Research Article |
Corresponding author: Martin Westberg ( martin.westberg@nrm.se ) Academic editor: Gerhard Rambold
© 2015 Martin Westberg, Einar Timdal, Johan Asplund, Mika Bendiksby, Reidar Haugan, Fredrik Jonsson, Per Larsson, Göran Odelvik, Mats Wedin, Ana M. Millanes.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Westberg M, Timdal E, Asplund J, Bendiksby M, Haugan R, Jonsson F, Larsson P, Odelvik G, Wedin M, Millanes AM (2015) New records of lichenized and lichenicolous fungi in Scandinavia. MycoKeys 11: 33-61. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.11.6670
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Fourteen species of lichenized or lichenicolous fungi are reported new to either Norway or Sweden or both countries. Several of these are rare and almost unknown. The reported species are: Acarospora insignis (new to Norway), A. pyrenopsoides (Norway, Sweden), A. versicolor (Norway), Calvitimela perlata (Sweden), Lecidea degeliana (Sweden), Nephroma helveticum (Sweden), Peltula placodizans (Norway), Phacographa protoparmeliae (Norway), Rhizocarpon pycnocarpoides (Norway, Sweden), Sarcogyne algoviae (Sweden), Sarcogyne hypophaeoides (Norway, Sweden), Tephromela grumosa (Norway), Tremella lobariacearum (Norway) and Tremella wirthii (Sweden). In addition Cladonia albonigra is confirmed from Sweden. Sarcogyne hypophaeoides is lectotypified and is also reported new to Austria.
Acarosporaceae , barcode, floristics, ITS, lichens
Although studies of the biodiversity in Scandinavia have a long and continuous tradition, several thousands of species remain to be discovered, many of which are likely to be common. Among many of those discovered, almost nothing is known about where they occur, how they live and what their functional roles in the ecosystems are. To explore this poorly known biodiversity, the Swedish Taxonomy Initiative (STI) was established in 2002, with the aim to have all multicellular plants, fungi and animals in Sweden identified and described. Numerous taxonomic projects have been funded by the STI to investigate poorly known groups of organisms. Since 2002, almost 2000 species have been found new to Sweden and almost 1000 are new to science (
Material. We studied material collected during field surveys (2011–2014) funded through STI and NTI projects as well as specimens of the same species on loan from various herbaria (
Morphology. Macromorphological traits were observed using a Zeiss Stemi 2000-C dissecting microscope. Microscopical examinations were carried out using squash preparations, hand-cut sections and freezing microtome sections cut at 16 µm. The preparations were observed in distilled water, lactophenol cotton blue, or 10% KOH (K). Microscopic structures in heterobasidiomycetes were studied using handmade sections stained with Phloxin (1% in water) after pre-treatment with KOH (5%), following the methods of
Secondary chemistry. Selected specimens were examined by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), performed in accordance with the methods of
DNA barcoding. Some specimens (Table
List of sequenced specimens with Accession numbers in the European Nucleotide Archive or GenBank.
Species | Origin | Voucher | Acc. No. (ITS) |
---|---|---|---|
Acarospora insignis | Norway, Oppland | Haugan 10022 ( |
LN890273 |
Norway, Oppland | Westberg ( |
LN890274 | |
Acarospora pyrenopsoides | Norway, Aust-Agder | Timdal 11308 ( |
LN890275 |
Acarospora versicolor | Norway, Buskerud | Westberg 08-092 ( |
LN890276 |
Norway, Oppland | Westberg 08-205 ( |
LN890277 | |
Nephroma helveticum | Sweden, Västerbotten | Jonsson 4200 ( |
LN890278 |
Norway, Oppland | Klepsland JK11-L559 ( |
KT800006 | |
Norway, Buskerud | Hofton 13176 ( |
KT800007 | |
Rhizocarpon pycnocarpoides | Norway, Sør-Tröndelag | Bendiksby et al. 12630 ( |
KR780560 |
Norway, Oppland | Rui & Timdal 12665 ( |
KT800002 | |
Norway, Buskerud | Rui & Timdal 12854 ( |
KT800003 | |
Norway, Nordland | Haugan 11125 ( |
KT800004 | |
Norway, Nord-Trøndelag | Haugan 11128 ( |
KT800005 | |
Tephromela grumosa | Sweden, Bohuslän | Haugan 11501 ( |
KR303667 |
Acarospora insignis H.Magn. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 18: 329. 1924.
SWEDEN. Härjedalen: Viken. 1878, P. J. Hellbom (
New to Norway. This species has until now only been known from the type collection from central Sweden.
