer et al. (2019b)
Hydnangiaceae Laccaria amethystina Cooke FOP
bicolor (Maire) P.D. Orton Sultana et al. (2011)
glioderma (Fr.) Maire FOP
laccata (Scop.) Cooke Sultana et al. (2011)
ohiensis (Mont.) Singer Sultana et al. (2011)
tortilis (Bolton) Cooke Sultana et al. (2011)
Hymenogastraceae Galerina marginata (Batsch) Kühner FOP
Gymnopilus aeruginosus (Peck.) Singer FOP
chrysimyces (Berk.) Manjula FOP
chrysomyces (Berk.) Pegler. FOP
chrysites (Berk.) Singer FOP
dunensis H. Bashir, Jabeen & Khalid GenBank (MK088247); Bashir et al. (2020b)
holocrocinus (Berk.) Singer FOP
hybridus (Gillet) Maire FOP
junonius (Fr.) P.D. Orton FOP
lepidotus Hesler GenBank (MK584298); Bashir et al. (2018)
penetrans (Fr.) Murrill. GenBank (MF136815); Khan et al. (2017b)
sapineus (Fr.) Murrill FOP
swaticus J. Khan, Sher & Khalid GenBank (MF149864); Khan et al. (2017b)
Hebeloma anthracophilum Maire Sultana et al. (2011)
atrocoerulea (Fr.) Singer. FOP
aff. Lutense GenBank
mesophaeum (Pers.) Quél. FOP; Razaq et al. (2017)
pusillum J.E. Lange FOP
sinapizans (Paulet) Gillet Sultana et al. (2011)
theobrominum Quadr. Razaq et al. (2017)
Naucoria bohemica Velen. Sultana et al. (2011)
conicopapillata (Henn.) Sacc. & P. Syd. FOP
Agaricales Hymenogastraceae Naucoria salicis P.D. Orton FOP
Phaeocollybia pakistanica J. Khan, Sher & Khalid GenBank (KY007615); Khan et al. (2016a)
Psilocybe coronilla (Bull.) Noordel. FOP
semilanceata (Fr.) P. Kumm. Sultana et al. (2011)
Inocybaceae Inocybe aff. amblyspora Kühner GenBank (HG796912)
aff. cryptocystis D.E. Stuntz GenBank (HG796963)
aff. glabripes Ricken GenBank (HG796964)
aff. hirtella Bres. GenBank (HG796965)
aff. nitidiuscula (Britzelm.) Lapl. GenBank (HG796966)
ahmadii Farooqi, Niazi & Khalid GenBank (KX254462); Farooqi et al. (2017)
amblyospora Kühner GenBank (KX254462)
amicta Kokkonen & Vauras GenBank (KJ686344); Saba et al. (2015)
argillacea (Pers.) Singer FOP
asterospora Quel. FOP; Sultana et al. (2011)
caroticolor T. Bau & Y. G. Fan GenBank (MH473144); Naseer et al. (2019c)
cryptocystis D.E. Stuntz GenBank (KF679812)
dulcamara (Pers.) P. Kumm. FOP
fibrosa (Sowerby) Gillet Sultana et al. (2011)
flocculosa Sacc. FOP
fuscidula Velen. Sultana et al. (2011)
glabripes Ricken FOP; Sultana et al. (2011)
geophylla P. Kumm. FOP; Sultana et al. (2011); Razaq and Shahzad (2017)
hirtella Bres. Sultana et al. (2011)
inocybium NA FOP
kohistanensis Jabeen, I. Ahmad & Khalid GenBank (KP316243); Jabeen et al. (2016a)
leptocystis G.F. Atk GenBank (KX254461); Farooqi et al. (2017)
napipes J.E. Lange Sultana et al. (2011); Razaq and Shahzad (2017)
nitidiuscula (Britzelm.) Lapl. GenBank (HE862959); Ilyas et al. (2013a)
oblectabilis (Britz.) Sacc. FOP
posterula (Britzelm.) Sacc. FOP
praetervisa Quél. Sultana et al. (2011)
pyriodora (Pers.) P. Kumm. FOP
shawarensis A. Naseer & A.N. Khalid GenBank (KY616964); Naseer et al. (2017b)
vaccina Kühner Sultana et al. (2011)
Inosperma adaequatum (Britzelm.) Matheny & Esteve-Raventos Sultana et al. (2011)
bongardii (Weinm.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. FOP
erubescens (A. Blytt) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. FOP; Sultana et al. (2011)
Mallocybe agardhii (N. Lund) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Razaq and Shahzad (2017)
velutina Saba & Khalid Saba and Khalid (2020)
Pseudosperma brunneoumbonatum Saba & Khalid GenBank (MG742419); Saba et al. (2020b)
flavorimosum Jabeen & Khalid GenBank (MG495391); Jabeen and Khalid (2020)
himalayense (Razaq, Khalid & Kobayashi) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. GenBank (MH745140); Liu et al. (2018)
Agaricales Inocybaceae Pseudosperma mimicum (Massee) Matheny & Esteve-Rav GenBank (KJ546158); Saba et al. (2015)
pakistanense (Z. Ullah, S. Jabeen, H. Ahmad & A.N. Khalid) Matheny & Esteve-Rav GenBank (MF588965); FOP; Ullah et al. (2018)
rimosum (Bull.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. FOP; Sultana et al. (2011)
squamatum (J.E. Lange) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. FOP
Langermannia wahlbergii (Fr.) Dring FOP
Lycoperdaceae Apioperdon pyriforme (Schaeff.) Vizzini FOP
Bovista bovistoides (Cooke & Massee) S. Ahmad FOP
concinna S. Ahmad FOP
himalaica Yousaf, Krieisel & Khalid GenBank (JN411938); Yousaf et al. (2012a)
longispora Kreisel FOP
lycoperdoides (Cooke) S. Ahmad FOP
plumbea Pers. GenBank (JX183694); Yousaf et al. (2014)
polymorpha Kreisel FOP
pusilla (Batsch) Pers. FOP
trachyspora (Lloyd) Kreisel FOP
Bovistella japonica Lloyd Yousaf et al. (2012b)
Bryoperdon acuminatum (Bosc) Vizzini FOP
Calvatia ahmadii Khalid & S.H. Iqbal Khalid and Iqbal (2004)
craniiformis (Schwein.) Fr. FOP
cyathiformis (Bose) Morgan FOP
fragilis (Quél.) Morgan GenBank (AJ486958)
lilacina (Mont. & Berk.) Henn. Genbank (MN544913); Haelewaters et al. (2020)
Lycoperdon atropurpureum Vittad. FOP
curtisii Berk. GenBank (MK414502)
echinella (Pat.) S. Ahmad FOP
excipuliforme (Scop.) Pers. FOP; Yousaf et al. (2012b)
glabrescens Berk. FOP
lahorense N. Yousaf & A.N. Khalid GenBank (MK414506); Yuan et al. (2020)
molle Pers. Razaq and Shahzad (2005b)
perlatum Pers. FOP
pratense Pers. GenBank (MK414499); FOP
pseudocurtisii N. Yousaf & A.N. Khalid GenBank (MK414505); Yuan et al. 2020
rimulatum Peck FOP
setiferum Demoulin FOP
subterrania Ahmad FOP
umbrinum Pers. FOP
Lyophyllaceae Hypsizygus marmoreus (Peck) H.E. Bigelow FOP
Lyophyllum decastes (Fr.) Singer FOP
nigrescens Hongo FOP
Sagaranella tesquorum (Fr.) V. Hofst., Clémençon, Moncalvo & Redhead FOP
Tephrocybe anthracophila (Lasch) P.D. Orton FOP
aff. platypus (Kühner) M.M. Moser GenBank (KY947353)
Termitomyces acriumbonatus Usman & Khalid GenBank (MT179690); Usman and Khalid (2020b)
clypeatus R. Heim, FOP
Agaricales Lyophyllaceae Termitomyces eurrhizus (Berk.) R. Heim FOP
furfuracea (Fr.) Gillet FOP
le-testui (Pat.) R. Heim FOP
microcarpus (Berk. & Broome) R. Heim FOP; Sultana et al. (2011); Sultana et al. (2014)
rabuorii Otieno Sultana et al. (2011)
sheikhupurensis Izhar, Khalid & H. Bashir Izhar et al. (2020)
striatus (Beeli) Heim FOP
umkowaan (Cooke & Massee) D.A. Reid GenBank (KJ703245); Hussain et al. (2015c)
Macrocystidiaceae Macrocystidia cucumis (Pers.) Joss. FOP
Marasmiaceae Chaetocalathus niduliformis (Murrill) Singer FOP
Collybiopsis biformis (Peck) R.H. Petersen GenBank (MT162681)
diminuta (Berk. & Broome) R.H. Petersen FOP
peronata (Bolton) R.H. Petersen Sultana et al. (2011)
Crinipellis rubiginosa Pat. FOP; Sultana et al. (2011)
scabella (Alb. & Schwein.) Murrill FOP; Sultana et al. (2011)
Marasmius atrorubens (Berk.) Mont. FOP
corrugatiformis Singer FOP
ferrugineus Berk. & Broome FOP
graminum (Lib.) Berk. FOP
griseoviolaceus Petch FOP
haematocephalus (Mont.) Fr. FOP
ochropus Singer FOP
oreades (Bolton) Fr. GenBank (HF546217); Razaq et al. (2013d)
palmivorus Sharples GenBank (MN559682)
pulcherripes Peck FOP
rotula (Scop.) Fr. FOP
ruforotula Singer FOP
tubulatus Petch FOP
Mycenaceae Mycena epipterygia (Scop.) Gray FOP
galericulata (Scop.) Gray FOP
haematopus (Pers.) P. Kumm. FOP
inclinata (Fr.) Quél. Sultana et al. (2011)
leptocephala (Pers.) Gillet Sultana et al. (2011)
metata (Fr.) P. Kumm. FOP
pura (Pers.) P. Kumm. FOP; Razaq et al. (2014)
Panellus stipticus (Bull.) P. Karst FOP
Xeromphalina tenuipes (Schwein.) A.H. Sm. FOP
Mythicomycetaceae Mythicomyces corneipes (Fr.) Redhead & A.H. Sm. GenBank (KY648897)
Niaceae Merismodes anomala (Pers.) Singer FOP
Omphalotaceae Anthracophyllum nigritum (Lév.) Kalchbr. FOP
Gymnopus androsaceus (L.) Della Magg. & Trassin. Sultana et al. (2011)
barbipes R.H. Petersen & K.W. Hughes GenBank (MK450334); Saba et al. (2020a)
dryophilus (Bull.) Murrill FOP; Sultana et al. (2011)
dysodes (Halling) Halling GenBank (MT114698); Saba and Khalid (2020c)
erythropus (Pers.) Antonín, Halling & Noordel. Sultana et al. (2011)
fusipes (Bull.) Gray FOP; Sultana et al. (2011)
hirtellus (Berk. & Broome) Desjardin & B.A. Perry FOP
ocior (Pers.) Antonín & Noordel. GenBank (MK122769)
subnudus Ellis ex Peck) Halling GenBank (MK307636)
Agaricales Omphalotaceae Omphalotus olearius (DC.) Singer FOP; Razaq and Shahzad (2017)
Marasmiellus biformis (Peck) J.S. Oliveira Oliveira et al. (2019)
candidus (Fr.) Singer GenBank (KJ906507); FOP
confluens (Pers.) J.S. Oliveira FOP; Sultana et al. (2011)
inoderma (Berk.) Singer ex Furneaux FOP
longistipes Muh. Ali, Niazi & Khalid Haelewaters et al. (2020)
luxurians (Peck) J.S. Oliveira GenBank (KF803761); Saba and Khalid (2014c)
