Phylogeny and diversity of Bjerkandera (Polyporales, Basidiomycota), including four new species from South America and Asia

Chao-Ge Wang; Josef Vlasák; Yu-Cheng Dai

doi:10.3897/mycokeys.79.63908

Research Article

Phylogeny and diversity of Bjerkandera (Polyporales, Basidiomycota), including four new species from South America and Asia

Chao-Ge Wang^‡, Josef Vlasák^§, Yu-Cheng Dai^‡

‡ Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China

§ Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic

Corresponding author: Yu-Cheng Dai ( yuchengdai@bjfu.edu.cn )

Academic editor: R. Henrik Nilsson

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Citation: Wang C-G, Vlasák J, Dai Y-C (2021) Phylogeny and diversity of Bjerkandera (Polyporales, Basidiomycota), including four new species from South America and Asia. MycoKeys 79: 149-172. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.79.63908

Abstract

Four new species of Bjerkandera, viz. B. ecuadorensis, B. fulgida, B. minispora, and B. resupinata spp. nov., are described from tropical America and Asia. B. ecuadorensis is characterised by dark grey to black pore surface, a monomitic hyphal system, hyaline to yellowish-brown generative hyphae, and ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 3.9–4.5 × 2.7–3 μm. B. fulgida is distinguished from the other species in the genus by clay buff to pale brown and shiny pore surface. B. minispora is characterised by white tomentose pore mouth and small basidiospores measuring 3.1–4.2 × 2–2.8 μm. B. resupinata is characterised by resupinate basidiomata, pinkish buff to pale brownish pore surface, and ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 4.5–6 × 3.2–4.1 µm. All these new species grow on angiosperm trunks or rotten wood, and cause a white rot. The closely related taxa to four new species are discussed. An identification key to the ten accepted species of Bjerkandera is provided, and a phylogeny comprising all known Bjerkandera species is provided.

Keywords

Phylogeny, polypore, taxonomy, wood-decaying fungi

Introduction

The genus Bjerkandera P. Karst. (Polyporales, Basidiomycota), typified by B. adusta (Willd.) P. Karst., was established by Karsten (1879). It is traditionally characterised by annual, effused-reflexed to pileate basidiomata, the presence of a dark resinous layer between context and tubes, grey to black pore surface, which contrasts with the pale cream context, a monomitic hyphal system with abundant clamps on generative hyphae, oblong ellipsoid to ellipsoid, hyaline, thin-walled basidiospores, and a white-rotting ecology (Murrill 1907; Ryvarden and Gilbertson 1993; Núñez and Ryvarden 2001; Westphalen et al. 2015; Cui et al. 2019). Based on the above morphological studies, Bjerkandera and Gloeoporus Mont. share some important characteristics, and both genera are confused about definition (Pilát 1937; Corner 1989; Motato-Vásquez et al. 2020). Also, Tyromyces P. Karst. is defined by white, annual, resupinate to pileate basidiomata, a mono-dimitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, and a white-rotting ecology, so Tyromyces and Bjerkandera overlap in many characteristics (Ryvarden 1991; Pouzar 1966; Núñez and Ryvarden 2001). Due to these similarities, Pouzar (1966) considered Bjerkandera as subgenus of Tyromyces (Kotlaba and Pouzar 1964). Nevertheless, recent phylogenetic analyses have showed that Bjerkandera, Gloeoporus, and Tyromyces belong to different clades in the families Phanerochaetaceae Jülich (Syn. Bjerkanderaceae Jülich 1981), Irpicaceae Spirin & Zmitr., and Incrustoporiaceae Jülich, respectively (Binder et al. 2013; Floudas and Hibbett 2015; Justo et al. 2017; Jung et al. 2018; Viktor and Bálint 2018; Cui et al. 2019; Motato-Vásquez et al. 2020). Morphologically, Tyromyces differs in pale tubes not darkening upon drying, and Gloeoporus usually has a continuum hymenium (covering the dissepiments) and gelatinous tubes (Ryvarden and Gilbertson 1993), while species of Bjerkandera have distinct sterile dissepiments, and corky to hard corky tubes.

Bjerkandera is a common polypore genus that grows mostly on dead angiosperm wood and has a wide distribution around the world. Two species, Bjerkandera adusta (Willd.) P. Karst. and B. fumosa (Pers.) P. Karst., are well recognised in the northern hemisphere (Gilbertson and Ryvarden 1986; Jung et al. 2014; Ryvarden and Melo 2017; Cui et al. 2019). Tyromyces atroalbus (Rick) Rajchenb. was combined into Bjerkandera based on morphology and molecular phylogenetic analysis (Westphalen et al. 2015). Recently, two new species, Bjerkandera albocinerea Motato-Vásq., Robledo & Gugliotta and B. centroamericana Kout, Westphalen & Tomšovský, were described from the neotropics based on morphological characters and molecular data (Westphalen et al. 2015; Motato-Vásquez et al. 2020). Additionally, B. mikrofumosa Ryvarden was described from Venezuela without molecular data (Ryvarden 2016), but DNA sequences from this species were generated by Motato-Vásquez et al. (2020).