The Norwegian specimens were both collected on siliceous boulders in open spruce forests. The type specimen grows on Aspicilia cinerea and
NORWAY. Oppland: Lillehammer, Døsgrenda, between Kinnlia and Åsen, alt. 500 m, 61°05.21'N, 10°20.32'E. 1 June 2011, Haugan 10022 (
Acarospora pyrenopsoides H.Magn. Acta Horti Gothob. 2: 74. 1926.
GREENLAND. Nennese. [undated], J. Vahl (
New to Norway and Sweden. This is another poorly known species that has received very little attention since
Acarospora pyrenopsoides appear to prefer humid localities. The locality in Norway reported here, lies near a waterfall where the species was found on sloping rocks. It is the only European site of the North American Rhizocarpon bolanderi (Tuck.) Herre, and was found during an inventory of that species. The two Swedish localities are located on or near lakeshores in the province of Värmland in central Sweden.
NORWAY. Aust-Agder: Valle, Hallandsfossen. 28 July 2010, Timdal 11308 (
Acarospora versicolor Bagl. & Carestia. Comm. Soc. Critt. Ital. 1: 440. 1863.
ITALY. Piemonte. F. Baglietto s.n. (the location of the type is unknown according to
New to Norway. Acarospora versicolor is widespread on both siliceous and calcareous rocks in Europe and western Asia and is in the Nordic countries known from one locality in Finland and one unconfirmed report from Denmark (
Acarospora versicolor belongs to the morphological group of brown Acarospora species lacking secondary metabolites. There are many names and many taxonomical problems in this group but A. versicolor was recently discussed and described in detail by
The Norwegian specimens reported here all grow calcareous rocks in sun-exposed habitats in the southern parts of the country. It is as far as we know the only one in this group of species in Scandinavia growing on calcareous rocks. However, elsewhere in Europe it also grows on non-calcareous rocks (
NORWAY. Buskerud: Hole, west side of the island Storøya, 60,04685°N, 10,2376°E. 8 June 2008, Westberg 08-092 (
Calvitimela perlata (Haugan & Timdal) R. Sant. Lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi of Fennoscandia: 73. 2004.
Tephromela perlata Haugan & Timdal, Graphis Scripta 6(1): 22 (1994).
NORWAY. Sør-Trøndelag: Oppdal municipality, Drivdalen, by the rapids in the lower part of the river Kaldvella, 62°17'N, 9°35'E, alt. 940–980 m, exposed rock face in the subalpine region. 23 July 1993, E. Timdal 7535 (
New to Sweden. The species was previously known only from Norway and Greenland (
In Norway, the species grows on sun-exposed, more or less sloping rock surfaces, often where water is trickling or near rivers or waterfalls in the subalpine and alpine regions. The Swedish locality is a boulder in the alpine region.
SWEDEN. Torne Lappmark: Låktatjåkka, 68°24.87'N, 18°19.07'E, alt. 640 m, steep face of boulder in the low alpine region. 8 July 2014, Timdal 13464-1 (
Cladonia albonigra Brodo & Ahti. Canad. J. Bot. 74: 1152. 1996
CANADA. British Columbia: Queen Charlotte Islands, Graham Island, 2 mi. SE of Port Clements. 1971, Brodo 18104 & Wong (CANL).
Confirmed for Sweden. The species is reported from the province Torne Lappmark in northernmost Sweden by
SWEDEN, Torne Lappmark: Låktatjåkka, 68°24.87'N, 18°19.07'E, alt. 640 m, steep face of boulder in the low alpine region. 8 July 2014, Timdal 13464-2 (
Lecidea degeliana Hertel. Herzogia 2: 41. 1970.
NORWAY, Troms: [Harstad, Hinnøy], Sandtorg Nordvik, ad saxum micacei-schistosum aeneum fuscinigrum tinctum. 14 July 1953, G. Degelius (
New to Sweden. Lecidea degeliana was described by
This small species may easily be overlooked or mistaken for a poorly developed L. fuscoatra. It is, however, a quite distinct species once discovered. The species is initially developing as a parasite on Acarospora spp. (Fig.
Lecidea degeliana has mostly been found on calcareous rocks in exposed, subalpine habitats but also on siliceous and iron-containing rocks. There seem to be several different species of Acarospora involved as hosts but they are often sterile and mostly unidentified by us. They all belong to the small brown species of Acarospora s. str., and are in one case identified as A. versicolor through sequencing of the ITS and in another case tentatively identified morphologically as A. rugulosa.