menehune (Desjardin, Halling & Hemmes) J.S. Oliveira. GenBank (KF803762); Saba and Khalid (2014c)
ramealis (Bull.) Singer FOP; Sultana et al. (2011)
subnudus (Ellis ex Peck) J.S. Oliveira. Oliveira et al. (2019)
Mycetinis alliaceus (Jacq.) Earle ex A.W. Wilson & Desjardin Sultana et al. (2011)
scorodonius (Fr.) A.W. Wilson & Desjardin Sultana et al. (2011)
Rhodocollybia butyracea (Bull.) Lennox FOP
maculata (Alb. & Schwein.) Singer FOP; Sultana et al. (2011)
prolixa (Fr.) Antonín & Noordel Sultana et al. (2011)
utrorensis A. Sattar, M. Kiran & Khalid GenBank (MH220536); Sattar et al. (2018)
Physalacriaceae Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P. Kumm Sultana and Rizwana (2007)
omnituens (Berk.) Sacc. FOP
Armillariella mellea (Vahl) P. Karst FOP; Sultana et al. (2011)
vara (Berk.) Sacc. FOP
Desarmillaria tabescens (Scop.) R.A. Koch & Aime Sultana et al. (2011)
Flammulina phlegmatica (Berk.) Sacc. FOP
velutipes (Curtis) Singer FOP
yunnanensis Z.W. Ge & Zhu L. Yang GenBank (MN388767)
Hymenopellis radicata (Relhan) R.H. Petersen FOP; Sultana et al. (2011)
Strobilurus esculentus (Wulfen) Singer Sultana et al. (2011)
tenacellus (Pers.) Singer GenBank (KY070339)
Xerula pudens (Pers.) Singer FOP; Sultana et al. (2011)
strigosa Zhu L. Yang, L. Wang & G.M. Muell. GenBank (LK932286)
Pluteaceae Pluteus ephebeus (Fr.) Gillet FOP
escharites (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. FOP
fusconigricans (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. FOP
laeticeps FOP
leoninus (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. FOP
palumbinus (Berk.) Sacc. FOP
pellitus (Pers.) P. Kumm. FOP
petasatus (Fr.) Gillet FOP
pulverulentus Murrill FOP
squamosa (Pers. ex Fr.) Kummer FOP
variabilicolor Babos GenBank
Volvariella bingensis (Beeli) Shaffer Sultana et al. (2014)
castanea (Massee) G.C. Rath FOP
media (Schumach.) Singer FOP
pusilla (Pers.) Singer FOP
taylorii (Berk. & Broome) Singer FOP
woodrowiana (Massee) Manjula FOP
Volvopluteus earlei (Murrill) Vizzini, Contu & Justo GenBank (MT353644)
gloiocephalus (DC.) Vizzini, Contu & Justo FOP; Sultana et al. (2011)
Pleurotaceae Acanthocystis gemmellari Inzenga) Konrad & Maubl FOP
Agaricales Pleurotaceae Hohenbuehelia atrocaerulea (Fr.) Singer FOP
petaloides (Bull.) Schulzer FOP
reniformis (G. Mey.) Singer FOP
testudo (Berk.) Pegler FOP
Nothopanus candidissimus (Sacc.) Kühner FOP
Pleurotus atricapillus (Batsch.) Singer FOP
cystidiosus O.K. Mill. GenBank (KR149589); Hussain et al. (2015a)
djamor (Rumph. ex Fr.) Boedijn GenBank (KX056435)
dryinus (Pers.) P. Kumm. Sultana et al. (2011)
flabellatus Sacc. FOP
membranaceus Massee FOP
nebrodensis (Inzenga) Quél. FOP
ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm. FOP
Resupinatus applicatus (Batsch) Gray FOP
poriaeformis (Pers.) Thorn, Moncalvo & Redhead FOP
Porotheleaceae Phloeomana speirea (Fr.) Redhead Sultana et al. (2011)
Psathyrellaceae Britzelmayria multipedata (Peck) D. Wächt. & A. Melzer FOP
Coprinellus campanulatus S. Hussain & H. Ahmad Hussain et al. (2018a)
disseminatisimilis S. Hussain Hussain et al. (2018a)
disseminatus (Pers.) J.E. Lange FOP; Razaq et al. (2014)
marculentus (Britzelm.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo FOP
micaceus (Bull.) Vilgalys, Hopple & Jacq. Johnson FOP
ovatus M. Kamran & S. Jabeen Kamran and Jabeen (2020)
radians (Desm.) Vilgalys, Hopple & Jacq. Johnson FOP; Sultana et al (2014)
tenuis S. Hussain Hussain et al. (2018a)
Coprinopsis atramentaria (Bull.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo GenBank (KM977767); FOP; Sultana et al. (2011)
cinerea (Schaeff.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo Razaq et al. (2014)
lagopus (Fr.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo FOP; Sultana et al. (2011)
lagopides (P. Karst.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo FOP
macropus (Berk. & Broome) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo FOP
patouillardii (Quél.) Gminder FOP; Sultana et al. (2011)
Homophron spadiceum (P. Kumm.) Örstadius & E. Larss. FOP
Parasola auricoma (Pat.) Redhead Vilgalys & Hopple. GenBank (KY461721); FOP; Hussain et al. (2018d)
conopilea (Fr.) A. Pearson & Dennis Sultana et al. (2011)
glabra S. Hussain, Afshan, H. Ahmad & Khalid GenBank (KY621805); Hussain et al. (2018d)
lilatincta (Bender & Uljé), Redhead, & Hopple GenBank (KP886462); Hussain et al. (2016)
malakandensis S. Hussain, Afshan & H. Ahmad GenBank (KP738713); Hussain et al. (2017)
plicatilis (Curtis) Redhead, Vilgalys & Hopple FOP
pseudolactea Sadiqullah, S. Hussain & Khalid GenBank (KY621799); Hussain et al. (2018d)
schroeteri (P. Karst.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Hopple GenBank (KY461722)
Agaricales Psathyrellaceae Parasola setulosa (Berk. & Broome) Redhead, Vilgalys & Hopple FOP; Sultana et al. (2011)
Psathyrella atomata (Fr.) Quél. Sultana et al. (2011)
ammophila (Durieu & Lév.) P.D. Orton Sultana et al. (2011)
artemisiae (Pass.) Konrad & Maubl. Sultana et al. (2011)
bipellis Quél.) A.H. Sm. Sultana et al. (2011)
candolleana (Fr.) Maire GenBank (KJ917666); FOP; Sultana et al. (2011)
corrugis (Pers.) Konrad & Maubl. FOP; Sultana et al. (2011)
efflorescens (Sacc.) Pegler FOP
flavogrisea (Berk.) Pegler FOP
hirta Peck Sultana et al. (2011)
nana (Massee) Manjula FOP
piluliformis (Bull.) P.D. Orton FOP
spadiceogrisea (Schaeff.) Maire FOP
spintrigera (Fr.) Konr & Maubl. FOP
Punjabia pakistanica (Usman & Khalid) D. Wächt. & A. Melzer GenBank (MH366737); Hussain et al. (2018a)
Schizophyllaceae Schizophyllum commune Fr. GenBank (MN178555); FOP
radiatum Fr. FOP
Stramatoscypha fimbriata (Fr.) Donk. FOP
Strophariaceae Agrocybe arvalis (Fr.) Singer Sultana et al. (2011)
broadwayi (Murrill) Dennis FOP
manihotis Pegler FOP
pediades (Fr.) Fayod GenBank (MK791714), FOP
stercoraria Pegler FOP
vervacti (Fr.) Singer Sultana et al. (2011)
Deconica coprophila (Bull.) P. Karst. FOP
merdaria (Fr.) Noordel. FOP
montana (Pers.) P.D. Orton FOP
pseudobullacea (Petch) Ram.-Cruz & Guzmán FOP
Hypholoma elongatum (Pers.) Ricken Sultana et al. (2011)
fasciculare (Huds.) P. Kumm. FOP; Sultana et al. (2011)
marginatum J.Schröt. Sultana et al. (2011)
radicosum J.E. Lange Sultana et al. (2011)
Kuehneromyces mutabilis (Schaeff.) Singer & A.H. Sm. FOP
Melanotus proteus (Sacc.) Singer FOP
Pholiota aurivella (Batsch) P. Kumm. FOP
gummosa (Lasch) Singer GenBank (MT995199)
lubrica (Pers.) Singer FOP
lucifera (Lasch.) Quel. FOP
populnea (Pers.) Kuyper & Tjall.-Beuk. FOP
spumosa (Fr.) Singer FOP
squarrosa (Vahl) P. Kumm. FOP
tuberculosa (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. Sultana et al. (2011)
Protostropharia semiglobata (Batsch) Redhead, Moncalvo & Vilgalys FOP
Stropharia aeruginosa (Curtis) Quél. FOP
ambigua (Peck) Zeller GenBank (MN957717)
atroferruginea M.B. Khan, Fiaz & A. N. Khalid GenBank (MK141060); Khan et al. (2019)
Tricholomataceae Leucopaxillus paradoxus Costantin & L.M. Dufour Boursier [as 'paradoxa'] Sultana et al. (2011)
Agaricales Tricholomataceae Leucopaxillus gentianeus (Quel.) Kotl. FOP, Sultana et al. (2011)
Tricholoma aurantium (Schaeff.) Ricken FOP
elegans G. Stev. FOP
lascivum (Fr.) Gillet FOP
matsutake (S. Ito & S. Imai) Singer GenBank (MT448907)
myomyces (Pers.) J.E. Lange GenBank (HF546219)
terreum (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. FOP
ustale (Fr.) P. Kumm. Razaq et al. (2014)
vaccinum (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. FOP; Sultana et al. (2011)
Tricholomopsis decora (Fr.) Singer FOP
flammula Métrod ex Holec GenBank (FR822742); Razaq et al. (2012c)
inamoenum (FR.) Gill Sultana et al. (2011)
rutilans (Schaeff.) Singer FOP
sulphurescens Bres. Sultana et al. (2011)
Tubariaceae Cyclocybe erebia (Fr.) Vizzini & Matheny GenBank (MT994783), FOP
Flammulaster carpophilus (Fr.) Earle ex Vellinga FOP
fulvoalbus (Berk. & Broome) Pegler FOP
Tubaria conspersa (Pers.) Fayod FOP
furfuracea (Pers.) Gillet FOP
Typhulaceae Pistillaria filiformis Corner FOP
Clitocybe dealbata (Sowerby) P. Kumm. FOP
fragrans (With.) P. Kumm. Sultana et al. (2014)
infundibuliformis (Schaeff.) Quél. FOP; Sultana et al. (2011)
metachroa (Fr.) P. Kumm Sultana et al. (2011)
nebularis (Batsch) P. Kumm. Sultana et al. (2011)
squamulosa (Pers.) P. Kumm. Sultana et al. (2011)
vibecina (Fr.) Quél. FOP
Clitocybula lacerata (Scop.) Metrod FOP
Crucibulum laeve (Huds.) Kambly FOP
Collybia macra Sacc. FOP
reineckeana Henn. FOP
triplicata (Berk.) Sacc. FOP