During a study on polypores collected from China, Ecuador, and Thailand, four unknown species of Bjerkandera were distinguished by both morphological and molecular data. They are described and illustrated in this study. In this study, nuclear ribosomal RNA genes were used to determine the phylogenetic position of the new species. Furthermore, an identification key to all the accepted species in the genus is provided.

Materials and methods

Morphological studies

The studied specimens are deposited in the herbaria of the Institute of Microbiology, Beijing Forestry University (BJFC), and the private herbarium of Josef Vlasák (JV), which will later be deposited at the National Museum Prague of Czech Republic (PRM). Morphological descriptions are based on field notes and herbarium specimens. Microscopic analyses follow Miettinen et al. (2018). In the description: KOH = 5% potassium hydroxide, IKI = Melzer’s reagent, IKI– = neither amyloid nor dextrinoid, CB = Cotton Blue, CB+ = cyanophilous in Cotton Blue, CB– = acyanophilous in Cotton Blue, L = arithmetic average of all spore length, W = arithmetic average of all spore width, Q = L/W ratios, and n = number of spores/measured from given number of specimens. Colour terms are cited from Anonymous (1969) and Petersen (1996).

Molecular studies and phylogenetic analysis

A CTAB rapid plant genome extraction kit-DN14 (Aidlab Biotechnologies Co., Ltd, Beijing) was used to obtain DNA from dried specimens, and to perform the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) according to the manufacturer’s instructions with some modifications (Shen et al. 2019; Sun et al. 2020). Two DNA gene fragments – internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU) – were amplified using the primer pairs ITS5/ITS4 and LR0R/LR7 (White et al. 1990; Hopple and Vilgalys 1999) (http://www.biology.duke.edu/fungi/mycolab/primers.htm). The PCR procedures for ITS and nLSU followed Zhao et al. (2013) in the phylogenetic analyses. DNA sequencing was performed at Beijing Genomics Institute and the newly-generated sequences were deposited in GenBank (Sayers et al. 2021). Sequences generated for this study were aligned with additional sequences downloaded from GenBank using BioEdit (Hall 1999) and ClustalX (Thompson et al. 1997). The final ITS and nLSU datasets were subsequently aligned using MAFFT v.7 under the E-INS-i strategy with no cost for opening gaps and equal cost for transformations (command line: mafft –genafpair –maxiterate 1000) (Katoh and Standley 2013) and visualised in BioEdit (Hall 1999).

In this study, nuclear ribosomal RNA genes were used to determine the phylogenetic position of the new species. The sequence alignment was deposited at TreeBase (submission ID 27872). Sequences of Tyromyces chioneus (Fr.) P. Karst, obtained from GenBank, was used as outgroup (Westphalen et al. 2015).

The phylogenetic analyses followed the approach of Han et al. (2016) and Zhu et al. (2019). Maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML), and Bayesian inference (BI) analyses were conducted for the datasets of ITS and nLSU sequences. The best-fit evolutionary model was selected by hierarchical likelihood ratio tests (hLRT) and Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) in MrModeltest 2.2 (Nylander 2004) after scoring 24 models of evolution in PAUP* version 4.0b10 (Swofford 2002).

The MP topology and bootstrap values (MP-BS) obtained from 1000 replicates were computed in PAUP* version 4.0b10 (Swofford 2002). All characters were equally weighted, and gaps were treated as missing. Trees were inferred using the heuristic search option with TBR branch swapping and 1000 random sequence additions. Max-trees were set to 5,000 branches of zero length were collapsed, and all parsimonious trees were saved. Descriptive tree statistics tree length (TL), composite consistency index (CI), retention index (RI), rescaled consistency index (RC), and homoplasy index (HI) were calculated for each maximum parsimonious tree (MPT) generated. Sequences were also analysed using Maximum Likelihood (ML) with RAxML-HPC2 through the CIPRES Science Gateway (www.phylo.org; Miller et al. 2009). Branch support (BT) for ML analysis was determined by 1000 bootstrap replicates.