NORWAY. Hedmark: Ringsaker, the islet Holmen
Nephroma helveticum Ach. Lich. Univ.: 523. 1810.
‘In montibus Helvetiae, Schleicher’ (H-
New to Sweden. Nephroma helveticum is a cosmopolitan species complex with a wide ecological amplitude and a large morphological and chemical variation. In Europe, however, the species is very rare and appears to have declined considerably (Klepsland 2103,
On Ahlner´s locality, Borstaberget, the bedrock consists of greenstone (porphyrite) and the mountain has long southwest facing slopes with steep cliffs. Ahlner collected, together with N. helveticum, also the rare lichen Heterodermia speciosa. On the mountain Mitti-Skansberget N. helveticum was found in 2009 in two places 200 meters apart. It was found growing on conglomerate cliffs in the southwest facing precipices. Other species that were found on the cliffs were Peltigera rufescens, Lobaria scrobiculata, L. pulmonaria, Fuscopannaria leucophaea and Biatora vernalis.
NORWAY. Buskerud: Nes municipality, Gardnosberget, MGRS: 32V NN 0230, 2309, alt. 300 m, east-facing, steep slope below high mountain wall, open spruce forest over rock field, on boulder. 10 September 2013, Hofton 13176 (
Peltula placodizans (Zahlbr.) Wetmore, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 57: 179. 1970.
Heppia placodizans Zahlbr., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35: 299 (1908).
U.S.A. Arizona, Tucson, Tumamoc Hill. 1908, Blumer (W, holotype, not seen).
New to the Nordic countries. The species is widely distributed in arid areas of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres (
In Norway, the species was found on a vertical wall of calcareous rock in a steep, west-facing hillside. The site has apparently previously been an open or sparsely wooded pasture, but is now in the process of being transformed into spruce forest. Other remarkable lichens collected at the site include Metamelanea caesiella (Th.Fr.) Henssen, Physcia dimidiata (Arnold) Nyl., Thallinocarpon nigritellum (Lettau) P.M.Jørg., and Toninia alutacea (Anzi) Jatta.
NORWAY. Oppland: Sør-Fron municipality, Harpefoss, along the trail W of farm Tåkåstad towards Mt. Lundin, 61°34.95'N, 9°52.55'E, alt. 490 m. 1 Oct. 2007, Timdal 11054 (
Phacographa protoparmeliae Hafellner. Bibl. Lich. 100: 106. 2009.
AUSTRIA, Kärnten: Hohe Tauern, Kreuzeck-Gruppe, Kalkschieferwände in den SE-Hängen der Sensenspitze N der Turgger Alm, c. 200 m. 17 July 1978, Hafellner 603 (
New to the Nordic countries. Phacographa was described by
Phacographa protoparmeliae (Fig.
NORWAY. Sør-Trøndelag: Røros, Storwartz, at the site of the old copper-mine, 62°37.63'N, 11°31.19'E. 15 June 2012, Westberg 12-030 (
Rhizocarpon pycnocarpoides Eitner, Jahresbericht der Schles. Gesellschaft für vaterl. Cultur 88, 2: 46. 1911.
CZECH REPUBLIC, Krkonoše Mts, “an den alten Bergwerken im Riesengrunde“ (not seen).
New to the Nordic countries. The species is apparently previously known only from the type locality in the Krkonoše Mts, where it was collected by Eitner about 1910 and by Kuták in 1927. We have not seen the type material, but rather one duplicate of the material distributed by Kuták in his exsiccate (Flechtensamml. Böhmen No. 520,
The species grows on rocks with a high content of iron and the thallus is rust coloured (Fig.
Rhizocarpon pycnocarpoides has been found at five localities in Norway and one in Sweden. All localities are rich in rust stained rock and most sites are in or near old copper or zinc mines.
CZECH REPUBLIC. Krkonose. 1927, V. Kuták, Kuták, Flechtensamml. Böhmen No. 521 (
Sarcogyne algoviae H.Magn. Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl., Edn 2 (Leipzig) 9(5.1): 78. 1935.