Cyathus limbatus Tul. & C. Tul. FOP
olla (Batsch) Pers. GenBank (MH593250)
stercoreus (Schwein.) De Toni FOP
Fistulina hepatica (Schaeff.) With. FOP
Infundibulicybe gibba (Pers.) Harmaja GenBank (MT994778); FOP
kotanensis M Ishaq, Fiaz & A.N. Khalid GenBank (MN017278); Ishaq et al. (2019b)
macrospora M. Ali, J. Khan, Niazi & Khalid GenBank (MT548910); Ali et al. (2020)
Lactocollybia epia (Berk. & Broome) Pegler FOP
variicystis D.A. Reid & Eicker GenBank (MN250288)
Lepista caffrorum (Kalchbr. & McOwen) Singer FOP
irina (Fr.) H.E. Bigelow GenBank (KJ194172); FOP
nuda (Bull.) Cooke Sultana et al. (2011)
sordida (Schumach.) Singer FOP
Megacollybia platyphylla (Pers.) Kotl. & Pouzar FOP; Sultana et al. (2011)
Melanoleuca cinereifolia (Bon) Bon GenBank (KJ182965); Saba and Khalid (2014b)
dirensis F. Nawaz, Jabeen & Khalid GenBank (KU556797); Nawaz et al. (2017)
excissa (Fr.) Singer FOP
graminicola Kühner & Maire Genbank (KX908113); Nawaz et al. (2017)
Agaricales Typhulaceae Melanoleuca kashmirensis R. Khurshed, Z. Ullah, Jabeen, H. Ahmad & Khalid GenBank (MK541789); Ullah et al. (2020a)
Paralepista flaccida (Sowerby) Vizzini FOP; Razaq et al. (2014)
Secotium acuminatum Mont. FOP
Phaeolepiota aurea (Matt.) Maire FOP; Razaq et al. (2014)
Trogia infundibuliformis Berk. & Broome FOP
Incertae sedis Leucocybe connata (Schumach.) Vizzini, P. Alvarado, G. Moreno & Consiglio GenBank (HE819396); FOP; Razaq et al. (2012b)
Henningsomyces candidus (Pers.) Kuntze FOP
Panaeolus acuminatus (P. Kumm.) Quél. Sultana et al. (2011)
cyanescens Sacc. FOP
fimicola (Pers.) Gillet FOP; Sultana et al. (2011)
papilionaceus (Bull.) Quél. GenBank (HE819397); Razaq et al. (2012b)
rickenii Hora. FOP; Sultana et al. (2011)
semiovatus (Sowerby) S. Lundell & Nannf. FOP
Amylocorticiales Amylocorticiaceae Anomoloma myceliosum (Peck) Niemelä & K.H. Larss. FOP
Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) C.C. Tu & Kimbr. GenBank
Incertae sedis Plicatura crispa (Pers.) D.A. Reid FOP
Atheliales Atheliaceae Amphinema byssoides (Pers.) J. Erikss FOP
Boletales Boletaceae Aureoboletus gentilis (Quél.) Pouzar Razaq and Shahzad (2013)
Boletus barrowsii Thiers & A.H. Sm. Niazi (2008)
edulis Bull. FOP; Razaq and Shahzad (2013)
erythropus Krombh. FOP
himalayensis Jabeen, Sarwar & Khalid Sarwar et al. (2018a)
pakistanicus S. Sarwar & Khalid GenBank (JQ178324); Sarwar and Khalid (2014)
reticulatus Schaeff. Niazi (2008); Razaq and Shahzad (2013)
reticuloceps (M. Zang, M.S. Yuan & M.Q. Gong) Q.B. Wang & Y.J. Yao GenBank (KJ131224)
subvelutipes Peck FOP
Butyriboletus appendiculatus (Schaeff.) D. Arora & J.L. Frank FOP
Caloboletus calopus (Pers.) Vizzini FOP
Chalciporus piperatus (Bull.) Bataille Sultana et al. (2011); Razaq and Shahzad (2013)
Cyanoboletus pulverulentus (Opat.) Gelardi, Vizzini & Simonini FOP
Hortiboletus kohistanensis A. Naseer, S. Sarwar & A.N. Khalid GenBank (MK002767); Naseer et al. (2019a)
rubellus (Krombh.) Simonini, Vizzini & Gelardi GenBank (KJ802928); Sarwar et al. (2016)
Leccinum aurantiacum (Bull.) Gray Razaq and Shahzad (2017); Sultana et al. (2011)
scabrum (Bull.) Gray Sultana et al. (2011); Razaq and Shahzad (2017)
ustale (Berk.) E. Horak FOP
versipelle (Fr. & Hök) Snell Razaq and Shahzad (2017)
Leccinellum crocipodium (Letell.) Della Magg. & Trassin. Razaq and Shahzad (2017)
pseudoscabrum (Kallenb.) Mikšík Razaq and Shahzad (2017)
Neoboletus luridiformis (Rostk.) Gelardi, Simonini & Vizzini GenBank (KJ802930); Sarwar et al. (2016)
Boletales Boletaceae Phylloporus bibulosa (Lloyd) Ryv. FOP
brunneiceps N.K. Zeng, Zhu L. Yang & L.P. Tang GenBank (KY679591); Naseer et al. (2017a)
rhodoxanthus (Schwein.) Bres. Sultana et al. (2011)
Porphyrellus porphyrosporus (Fr. & Hök) E.-J. Gilbert FOP; Razaq and Shahzad (2017)
Pseudoboletus parasiticus (Bull.) Šutara FOP
Rubroboletus lupinus (Fr.) Costanzo, Gelardi, Simonini & Vizzini Sultana et al. (2011)
Strobilomyces longistipitatus D. Chakr. K. Das & S. Adhikari GenBank (MK518064); Ullah et al. (2019a)
strobilaceus (Scop.) Berk. FOP
Tylopilus felleus (Bull.) P. Karst Razaq and Shahzad (2017)
pseudoscaber Secr. ex A.H. Sm. & Thiers GenBank (KJ775785); Sarwar et al. (2014a)
sultanii S. Sarwar, Khalid & Niazi, GenBank (KJ775786); Sarwar et al. (2014a)
Xanthoconium separans (Peck) Halling & Both Gardezi (2003); Razaq et al. (2014)
dryophilus (Thiers) N. Siegel, C.F. Schwarz & J.L. Frank Gardezi (2003)
fulvus Sarwar, I. Ahmad & Khalid Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2016)
Xerocomus ferrugineus (Schaeff.) Alessio FOP
indicus Singer FOP
rubellus Quél. Niazi (2008)
subtomentosus (L.) Quél Sultana et al. (2011); Razaq and Shahzad (2013)
Coniophoraceae Coniophora arida (Fr.) P. Karst. FOP
fusispora (Cooke & Ellis) Cooke FOP
Gyrodontium sacchari (Spreng.) Hjortstam FOP
Diplocystidiaceae Gomphidius glutinosus (Schaeff.) Fr. FOP
Gyrodon lividus (Bull.) Sacc. Razaq and Shahzad (2017)
Gastrosporiaceae Astraeus hygrometricus (Pers.) Morgan FOP; Yousaf et al. (2014)
Gastrosporium simplex Mattir. FOP
Gomphidiaceae Chroogomphus helveticus (Singer) M.M. Moser FOP
pakistanicus M. Kiran & A.N. Khalid GenBank (MK509771); Kiran et al. (2020)
pruinosus M. Kiran & A.N. Khalid GenBank (MK509769); Kiran et al. (2020)
roseolus Y.C. Li & Zhu L. Yang GenBank (LT576117); Razaq et al. (2016a)
rutilus (Schaeff.) O.K. Mill. FOP
Hygrophoropsidaceae Leucogyrophana mollusca (Fr.) Pouzar FOP
pinastri (Fr.) Ginns & Weresub FOP
Melanogaster durissimus Cooke FOP
Rhizopogonaceae Rhizopogon flavus Petch FOP
Sclerodermataceae Pisolithus albus (Cooke & Massee) Priest GenBank (MN295477)
tinctorius (Mont.) E. Fisch. GenBank (KF802173); Razaq and Shahzad (2004)
Scleroderma aff. cepa Pers. GenBank (HG796946)
areolatum Ehrenb. Yousaf et al. (2012c)
aurantium (L.) Pers. GenBank (KF802172)
bovista Fr. GenBank (KF802171); FOP
cepa Pers. FOP
chevalieri Guzmán Yousaf et al. (2012c)
dictyosporum Pat. Yousaf et al. (2012c)
flavidum Ellis & Everh. FOP
Boletales Sclerodermataceae Scleroderma sinnamariense Mont. FOP
verrucosum (Bull.) Pers. FOP
Serpulaceae Serpula lacrymans (Wulfen) J. Schröt. GenBank (AJ557312), FOP
Suillaceae Suillus americanus (Peck) Snell GenBank (KX213755); FOP; Sarwar et al. (2011)
bovinus (L.) Roussel Sultana et al. (2011); Razaq and Shahzad (2016)
brevipes (Peck) Kuntze Sarwar et al. (2011); Sarwar and Khalid (2014b)
collinitus (Fr.) Kuntze Sultana et al. (2011); Sarwar and Khalid (2014b)
flavidus (Fr.) J. Presl Sarwar et al. (2012); Sarwar and Khalid (2014b)
granulatus (L.) Roussel FOP; Sarwar and Khalid (2014b)
grevillei (Klotzsch) Singer FOP
himalayensis B. Verma & M.S. Ready GenBank (KR056819); Sarwar et al. (2018b)
luteus (L.) Roussel Razaq and Shahzad (2016); Sultana et al. (2011)
marginielevatus S. Sarwar, Khalid & Dentinger GenBank (KJ361512); Sarwar et al. (2015)
placidus (Bonord.) Singer FOP; Sultana et al. 2011
tomentosus Singer FOP; Niazi (2008); Sarwar and Khalid (2014b)
triacicularis B. Verma & M.S. Reddy GenBank (KM677929); Sarwar et al. (2015)
viscidus (L.) Roussel Razaq et al. (2019)
Suillellus luridus (Schaeff.) Murrill FOP
queletii (Schulzer) Vizzini, Simonini & Gelardi FOP
Tapinellaceae Pseudomerulius aureus (Fr.) Jülich FOP
Tapinella atrotomentosa (Batsch) Šutara FOP
panuoides (Fr.) E.-J. Gilbert FOP
Cantharellales Aphelariaceae Aphelaria ceracea Corner FOP
Hydnaceae Cantharellus cibarius Fr. FOP
Clavulina coralloides (L.) J. Schröt. FOP
cinerea (Bull.) J. Schröt. FOP
cinerea var. gracilis Rea, Trans FOP
rugosa (Bull.) J. Schröt FOP
Craterellus cinereus (Pers.) Pers. GenBank (MF374488); Naseer and Khalid (2018)
Hydnum repandum L. FOP
rufescens Fr. FOP
Multiclavula mucida (Pers.) R.H. Petersen FOP
Corticiales Punctulariaceae Dendrocorticium polygonioides (P. Karst.) Donk FOP
Vuilleminiaceae Cytidia salicina (Fr.) Burt. FOP
Geastrales Geastraceae Geastrum argenteum Cooke FOP
clelandii Lloyd FOP
corollinum (Batsch) Hollós FOP
coronatum Schaeff. ex J. Schröt. FOP
drummondii Berk. FOP
fimbriatum Fr. Razaq and Shahzad (2007)
lageniforme Vittad. FOP
lageniforme var. ahmadii Stanck. FOP
minimum Schwein. FOP
nanum var. nanum Pers. FOP
panjabense S. Ahmad FOP
Geastrales Geastraceae Geastrum rufescens Pers. FOP
saccatum Fr. FOP
striatum DC. FOP
velutinum Morgan FOP
triplex Jungh. FOP
Myriostoma coliforme (Dicks.) Corda Yousaf et al. (2013b)
Sphaerobolus ingoldii Geml, D.D. Davis & Geiser GenBank (MN957515)
stellatus Tode FOP
Gloeophyllales Gloeophyllaceae Gloeophyllum sepiarium (Wulfen) P. Karst. FOP
striatum (Fr.) Murrill FOP
subferrugineum (Berk.) Bondartsev & Singer FOP
Neolentinus lepideus (Fr.) Redhead & Ginns FOP; Razaq et al. (2018)
Gomphales Clavariadelphaceae Clavariadelphus elongatus J. Khan, Sher & Khalid GenBank (MG768846); Sher et al. (2018)
pakistanicus Hanif & Khalid GenBank (HQ379937); Hanif et al. (2014)
pistillaris (L.) Donk FOP
subfastigiatus V.L. Wells & Kempton GenBank (JX275756); Hanif and Khalid (2013)
truncatus Donk FOP
Gomphaceae Gomphus clavatus (Pers.) Gray FOP
megasporus Corner FOP
Phaeoclavulina abietina (Pers.) Giachini Nasim et al. (2008)
flaccida (Fr.) Giachini FOP
Ramaria aurea (Schaeff.) Quél. Razaq and Shahzad (2005c)
botrytis (Pers.) Bourdot FOP
flava (Schaeff.) Quél. FOP
flava var. flava (Schaeff.) Quél FOP
flavescentoides Hanif & Khalid GenBank (KC357769); Hanif et al. (2019)
formosa (Pers.) Quél. Nasim et al. (2008)
fragillima (Sacc. & P. Syd.) Corner FOP
moelleriana (Bres. & Roum.) Corner FOP
pallida (Schaeff.) Ricken FOP
soluta (P. Karst.) Corner FOP
stricta (Pers.) Quél. FOP
subaurantiaca Corner FOP
Turbinellus floccosus (Schwein.) Earle ex Giachini & Castellano FOP
Lentariaceae Lentaria acuminata Berk. FOP
micheneri (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Corner FOP
surculus (Berk.) Corner FOP
Hymenochaetales Hymenochaetaceae Aurificaria indica (Massee) D.A. Reid FOP
Coltricia bambusicola (Henn.) D.A. Reid FOP
cinnamomea (Jacq.) Murrill FOP
perennis (L.) Murrill GenBank (MN892531); FOP
Fomitiporia punctata (P. Karst.) Murrill FOP
robusta (P. Karst.) Fiasson & Niemelä FOP
Fuscoporia callimorpha (Lév.) Groposo, Log.-Leite & Góes-Neto FOP
ferruginosa (Schrad.) Murrill FOP
senex (Nees & Mont.) Ghob.-Nejh. FOP
torulosa (Pers.) T. Wagner & M. Fisch. FOP
Hymenochaete cinnamomea (Pers.) Bres. FOP
Hymenochaetales Hymenochaetaceae Hymenochaete cruenta (Pers.) Donk FOP
leonina Berk. & M.A. Curtis FOP
patelliformis G. Cunn. FOP
rheicolor (Mont.) Lév. FOP
rubiginosa (Dicks.) Lév. FOP
semistupposa Petch FOP
villosa (Lev) Bres. FOP
xerantica (Berk.) S.H. He & Y.C. Dai FOP
Hydnoporia tabacina (Sowerby) Spirin, Miettinen & K.H. Larss. FOP
Inocutis dryophila (Berk.) Murrill FOP
tamaricis (Pat.) Fiasson & Niemelä FOP
Inonotus cuticularis (Bull.) P. Karst. FOP
hispidus (Bull.) P. Karst. FOP
pachyphloeus (Pat.) T. Wagner & M. Fisch. FOP
peristrophidis S. Ahmad FOP
tabacinus (Mont.) G. Cunn. FOP
tinctorius (Quél.) S. Ahmad FOP
triqueter P. Karst. FOP
Phellinopsis conchata (Pers.) Y.C. Dai FOP
Phellinus allardii (Bres.) S. Ahmad FOP
badius (Cooke) G. Cunn. FOP
caryophylli (Racib.) G. Cunn. FOP
contiguus (Pers. ex Fr.) Bours. & Galz. FOP
fastuosus Lév.) S. Ahmad FOP
gilvus (Schwein.) Pat. FOP
gilvus var. scruposus (Fr.) Ahmad FOP
igniarius (L.) Quél. FOP
laevigatus (P. Karst.) Bourdot & Galzin FOP
nilgheriensis (Mont.) G. Cunn. FOP
pectinatus (Klotzsch) Quél. FOP
pini (Brot.) Pilát FOP
pini var. abietis f. microspora Pilat. FOP
purpureagilvus (Petch.) Ryvarden FOP
ribis (Schumach.) Quél. FOP
ribis f. gymnosporiae FOP
ribis f. lycil FOP
rimosus (Berk.) Pilat. FOP
Phylloporia ribis (Schumach.) Ryvarden FOP
tiliae L.W. Zhou GenBank (MN080232)
chrysites (Berk.) Ryvarden FOP
Porodaedalea himalayensis (Y.C. Dai) Y.C. Dai GenBank (MK995632)
indica Spirin, Y.C. Dai & Vlasák GenBank (MN829552)
Pseudoinonotus dryadeus (Pers.) T. Wagner & M. Fisch. FOP
Onnia tibetica Y.C. Dai & S.H. He GenBank (MT050549)
tomentosa (Fr.) P. Karst. FOP
Tropicoporus linteus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai FOP
Xanthoporia radiata (Sowerby) Ţura, Zmitr., Wasser, Raats & Nevo Razaq and Shahzad (2017)
Hyphodontiaceae Hyphodontia arguta (Fr.) J. Erikss. FOP
pallidula (Bres.) J. Erikss. FOP
Oxyporaceae Oxyporus latemarginatus (Durr. & Mont.) FOP
populinus (Schumach.) Donk FOP
Hymenochaetales Rickenellaceae Peniophorella pubera (Fr.) P. Karst. FOP
Schizoporaceae Schizopora paradoxa (Schrad.) Donk FOP
Xylodon raduloides Riebesehl & Langer FOP
Incertae sedis Trichaptum abietinum (Pers. ex J.F. Gmel.) Ryvarden FOP
biforme (Fr.) Ryvarden FOP
Hysterangiales Phallogastraceae Protubera clathroidea Dring FOP
maracuja Möller FOP
Phallales Phallaceae Colus hirudinosus Cavalier & Séchier FOP
Itajahya rosea (Delile) E. Fisch. GenBank (KF481955); FOP; Moreno et al. (2013)
Lysurus borealis (Burt) Henn. FOP
pakistanicus S.H. Iqbal, Kasuya, Khalid & Niazi Iqbal et al. (2006)
periphragmoides (Klotzsch) Dring FOP
Phallus calongei G. Moreno & Khalid GenBank (KF481955); Moreno et al. (2009)
celebicus Henn. FOP
hadriani Vent. GenBank (KF481956); Moreno et al. (2013)
impudicus L. FOP
indusiatus Vent. FOP
rubicundus (Bose.) Fr. FOP
Polyporales Fomitopsidaceae Antrodia subtrametes (Pilat.) FOP
Brunneoporus juniperinus (Murrill) Zmitr. GenBank (KR610980)
Cellulariella warnieri (Durieu & Mont.) Zmitr. & Malysheva GenBank (MT491098)
Phaeodaedalea incerta (Curr.) Ţura, Zmitr., Wasser & Spirin FOP
Pilatoporus ostreiformis (Berk.) Zmitr. FOP
Ranadivia stereoides (Fr.) Zmitr. FOP
Resinoporia crassa (P. Karst.) Audet FOP
Rhodofomes roseus (Alb. & Schwein.) Kotl. & Pouzar FOP
Dacryobolaceae Jahnoporus oreinus Spirin, Vlasák & Miettinen GenBank (MN178648)
Fomitopsis annosa var. indicus (Wakef.) S. Ahmad FOP
pinicola (Sw.) P. Karst. FOP
rufolaccata (Bose) Dhanda FOP
Postia tephroleuca (Fr.) Jülich FOP
Panaceae Panus rudis Fr. FOP
Irpicaceae Byssomerulius corium (Pers.) Parmasto FOP
Ceriporia ferrugineocincta (Murrill) Ryvarden FOP
leptoderma (Berk. & Broome) Ryvarden FOP
xylostromatoides (Berk.) Ryvarden FOP
Gloeoporus thelephoroides (Hook.) G. Cunn. FOP
Flavodon flavus (Klotzsch) Ryvarden GenBank (MN888947)
Irpex flavus Klotzsch FOP
lacteus (Fr.) Fr. GenBank (KM977778)
Leptoporus mollis (Pers.) Quél. FOP
Trametopsis cervina (Schwein.) Tomšovský FOP
Laetiporaceae Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.) Murrill FOP; Razaq and Shahzad (2016)
Phaeolus schweinitzii (Fr.) Pat. GenBank (MN109971); FOP; Razaq and Shahzad (2016)
weberiana (Bres. & Henn. ex Sacc.) Ryv. FOP
Meruliaceae Climacodon pulcherrimus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Nikol. FOP
Hydnophlebia chrysorhiza (Eaton) Parmasto FOP
Polyporales Meruliaceae Irpiciporus pachyodon (Pers.) Kotl. & Pouzar FOP
Phlebia rufa (Pers.) M.P. Christ. FOP
sedimenticola (S. Ahmad) S. Ahmad FOP
tremellosa (Schrad.) Nakasone & Burds. FOP
Sarcodontia spumea (Sowerby) Spirin FOP
Scopuloides hydnoides (Cooke & Massee) Hjortstam & Ryvarden FOP
leprosa (Bourdot & Galzin) Boidin, Lanq. & Gilles FOP
Meripilaceae Rigidoporus lineatus (Pers.) Ryvarden FOP
microporus (Sw.) Overeem FOP
ulmarius (Sowerby) Imazeki FOP; Razaq and Shahzad (2016)
vinctus (Berk.) Ryvarden FOP
zonalis (Berk.) Imazeki FOP
Phanerochaetaceae Bjerkandera adusta (Willd.) P. Karst. FOP; Razaq and Shahzad (2016)
Aporium carayae (Schw.) Teixiera and Rogers FOP
Hyphodermella corrugata (Fr.) J. Erikss. & Ryvarden FOP
Phaeophlebiopsis ravenelii (Cooke) Zmitr. FOP
Phlebiopsis gigantea (Fr.) Jülich FOP
papyrina (Mont.) Boid. FOP
Porostereum spadiceum (Pers.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden FOP
Rhizochaete filamentosa (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) J. Erikss FOP
Podoscyphaceae Abortiporus biennis (Bull.) Singer Razaq and Shahzad (2016); Khan et al. (2016b)
Podoscypha elegans (G. Mey.) Pat. GenBank (MH858811)
parvula (Lloyd) D.A. Reid FOP
petalodes (Berk.) Boidin FOP; GenBank (DQ917655)
pusilla (Berk.) Ryvarden FOP
warneckeana (Henn.) Ryvarden FOP
Polyporaceae Cerioporus leptocephalus (Jacq.) Zmitr. FOP
squamosus (Huds.) Quél. GenBank (MN888950); FOP; Razaq and Shahzad (2016)
varius (Pers.) Zmitr. & Kovalenko FOP
Coriolus hirtellus (Fr.) Murrill FOP
Coriolopsis occidentalis (Klotzsch) Murrill FOP
Cystostiptoporus indicus Dhanda & Ryvarden FOP
Daedalea dickinsii Yasuda GenBank (KR019739); FOP
pusillus (Lev.) Singer FOP
quercina (L.) Pers. FOP
Daedaleopsis confragosa (Bolton) J. Schröt. FOP
Earliella scabrosa (Pers.) Gilb. & Ryvarden GenBank (MN888942)
Epithele typhae (Pers.) Pat. FOP
Favolus grammocephalus (Berk.) Imazeki FOP
tenuiculus P. Beauv. FOP
Fomes ajazii S.M. Hussain FOP
borneoensis (Lloyd) S. Ahmad FOP
fomentarius (L.) Fr. FOP; Razaq and Shahzad (2016)
semitostus (Berk.) Cooke FOP
Funalia floccosa (Jungh.) Zmitr. & Malysheva FOP
hispida (Bagl.) M.M. Chen FOP
Polyporales Polyporaceae Funalia leonina (Klotzsch) Pat. FOP
Ganoderma ahmadii Staeyart. FOP
applanatum (Fr.) Pat. FOP; Razaq and Shahzad (2017)