[GERMANY, Bayern] Obere Seealpe in der Allgäuer Alpen bei Oberstdorf, c. 5000’. 1860, H. Rehm (
New to Sweden. This is a little known species rarely reported in the literature. Sarcogyne algoviae belongs to the morphological group in Sarcogyne with a strongly carbonized margin (
We have found Sarcogyne algoviae on several localities in Scandinavia, two in the continental parts of southern Norway and two in the Abisko area in northernmost Sweden. In addition we have found a few specimens from the Swedish mountains under the name S. clavus in the herbarium
NORWAY. Oppland: Dovre, Jønndalen, Mt Nonshaugen, S precipice of the mountain, NE of farm Jønndalen, alt. 700–800 m. 12 June 2008, Westberg 08-276 (
MycoBank: MB 411805
Sarcogyne hypophaeoides Vain. ex H.Magn. Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl., Edn 2 (Leipzig) 9(5.1): 84. 1935.
FINLAND. Tavastia australis, Luhanka, Keihäsniemi. 1873 (
New to Norway, Sweden and Austria. Sarcogyne hypophaeoides has until now been known from the type material in central Finland and from one collection in Germany (
Sarcogyne hypophaeoides grows exclusively on siliceous rocks. We have found it on exposed, horizontal or sloping seashore rocks on the west coasts of Sweden and Norway, on lakeshores and on semi-exposed, vertical rocks or boulders in open coniferous forests. It is often growing with scattered apothecia on smooth rock surfaces or along cracks in the rock in a similar way to S. clavus and the two species have been found growing together on at least two localities. Difficulties to collect it and a superficial similarity to S. clavus are possibly reasons why this species has been overlooked. It appears to be fairly common in humid habitats in the boreal region of Fennoscandia but its distribution is incompletely known.
AUSTRIA. Steiermark: Steirisches Randgebirge, Fishcbacher Alpen, im Feistriztal, ca 2 km E von Rettenegg. 14 Nov. 1998, Kocourkova & Hafellner 46366 (
Tephromela grumosa (Pers.) Hafellner & Cl. Roux. Bulletin de la Société Botanique du Centre-Ouest 7: 829. 1985.
Lichen grumosus Pers., Ann. Bot. Usteri 14: 36. 1795. Nom. nov. Lichen caerulescens Pers., Ann. Bot. Usteri 11: 15. 1794. Nom. illeg. (non Lichen caerulescens Hagen 1782).
Sine loc., „ad saxa arenaria (rubicunda), a Dom. Heyder primo observatus“ (Not seen).
New to Norway. Tephromela grumosa has been expected to occur in Norway, as it is known from a number of provinces in Sweden and Finland. It occurs in West, Central, and North Europe and in Asia (
NORWAY. Oppland: Lom municipality, Runningsgrende, Klypa. 61°43.41'N, 8°15.67'E, alt. 730 m. 28 June 2013, Bendiksby et al. 12357 (
Tremella lobariacearum Diederich & M. S. Christ. Bibl. Lichenol. 61: 103. 1996.
PORTUGAL. Madeira: Rabaçal, on Lobaria pulmonaria. 8 Apr. 1992, P. Diederich 4935 (
New to the Nordic countries. Tremella lobariacearum was described by
Tremella includes mainly mycoparasitic taxa that grow on a wide range of fungal hosts, including lichenized hosts. However, mycologists and lichenologists in general did not look much at the lichenicolous species until the first comprehensive study by
NORWAY. Hordaland: Tysnes municipality, Støle, 59°59.14'N, 05°29.84'E, alt. 60 m. 6 Apr. 2008, Asplund & Larsson (
Tremella wirthii Diederich. Bibl. Lichenol. 61: 164. 1996.
GERMANY. Bayern: Neu-Ulm, Holzheim, Obstgarten WSW Steinheim, MTB 7626/2. 6 Feb 1991, V. Wirth 21713 (
New to the Nordic countries. Tremella wirthii was described by
Tremella wirthii. a Basidiomata on the thallus of Protoparmelia oleagina (
SWEDEN. Dalarna: Orsa municipality 61°11.25'N, 14°52.43'E, alt. 255 m. 1 Oct. 2014, Jonsson FU5955 (
M. Westberg, A. Millanes and M. Wedin are supported by grants from The Swedish Taxonomy Initiative (Svenska Artprojektet) administered by the Swedish Species Information Centre (ArtDatabanken). M. Bendiksby, R. Haugan and E. Timdal were supported by The Norwegian Taxonomy Initiative (Norske Artsprosjektet; proj no: 70184216) administered by the Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre (ArtsDatabanken). DNA barcoding of R. pycnocarpoides and T. grumosa was funded by the Norwegian Barcode of Life project (http://www.norbol.org/). We are grateful to the curators of the herbaria mentioned for loan of material. We thank our reviewers, in particular Paul Diederich, for valuable comments that improved the manuscript.