australe (Fr.) Pat. FOP
flexipes Pat. FOP
leucocontextum T.H. Li, W.Q. Deng, Sheng H. Wu, Dong M. Wang & H.P. Hu GenBank (MK713839)
lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst. GenBank (KX610998)
resinaceum Boud. FOP
tornatum (Pers.) Bres. FOP
Grammothele fuligo (Berk. & Broome) Ryvarden FOP
Hexagonia discopoda Pat. & Har. FOP
Lopharia cinerascens (Schwein.) G. Cunn. FOP
papyracea (Bres.) D.A. Reid FOP
Lentinus arcularius (Batsch) Zmitr. FOP
brumalis (Pers.) Zmitr. FOP
crinitus (L.) Fr. FOP
multicolor Berk. FOP
prolifer (Pat. & Har.) D.A. Reid FOP
squarrosulus Mont. FOP
tigrinus (Bull.) Fr. GenBank (EU543989)
Lenzites betulinus (L.) Fr. GenBank (MN888944); FOP
platyphyllus Lev. FOP
Perenniporia medulla-panis (Jacq.) Donk FOP
Picipes badius (Pers.) Zmitr. & Kovalenko Razaq and Shahzad (2016)
submelanopus (H.J. Xue & L.W. Zhou) J.L. Zhou & B.K. Cui GenBank (MN888945)
Polyporellus picipes (Fr.) P. Karst. FOP
Polyporus biennis (Bull.) Fr. FOP
calcuttensis Bose FOP
umbellatus (Pers.) Fr. FOP; Razaq et al. (2014)
Poria latemarginata (Durieu & Mont.) Cooke FOP
paradoxa Schard. ex Fr. FOP
Pyrofomes demidoffi (Lév.) Kotl. & Pouzar FOP
juniperinus (H. Schrenk) Vlasák & Spirin FOP
Tomophagus colossus (Fr.) Murrill FOP
Trametes cingulata Berk. FOP
corrugata (Pers.) Bres. FOP
elegans (Spreng.) Fr. GenBank (MN888943); FOP
flavida (Lév.) Zmitr., Wasser & Ezhov FOP
ijubarskii Pilat. FOP
incana Berk. FOP
lactinea (Berk.) Sacc. FOP
ochracea (Pers.) Gilb. & Ryvarden FOP
polyzona (Pers.) Justo FOP
pubescens (Schumach.) Pilát FOP
roseola Pat. & Har. FOP
suaveolens (L.) Fr. FOP
tephroleuca Berk. FOP
trogii Berk. FOP
versicolor (L.) Lloyd GenBank (KU697312); Razaq et al. (2014)
Polyporales Polyporaceae Truncospora livida (Kalchbr. ex Cooke) Zmitr. FOP
tephropora (Mont.) Zmitr. FOP
Incrustoporiaceae Tyromyces chioneus (Fr.) P. Karst. FOP
gollanii (Massee) S. Ahmad FOP
Pycnoporellaceae Pycnoporellus fulgens (Fr.) Donk. FOP
Pycnoporus cinnabarinus (Jacq.) P. Karst. FOP
Pycnoporus sanguineus (L.) Murrill FOP
Sparassidaceae Sparassis crispa Wulf. ex Fr. FOP
laminosa Fr. FOP
latifolia Y.C. Dai & Zheng Wang GenBank (KF866226)
Steccherinaceae Cabalodontia queletii (Bourdot & Galzin) Piątek FOP
Odontia bicolor (Alb. & Schwein. ex Fr.) Quel. FOP
calcicola (Bourdot & Galzin) Kõljalg FOP
Antrodiella oleaginea Overh. ex Ryvarden FOP
Mycorrhaphium stereoides (Cooke) Maas Geest. FOP
Steccherinum ochraceum (Pers. ex J.F. Gmel.) Gray FOP
Incertae sedis Amaropostia stiptica (Pers.) B.K. Cui, L.L. Shen & Y.C. Dai FOP
Hypochnicium punctulatum (Cooke) J. Erikss. FOP
Phanerodontia chrysosporium (Burds.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden GenBank (EU543990)
Russulales Auriscalpiaceae Auriscalpium vulgare Gray FOP
Lentinellus micheneri (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Pegler FOP
ursinus (Fr.) Kuhner FOP
Bondarzewiaceae Albatrellus roseus J. Khan, Sher & Khalid GenBank (MF110285); Khan et al. (2018)
Amylosporus campbellii (Berk.) Ryvarden FOP
succulentus Jia J. Chen & L.L. Shen GenBank (MK929297)
Bondarzewia dickinsii (Berk.) Jia J. Chen, B.K. Cui & Y.C. Dai FOP
Heterobasidion amyloideopsis Saba, C.L. Zhao, Khalid & Pfister Genbank (KT598384); Zhao et al. (2017)
insulare (Murrill) Ryvarden FOP
linzhiense Y.C. Dai & Korhonen GenBank (MH233930); Saba et al. (2018)
orientale Tokuda, T. Hatt. & Y.C. Dai. GenBank (MH233931); Saba et al. (2018)
Hericiaceae Hericium cirrhatum (Pers.) Nikol. GenBank (MN513042); Khan et al. (2020)
clathroides (Pall.) Pers. FOP
coralloides (Scop.) Pers. FOP
erinaceus (Bull.) Pers. FOP
Laxitextum bicolor (Pers.) Lentz FOP
Peniophoraceae Asterostroma laxum Bres. FOP
Dichostereum pallescens (Schwein.) Boidin & Lanq. FOP
rhodosporum (Wakef.) Boidin & Lanq. FOP
Duportella velutina Pat. FOP
tristicula (Berk. & Broome) Reinking GenBank (MH858266)
Lachnocladium fulvum Corner FOP
Peniophora cinerea (Pers.) Cooke FOP
versiformis (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Bourdot & Galzin FOP
Scytinostroma cystidiatum Boidin FOP
portentosum (Berk.& Curt.) Donk FOP
Russulaceae Russula abbottabadensis Saba & Adamčík GenBank (MZ364137); Adamčík et al. (2019)
adusta (Pers.) Fr. Sultana et al. (2011)
Russulales Russulaceae Russula ahmadii Jabeen, Razaq, Niazi, I. Ahmad & Khalid Genbank (KU535608); Jabeen et al. (2017b)
amethystina Quél. GenBank (KT953612)
amoenicolor Romagn. Sultana et al. (2011)
anthracina Romagn. GenBank (KR011879), Jabeen et al. (2016b)
aurea Pers. FOP
aurantioflava Kiran & Khalid GenBank (MN130074); Adamčík et al. (2019)
azurea Bres. FOP
badia Quel. FOP
brevipes Peck Niazi et al. (2006)
brunneopurpurea Jabeen & Khalid GenBank (KT953613); Jabeen et al. (2017a); Ahmad et al. (2019)
caerulea Fr. Sultana et al. (2011)
cessans A. Pearson GenBank (KF679816)
chloroides (Krombh.) Bres. FOP
cinnabarina Berk. FOP
consobrina (Fr.) Fr. Sultana et al. (2011)
cyanoxantha (Schaeff.) Fr. FOP; Razaq et al. (2019)
decipiens (Singer) Bon Sultana et al. (2011)
delica Fr. FOP
densifolia Secr. ex Gillet FOP
emetica (Schaeff.) Pers. FOP
fellea (Fr.) Fr. FOP
foetentoides Razaq, Khalid & Niazi GenBank (HE647707); Razaq et al. (2014a)
foetida C. Martin FOP
grata Britzelm. FOP; Razaq et al. (2019)
integra (L.) Fr. FOP
livescens (Batsch). Bataille GenBank (KM596858); Jabeen et al. (2015b)
maculata Quél. Sultana et al. (2011)
mansehraensis Saba, Caboň & Adamčík GenBank (KU886598)
nitida (Pers.) Fr. Razaq et al. (2019)
olivacea (Schaeff.) Fr. Razaq et al. (2019)
paludosa Britzelm. Razaq et al. (2019); Sultana et al. (2011)
pelargonia Niolle Razaq et al. (2019); Sultana et al. (2011)
pectinatoides Peck FOP
queletii Fr. FOP
quercus-floribundae M. Kiran & Adamčík GenBank (MN053391); Crous et al. (2019)
rosea Pers. FOP; Sultana et al. (2011); Razaq et al. (2019)
rhodopodus Zvára FOP
risigallina (Batsch) Sacc. GenBank (KF679818)
romellii Maire Razaq et al. (2019); Sultana et al. (2011)
rubricolor Jabeen, Naseer & Khalid Jabeen et al. (2020b)
sanguinea Fr. FOP
shanglaensis S. Ullah, Khalid & Fiaz GenBank (MK579183); Ullah et al. (2020b)
sichuanensis G.J. Li & H.A. Wen GenBank (KM596859); Saba and Khalid (2015)
swatica Sarwar and Hanif Genbank (MK389374); Sarwar et al. (2019)
torulosa Bres. Sultana et al. (2011)
Russulales Russulaceae Russula tuberculosa R. Heim FOP
velenovskyi Melzer & Zvára FOP
vinosa Lindblad Sultana et al. (2011)
violacea Quél. Sultana et al. (2011)
xerampelina (Schaeff.) Fr. FOP
Thelephora atlanticus Bon. Sultana et al. (2011)
badiosanguineus Kühner & Romagn. FOP
controversus Pers. Sultana et al. (2011)
deliciosus (L.) Gray FOP; Sultana et al. 2011
deterrimus Gröger Sultana et al. (2011)
hatsudake Nobuj. Tanaka FOP
helvus (Fr.) Fr. Razaq and Shahzad (2012)
lacunarum Romagn. ex Hora Sultana et al. (2011)
mediterraneensis Llistos. & Bellù GenBank (MK607609)
obscuratus (Lasch) Fr. Sultana et al. (2011); Razaq and Shahzad (2012)
pubescens Fr. Razaq and Shahzad (2012)
quietus (Fr.) Fr. Sultana et al. (2011)
romagnesii Bon Sultana et al. (2011)
sanguifluus (Paulet) Fr. GenBank (HE615155); FOP; Sultana et al. 2011; Ilyas et al. (2013b)
scrobiculatus (Scop.) Fr. FOP; Sultana et al. (2011)
semisanguifluus R. Heim & Leclair GenBank (HF559377); Sultana et al. (2011)
torminosus (Schaeff.) Pers. FOP; Sultana et al. (2011)
vietus (Fr.) Fr. Sultana et al. (2011)
violascens (J. Otto) Fr. Sultana et al. (2011)
scrobiculatus (Scop.) Fr. FOP
Lactifluus brunneoviolascens (Bon) Verbeken Sultana et al. (2011)
glaucescens (Crossl.) Verbeken Razaq et al. (2014)
pergamenus (Sw.) Kuntze Sultana et al. (2011)
piperatus (L.) Roussel FOP; Sultana et al. (2011); Razaq and Shahzad (2012)
rugatus (Kühner & Romagn.) Verbeken Sultana et al. (2011)
vellereus (Fr.) Kuntze Sultana et al. (2011)
volemus (Fr.) Kuntze Khan and Sher (2016c)
Stereaceae Acanthofungus ahmadii (Boidin) Sheng H. Wu, Boidin & C.Y. Chien FOP
Aleurodiscus jacksonii S. Ahmad FOP
Amylostereum chailletii (Pers.) Boidin FOP
Gloeocystidiellum porosum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Donk FOP
Stereum elegans (G. Mey.) Fr. FOP
frustulosum (Pers.) Fr. FOP
gausapatum (Fr.) Fr. FOP
hirsutum (Willd.) Pers. FOP
ostrea (Blume & T. Nees) Fr. FOP
princeps (Jungh.) Lév. FOP
rugosum Pers. FOP
sanguinolentum (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr. FOP
Xylobolus subpileatus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Boidin FOP
Incertae sedis Incertae sedis Neoalbatrellus caeruleoporus (Peck) Audet Sultana et al. (2011)
Trechisporales Hydnodontaceae Brevicellicium olivascens (Bres.) K.H. Larss. & Hjortstam FOP
Bankeraceae Boletopsis leucomelaena (Pers.) Fayod FOP
Hydnellum caeruleum (Hornem.) P. Karst. FOP
Thelephorales Bankeraceae Hydnellum concrescens (Pers.) Banker FOP
earlianum Banker FOP
Sarcodon imbricatus (L.) P. Karst. FOP
Thelephoraceae Phellodon niger (Fr.) P. Karst. FOP
Thelephora anthocephala (Bull.) Fr. FOP
arbuscula Corner FOP
atra Weinm. FOP
caryophyllea (Schaeff.) Pers. FOP
fucoides Corner FOP
iqbalii Nasir & Hanif GenBank (JX241471); Khalid and Hanif (2017)
palmata (Scop.) Fr. FOP
penicillata (Pers.) Fr. FOP
terrestris Ehrh. ex Fr. FOP
Tomentella bryophila (Pers.) M.J. Larsen FOP
coriaria (Peck) Bourdot & Galzin FOP
griseo-cinnamomea Wakef. FOP
punicea (Alb. & Schwein.) J. Schröt. FOP
Incertae sedis Dendrothele acerina (Pers.) P.A. Lemke FOP
Ascomycota/Geoglossales Geoglossaceae Geoglossum umbratile Sacc. FOP
Trichoglossum hirsutum (Pers.) Boud. FOP
octopartitum Mains FOP
velutipes (Peck) E.J. Durand FOP
Helotiales Calloriaceae Calloria urticae (Pers.) J. Schröt. ex Rehm GenBank (MN957392)
Diplonaevia mollisioides (Sacc. & Briard) B. Hein FOP
Cenangiaceae Chlorencoelia torta (Schwein.) J.R. Dixon GenBank (MN957580)
Velutarina rufo-olivacea (Alb. & Schwein.) Korf FOP
Helotiaceae Cyathicula coronata (Bull.) Rehm FOP
cyathoidea (Bull.) Thüm. FOP
dolosella (P. Karst.) Dennis FOP
egenula (Rehm) E. Müll. FOP
Hymenoscyphus calyculus (Fr.) W. Phillips FOP
scutula (Pers.) W. Phillips FOP
scutula var. scutula (Pers.) W. Phillips FOP
subferrugineus (Nyl.) Dennis FOP
vitigenus (De Not.) Dennis FOP
Tatraea macrospora (Peck) Baral FOP
Lachnaceae Incrucipulum ciliare (Schrad.) Baral FOP
Lachnellula arida (W. Phillips) Dennis FOP
calyciformis (Batsch) Dharne FOP
Lachnum bicolor (Bull.) P. Karst FOP
corticale (Pers.) Nannf. FOP
indicus (E.K. Cash) J.H. Haines & Dumont FOP
mollissiumum (Fuckel) P. Karst. FOP
pudibundum (Quél.) J. Schröt. FOP
Perrotia himalayensis E. Müll. & Dennis FOP
Mollisiaceae Tapesia fusca (Pers.) Fuckel FOP
rosae (Pers.) Fuckel FOP
Pezizellaceae Allophylaria subhyalina (Rehm) Baral FOP
Calycina citrina (Hedw.) Gray FOP
chionea (Fr.) Kuntze FOP
Ploettnerulaceae Pyrenopeziza lavaterae E. Müll. & S. Ahmad FOP
Rutstroemiaceae Rutrstroemia bolaris (Batsch) Rehm FOP
firma (Pers.) P. Karst. FOP
Sclerotiniaceae Moellerodiscus berberidis Dumont FOP
Lasiobelonium fuscum (E. Müll. & Dennis) Raitv. FOP
Thelebolaceae Thelebolus crustaceus (Fuckel) Kimbr. FOP
Incertae sedis Cistella geelmuydenii Nannf. FOP
Rhytismatales Cudoniaceae Cudonia circinans (Pers.) Fr. FOP
Hyaloscyphaceae Hyaloscypha luteola S. Ahmad FOP
Leotiales Leotiaceae Leotia lubrica (Scop.) Pers. FOP
Orbiliales Orbiliaceae Hyalorbilia erythrostigma (W. Phillips) Baral & G. Marson GenBank (MN957494)
Orbilia auricolor (A. Bloxam) Sacc. FOP
curvatispora Boud. FOP
leucostigma (Fr.) Fr FOP
Hypocreales Bionectriaceae Hydropisphaera erubescens (Roberge ex Desm.) Rossman & Samuels GenBank (MN957491)
Hypocreaceae Trichoderma alutaceum Jaklitsch FOP
Xylariales Hypoxylaceae Daldinia bakeri Lloyd FOP
concentrica (Bolton) Ces. & De Not. FOP
vernicosa Ces. & De Not. FOP
Xylariaceae Podosordaria kurziana (Curr.) P.M.D. Martin FOP
leporina (Ellis & Everh.) Dennis FOP
nigripes (Klotzsch) P.M.D. Martin FOP
pyramidata (Berk. & Broome) P.M.D. Martin FOP
Poronia indica S. Ahmad FOP
polyporoides Henn. FOP
Xylosphaera ehrenbergii (Henn.) Dennis FOP
Xylaria hirtella Wakef. FOP
hypoxylon (L.) Grev. FOP
mali Fromme FOP
mellissii (Berk.) Cooke FOP
polymorpha (Pers.) Grev. FOP
Pezizales Ascobolaceae Ascobolus americanus (Cooke & Ellis) Seaver FOP
denudatus Fr. FOP
elegans J. Klein FOP
furfuraceus Pers. FOP
immersus Pers. FOP
leveillei Boud. FOP
michaudii Boud. FOP
minutus Boud. FOP
perplexans Massee & E.S. Salmon FOP
quezelii Faurel & Schotter FOP
scatigenus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Brumm. FOP
subglobosus Seaver FOP
Saccobolus citrinus Boud. & Torrend FOP
depauperatus (Berk. & Broome) E.C. Hansen FOP
glaber (Pers.) Lambotte FOP
succineus Brumm. FOP
truncatus Velen. FOP
versicolor (P. Karst.) P. Karst. FOP
Ascodesmidaceae Ascodesmis macrospora W. Obrist FOP
microscopica (P. Crouan & H. Crouan) Le Gal FOP
sphaerospora W. Obrist FOP
nigricans Tiegh. FOP
Lasiobolus papillatus (Pers.) Sacc. FOP
trichoboloides S.R. Khan & J.L. Bezerra FOP
Discinaceae Gyromitra esculenta Pers. ex Fr. FOP
infula (Schaeff.) Quél. FOP
khanspurensis Jabeen & Khalid GenBank (MF116159); Krisai-Greilhuber et al. (2017)
Pezizales Discinaceae Discina ancilis (Pers.) Sacc. FOP
Helvellaceae Helvella acetabulum (L.) Quél. FOP
albella Quél. GenBank (MN814023)
atra J. König GenBank (KF679807); FOP
bachu Q. Zhao, Zhu L. Yang & K.D. Hyde GenBank (MN959917)
crispa (Scop.) Fr. FOP
cupiliformis Razaq et al., (2014) Sultana et al. (2011)
elastica Bull. FOP
involuta Q. Zhao, Zhu L. Yang & K.D. Hyde GenBank (MW447509)
lacunosa Afzel. FOP
leucopus Pers. Razaq et al. (2014)
monachella (Scop.) Fr. Razaq et al. (2014)
pezizoides Afzel. FOP
villosa Schaeff. FOP
Paxina queletii (Bres.) Stangl FOP
Morchellaceae Morchella crassipes (Vent.) Pers. GenBank (KP670934)
deliciosa Fr. GenBank (MW558089)
esculenta (L.) Pers. FOP; GenBank (MT957957)
elata Fr. GenBank (MT977069)
pakistanica Jabeen & Khalid GenBank (KX306760); Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2016)
pulchella Clowez & Franç. Petit GenBank (MF400857); Badshah et al. (2018)
tridentina Bres. GenBank (MT584841)
Verpa bohemica (Krombh.) J. Schröt. FOP
Pezizaceae Ahmadea dalanensis Aman & Khalid GenBank (MT645090); Aman et al. (2020)
Iodophanus carneus (Pers.) Korf FOP
Ionopezia gerardii (Cooke) Van Vooren FOP
Mattirolomyces spinosus (Harkn.) Kovács, Trappe & Alsheikh GenBank (MT649183); FOP; Aman et al. (2020)
Pachyphlodes conglomerata (Berk. & Broome) Doweld GenBank (HG797006)
Paragalactinia michelii (Boud.) Dennis GenBank (JN836749); Ashraf et al. (2012)
succosa (Berk.) Van Vooren GenBank (JN588568); Ashraf and Khalid (2012)
succosella (Le Gal & Romagn.) Van Vooren GenBank (KM199729); Jabeen et al. (2015a)
Plicaria trachycarpa (Curr.) Boud. FOP
Peziza badiofusca (Boud.) Dennis FOP
cerea Bull. FOP
micropus Pers. FOP
pakistanica (S. Ahmad) S. Ahmad FOP
repanda Pers. FOP
vesiculosa Pers. FOP
violacea Pers. FOP
Pyronemataceae Terfezia arenaria (Moris) Trappe FOP
Aleuria aurantia (Pers.) Fuckel FOP
boudieri (Höhn.) J. Moravec FOP
Aleuria murreana S. Ahmad FOP
Pezizales Pyronemataceae Byssonectria fusispora (Berk.) Rogerson & Korf FOP
Cheilymenia granulata (Bull.) J. Moravec FOP
pulcherrima (P. Crouan & H. Crouan) Boud. FOP
theleboloides (Alb. & Schwein.) Boud. FOP
Geopora ahmadii Saba, T. Ashraf, Khalid & Pfister GenBank (KY805996); Saba et al. (2019a)
arenicola (Lév.) Kers FOP
arenosa (Fuckel) S. Ahmad FOP
cooperi Harkn. Ashraf and Khalid (2012)
cooperi f. cooperi GenBank (JN558642)
foliacea (Schaeff.) S. Ahmad FOP
pinyonensis Flores-Rent. & Gehring GenBank (MK583663)
sumneriana (Cooke ex W. Phillips) M. Torre, GenBank (MN860070)
Geopyxis alpina Höhn. Khalid et al. (2000)
majalis (Fr.) Sacc. FOP
Humaria hemisphaerica (F.H. Wigg.) Fuckel FOP
Neottiella hetieri Boud. FOP
Octospora humosa (Fr.) Dennis FOP
plumbeoatra (E.K. Cash) D.C. Pant & V.P. Tewari FOP
umbrina (E.K. Cash) S. Ahmad FOP
Otidea alutacea (Pers.) Massee GenBank (MN495937)
leporina (Batsch) Fuckel FOP
Pyronema omphalodes (Bull.) Fuckel FOP
domesticum (Sowerby) Sacc. GenBank (MN957610)
Sepultariella semiimmersa (P. Karst.) Van Vooren, U. Lindem. & Healy FOP
Scutellinia scutellata (L.) Lambotte FOP
Trichophaea gregaria (Rehm) Boud. FOP
woolhopeia (Cooke & W. Phillips) Boud. FOP
Sarcoscyphaceae Kompsoscypha waterstonii (Seaver) Pfister FOP
Sarcosomataceae Plectania melastoma (Sowerby) Fuckel FOP
Sarcoscypha coccinea (Gray) Boud. FOP
occidentalis (Schwein.) Sacc. FOP
Tuberaceae Tuber puberulum Berk. & Broome FOP
Incertae sedis Coprotus albidus (Boud.) Kimbr. FOP
dextrinoideus Kimbr., Luck-Allen & Cain FOP
granuliformis (P. Crouan & H. Crouan) Kimbr. FOP
leucopocillum Kimbr., Luck-Allen & Cain FOP
ochraceus (P. Crouan & H. Crouan) J. Moravec FOP
niveus (Fuckel) Kimbr., Luck-Allen & Cain FOP
sexdecimsporus (P. Crouan & H. Crouan) Kimbr. & Korf FOP
Incertae sedis Pulvinulaceae Pulvinula orichalcea (Cooke) Rifai FOP
Tarzettaceae Tarzetta bronca (Peck) Korf & J.K. Rogers FOP
catinus (Holmsk.) Korf & J.K. Rogers FOP
cupularis (L.) Lambotte FOP
Table 2.

Genus wise distribution in different ecoregions of Pakistan.

Genus Total species BXW EAMCF IRM IVD HSTPF KWTP NWTSF NWHASM ROK RNPSD SINSD SRAM TD WHBF WHSACF
Abortiporus 1
Acanthocystis 1
Acanthofungus 1
Agaricus 31
Agrocybe 6
Ahmadea 1
Albatrellus 1
Aleuria 3
Aleurodiscus 1
Allophylaria 1
Amanita 28
Amaropostia 1
Amphinema 1
Amylosporus 2
Amylostereum 1
Anomoloma 1
Anthracophyllum 1
Antrodia 1
Antrodiella 1
Aphelaria 1
Apioperdon 1
Aporium 1
Armillaria 2
Armillariella 2
Arrhenia 1
Ascobolus 12
Ascodesmis 4
Asterostroma 1
Astraeus 1
Athelia 1
Aureoboletus 1
Aurificaria 1
Auriscalpium 1
Baeospora 1
Battarrea 1
Bjerkandera 1
Bolbitius 1
Boletopsis 1
Boletus 8
Bondarzewia 1
Bovista 9
Bovistella 1
Brevicellicium 1
Britzelmayria 1
Brunneoporus 1
Bryoperdon 1
Butyriboletus 1
Byssomerulius 1
Byssonectria 1
Cabalodontia 1
Callistosporium 1
Calloria 1
Caloboletus 1
Calvatia 5
Calycina 2
Cantharellus 1
Cellulariella 1
Cerioporus 3
Ceriporia 3
Chaetocalathus 1
Chalciporus 1
Chamaemyces 1
Cheilymenia 3
Chlorencoelia 1
Chlorophyllum 4
Chondrostereum 1
Chroogomphus 5
Cistella 1
Clavaria 2
Clavariadelphus 5
Clavulina 4
Clavulinopsis 1
Climacodon 1
Clitocella 2
Clitocybe 7
Clitocybula 1
Clitopilus 5
Collybia 3
Collybiopsis 3
Coltricia 3
Colus 1
Coniophora 2
Conocybe 9
Coprinellus 8
Coprinopsis 6
Coprinus 2
Coprotus 7
Coriolopsis 1
Coriolus 1
Cortinarius 21
Craterellus 1
Crepidotus 4
Crinipellis 2
Crucibulum 1
Cudonia 1
Cyanoboletus 1
Cyathicula 4
Cyathus 3
Cyclocybe 1
Cystoderma 1
Cystodermella 2
Cystolepiota 1
Cystostiptoporus 1
Cytidia 1
Daedalea 3
Daedaleopsis 1
Daldinia 3
Deconica 4
Dendrocorticium 1
Dendrothele 1
Desarmillaria 1
Descolea 2
Dichostereum 2
Diplonaevia 1
Discina 1
Disciseda 1
Duportella 2
Earliella 1
Echinoderma 1
Entoloma 9
Epithele 1
Favolus 2
Fistulina 1
Flammulaster 2
Flammulina 3
Flavodon 1
Fomes 4
Fomitiporia 2
Fomitopsis 3
Funalia 3
Fuscoporia 4
Galerina 1
Ganoderma 8
Gastrosporium 1
Geastrum 16
Geoglossum 1
Geopora 8
Geopyxis 2
Gloeocystidiellum 1
Gloeophyllum 3
Gloeoporus 1
Gomphidius 1
Gomphus 2
Grammothele 1
Gymnopilus 12
Gymnopus 9
Gyrodon 1
Gyrodontium 1
Gyromitra 3
Hebeloma 7
Helvella 13
Henningsomyces 1
Hericium 4
Heterobasidion 4
Hexagonia 1
Hohenbuehelia 4
Homophron 1
Hortiboletus 2
Humaria 1
Hyalorbilia 1
Hyaloscypha 1
Hydnellum 3
Hydnophlebia 1
Hydnoporia 1
Hydnum 2
Hydropisphaera 1
Hygrocybe 7
Hygrophorus 6
Hymenagaricus 1
Hymenochaete 9
Hymenopellis 1
Hymenoscyphus 5
Hyphodermella 1
Hyphodontia 2
Hypholoma 4
Hypochnicium 1
Hypsizygus 1
Incrucipulum 1
Infundibulicybe 3
Inocutis 2
Inocybe 30
Inonotus 7
Inosperma 3
Iodophanus 1
Ionopezia 1
Irpex 2
Irpiciporus 1
Itajahya 1
Jahnoporus 1
Kompsoscypha 1
Kuehneromyces 1
Laccaria 6
Lachnellula 2
Lachnocladium 1
Lachnum 5
Lactarius 20
Lactifluus 7
Lactocollybia 2
Laetiporus 1
Langermannia 1
Lasiobelonium 1
Lasiobolus 2
Laxitextum 1
Leccinellum 2
Leccinum 4
Lentaria 3
Lentinellus 2
Lentinus 7
Lenzites 2
Leotia 1
Lepiota 23
Lepista 4
Leptonia 1
Leptoporus 1
Leucoagaricus 15 ●○
Leucocoprinus 3
Leucocybe 1
Leucogyrophana 2
Leucopaxillus 2
Limacella 1
Limacellopsis 1
Lopharia 2
Lycoperdon 14
Lyophyllum 2
Lysurus 3
Macrocybe 1
Macrocystidia 1
Macrolepiota 4
Mallocybe 2
Marasmiellus 9
Marasmius 13
Mattirolomyces 1
Megacollybia 1
Melanogaster 1
Melanoleuca 5
Melanotus 1
Merismodes 1
Micropsalliota 3
Moellerodiscus 1
Montagnea 1
Morchella 7
Multiclavula 1
Mycena 7
Mycenastrum 1
Mycetinis 2
Mycorrhaphium 1
Myriostoma 1
Mythicomyces 1
Naucoria 3
Neoalbatrellus 1
Neoboletus 1
Neolentinus 1
Neottiella 1
Nothopanus 1
Octospora 3
Odontia 2
Omphalotus 1
Onnia 2
Orbilia 3
Otidea 2
Oxyporus 2
Pachyphlodes 1
Panaeolus 6
Panellus 1
Panus 1
Paragalactinia 3
Paralepista 1
Parasola 9
Paxina 1
Peniophora 2
Peniophorella 1
Perenniporia 1
Perrotia 1
Peziza 7
Phaeoclavulina 2
Phaeocollybia 1
Phaeodaedalea 1
Phaeolepiota 1
Phaeolus 2
Phaeophlebiopsis 1
Phallus 6
Phanerodontia 1
Phellinopsis 1
Phellinus 18
Phellodon 1
Phellorinia 1
Phlebia 3
Phlebiopsis 2
Phloeomana 1
Pholiota 8
Phylloporia 3
Phylloporus 3
Picipes 2
Pilatoporus 1
Pisolithus 2
Pistillaria 1
Plectania 1
Pleurotus 8
Plicaria 1
Plicatura 1
Pluteus 11
Podaxis 1
Podoscypha 5
Podosordaria 4
Polyporellus 1
Polyporus 3
Poria 2
Porodaedalea 2
Poronia 2
Porostereum 1
Porphyrellus 1
Postia 1
Protostropharia 1
Protubera 2
Psathyrella 13
Pseudoboletus 1
Pseudoinonotus 1
Pseudolaccaria 1
Pseudomerulius 1
Pseudosperma 7
Psilocybe 2
Pulvinula 1
Punjabia 1
Pycnoporellus 1
Pycnoporus 2
Pyrenopeziza 1
Pyrofomes 2
Pyronema 2
Ramaria 12
Ranadivia 1
Resinoporia 1
Resupinatus 2
Rhizochaete 1
Rhizopogon 1
Rhodocollybia 4
Rhodocybe 2
Rhodofomes 1
Rigidoporus 5
Rubroboletus 1
Russula 52
Rutrstroemia 2
Saccobolus 6
Sagaranella 1
Saproamanita 1
Sarcodon 1
Sarcodontia 1
Sarcoscypha 2
Schizophyllum 2
Schizopora 1
Schizostoma 2
Scleroderma 10
Scopuloides 2
Scutellinia 1
Scytinostroma 2
Secotium 1
Sepultariella 1
Serpula 1
Simocybe 1
Sparassis 3
Sphaerobolus 2
Steccherinum 1
Stereum 8
Stramatoscypha 1
Strobilomyces 2
Strobilurus 2
Stropharia 3
Suillellus 2
Suillus 14
Tapesia 2
Tapinella 2
Tarzetta 3
Tatraea 1
Tephrocybe 2
Terfezia 1
Termitomyces 10
Thelebolus 1
Thelephora 9
Tomentella 4
Tomophagus 1
Trametes 15
Trametopsis 1
Trichaptum 2
Trichoderma 1
Trichoglossum 3
Tricholoma 8
Tricholomopsis 5
Trichophaea 2
Trogia 1
Tropicoporus 1
Truncospora 2
Tubaria 2
Tuber 1
Tulostoma 25
Turbinellus 1
Tylopilus 3
Tyromyces 2
Velutarina 1
Verpa 1
Volvariella 6
Volvopluteus 2
Xanthagaricus 3
Xanthoconium 3
Xanthoporia 1
Xerocomus 4
Xeromphalina 1
Xerula 2
Xylaria 5
Xylobolus 1
Xylodon 1
Xylosphaera 1
Zhuliangomyces 2

Discussion

The compendium presented in Table 1 gives an overview of the macrofungal diversity of Pakistan known to date. It largely reposes on the checklist by Ahmad et al. (1997; 866 entries) published over two decades ago and its recent update (Khalid, in press), as well as taxa recently described with the use of molecular data, for example, Russula foetenoides (Razaq et al. 2014), Leucoagaricus lahorensis (Qasim et al. 2015a), Tulsotoma ahmadii (Hussain et al. 2015b), Phaeocollybia pakistanica (Khan et al. 2016a), Descolea quercina (Khan et al. 2017a), Amanita griseofusca (Kiran et al. 2018), Leucoagaricus brunneus (Ullah et al. 2019), Ahmadea dalanensis (Aman et al. 2020) etc. Numerous edible mushrooms naturally occur in Pakistan including Agaricus bisporus, Boletus edulis, Termitomyces umkowaan, Macrocybe gigantea, Morchella esculenta (morels), Ahmadea dalanensis (truffles), Pleurotus cystidiosus, Marasmius oreades, Phellorinia herculeana, Cantharellus cinereus (chanterelle), Coprinus comatus and more. Siddiqui et al. (2020) worked on the cultivation potential of two wild indigenous species of Agaricus, i.e. A. bisporus and A. subrufescens and obtained promising results for spawn production locally. In the future, more edible mushrooms can be worked on for their possible cultivation and commercialisation prospects.

We recorded 1,293 species belonging to 411 genera, 115 families and 24 orders. For comparison, Vaco-Palacios and Franco-Molano (2013) listed 1,239 macrofungal species from Colombia. Flores et al. (2012) reported 315 taxa, 163 genera and 20 orders from Guatemala. Kinge et al. (2020) recently presented an elaborate checklist of macrofungi in South Africa listing 1,008 species, 251 genera and 72 families. For comparison with a well-studied area, 3,173 species have been reported from Quebec (mycoquébec.org). Approximately 20,000 species of macrofungi are known worldwide (Hawksworth 2001). Unsurprisingly, since Agaricales is the largest order of macrofungi (Money 2016), it is by far the most commonly represented order with 47% species in the present taxonomic list followed by Polyporales (11%), Russulales (9%) and Pezizales (8%).

The highest number of taxa was recorded in the western Himalayan broadleaf forests ecoregion, which belongs to the temperate broadleaf and mixed forest biome and has been reported to be the richest in central China and eastern North America (Zhao et al. 1990; Martin et al. 1993). The second highest diversity was found in the north-western thorn scrub forests, which are categorised under deserts and xeric shrublands. This thorn scrub is considered as a degraded form of tropical dry forests (e.g. Champion and Seth 1968; Puri et al. 1989). This ecoregion includes semi-arid to arid climatic zones and a mean annual rainfall of less than 750 mm and a temperature range of 45 degrees or more in summers to temperatures dropping below freezing point in winters. Furthermore, ecoregions in tropical and subtropical coniferous forests and temperate coniferous forest biomes also show good macrofungal taxa representation. The ecoregion of western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests plays an important ecological role to vanguard the alpine meadows to the north. For instance, many Himalayan birds and mammals migrate seasonally between the steep mountain slopes, relying on adjacent habitats when the original ones are disturbed. Likewise, large-scale collection of morel mushrooms (Morchella spp.) from this ecoregion by local people for export overlaps with the breeding season of many pheasants and some mammals. Therefore, maintaining the biodiversity composition and ecological processes within this geologically young, highest mountain range on Earth requires particular conservation policies for this unique ecoregion (Wikramanayake et al. 2002). Finally, the ecoregions of flooded grasslands and savannahs, mangroves and montane grasslands and shrublands have either less than five percent or no representation. So, clearly there are missing data due to very limited exploration in several regions.

Although the data presented here will be useful to taxonomists, ecologists and conservation biologists, conclusive trends cannot be drawn as there are gaps in data due to extensive sampling in a few ecoregions, whereas other areas have been either neglected or unexplored. Therefore, the unexplored ecoregions of Pakistan need to be sampled extensively to give a full picture of the fungal diversity and endemism therein. Many countries and regions around the world have identified and listed endemic species, including the United States (Stein 2002), Russia (Griffin 1999), the Tuscan Region in Italy (Foggi et al. 2014) and New Caledonia (Wulff et al. 2013). The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) recently published a report on endemic threatened species on the Red List for each country (IUCN 2019). Redhead (1997) listed rare macrofungi of British Columbia, Canada, for each ecoregion. More recently, Enns et al. (2020) generated a list of endemic species, including a few fungal species as well, highlighting the status of target species for conservation.

In conclusion, this study provides a comprehensive list of macrofungi recorded in Pakistan as of the year 2020 and their known distribution by ecoregions. The otherwise scattered data have now been arranged and are available to be utilised by mycologists and other scientists as well as by amateur citizens. Most importantly, it can serve as a baseline information for further conservation studies and policy-making. Furthermore, these data also highlight the need for more sampling from less sampled areas like Sindh and Baluchistan Provinces. Our next step is to develop an online portal for fungi of Pakistan, where revisions of the current compendium can be done and new reports can be continuously added.

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Supplementary materials

Supplementary material 1 

Macrofungi list by biome and ecoregion of Pakistan

Nourin Aman

Data type: Base data for biomes and ecoregions of Pakistan

Explanation note: WWF description data for biomes and ecoregion of Pakistan is compiled in one document for readers ease of understanding of ecoregions present in Pakistan. The source of data is WWF official site, wikipedia and Dopa explorer. However, author added macrofungal genera recorded from each ecoregion.

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
Download file (2.75 MB)
Supplementary material 2 

Detailed taxonomic checklist of macrofungi of Pakistan

Nourin Aman, Abdul Nasir Khalid & Jean-Marc Moncalvo

Data type: Checklist with detailed references, localities, biome and ecoregion

Explanation note: The detailed references and localities of each taxon is given and allocated biome and ecoregion according to localities mentioned in references consulted.

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
Download file (128.47 kb)
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