Bayesian phylogenetic inference and Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) were computed with MrBayes 3.1.2 (Ronquist and Huelsenbeck 2003). Four Markov chains were run for 3,500,000 generations until the split deviation frequency value was less than 0.01 and trees were sampled every 100 generations. The first 25% of the sampled trees were discarded as burn-in and the remaining ones were used to reconstruct a majority rule consensus and calculate Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) of the clades.

Branches that received bootstrap support for maximum parsimony (≥ 75% MP-BT), maximum likelihood (≥75% (ML-BS)), and Bayesian posterior probabilities (≥ 0.95BPP) were considered as significantly supported.

Results

Phylogeny

The combined ITS and nLSU dataset contained sequences from 75 specimens, comprising a total of 40 species (Table 1). The dataset had an aligned length of 2158 characters, of which 1410 (65%) characters are constant, 208 (0.1%) are variable and parsimony-uninformative and 540 (25%) are parsimony informative. Maximum parsimony analysis yielded eleven equally-parsimonious tree (TL = 2701, CI = 0.439, RI = 0.751, RC = 0.330, HI = 0.561), and a strict consensus tree of these trees is shown in Fig. 1. The best model-fit applied in the Bayesian analysis was GTR+I+G, lset nst = 6, rates = invgamma, and prset statefreqpr = dirichlet (1, 1, 1, 1). Bayesian analysis resulted in the nearly congruent topology with an average standard deviation of split frequencies = 0.006804 to MP and ML analysis, and thus only the MP tree was provided.

Table 1.

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Information on the sequences used in this study. New sequences are shown in bold.

Species	Specimen number	Countries	GenBank accession numbers
Species	Specimen number	Countries	ITS	LSU
Aurantiporus croceus	Miettinen-16483	Malaysia	KY948745	KY948901
*Bjerkandera adusta*	Dai 14516	China	MW507097	MW520204
*adusta*	Dai 15665	China	MW507098	MW520205
*B. adusta*	Dai 15495	China	MW507099	–
B. adusta	SFC20120409-08	Rep. Korea	KJ704814	KJ704829
B. adusta	SFC20111029-15	Rep. Korea	KJ704813	KJ704828
*B. adusta*	Dai 13201	France	MW507100	MW520206
*B. adusta*	Dai 12640	Finland	MW507101	–
B. albocinerea	MV 346	Brazil	MH025421	MH025421
B. albocinerea	RP 317	Brazil	MH025420	–
*B. albocinerea*	Dai 16411	USA	MW507102	MW520207
B. atroalba	MW 425	Brazil	KT305930	KT305930
B. atroalba	MV 158	Brazil	KT305932	KT305932
*B. atroalba*	Dai 17457	Brazil	MW507103	MW520208
B. centroamericana	JK0610/A13	Mexico	KT305934	KT305934
B. centroamericana	JK0610/A7	Mexico	KT305933	KT305933
*B. centroamericana*	JV1704/97	Costa Rica	MW507104	–
*B. ecuadorensis*	JV1906/C16-J	Ecuador	MW507105	–
*B. fulgida*	Dai 16107	China	MW507106	MW520209
*B. fulgida*	Dai 12284	China	MW507107	–
*B. fulgida*	Dai 13597	China	MW507108	MW520210
B. fumosa	SFC20121009-04	Rep. Korea	KJ704824	KJ704839
*B. fumosa*	Dai 21100	China	MW507109	MW520211
*B. fumosa*	Dai 21087	China	MW507110	–
*B. fumosa*	Cui 10747	China	MW507111	MW520212
*B. fumosa*	Dai 12674B	Finland	MW507112	MW520213
B. fumosa	N37	Latvia	FJ903376	–
B. fumosa	Homble 1900	Norway	KF698740	KF698751
B. mikrofumosa	MV 353	Brazil	MH025416	MH025416
B. mikrofumosa	MV 363	Brazil	MH023526	MH023526
*B. mikrofumosa*	JV1707/10J-1	Costa Rica	MW507113	–
*B. mikrofumosa*	JV1707/10J-2	Costa Rica	MW507114	–
*B. minispora*	Dai 15234	China	MW507115	MW520214
*B. minispora*	Cui 5376	China	MW507116	MW520215
*B. resupinata*	Dai 16642	Thailand	MW507117	MW520216
*B. resupinata*	Cui 8017	China	KU509526	–
Byssomerulius corium	KHL 8593	–	AY463389	AY586640
Ceriporia viridans	KHL 8765	–	AF347109	AF347109
Ceriporiopsis alboaurantia	Cui 4136	China	KF845955	KF845948
C. alboaurantia	Cui 2877	China	KF845954	KF845947
C. aneirina	TAA 181186	Estonia	FJ496683	FJ496704
C. aneirina	H 6002107	Finland	FJ496682	FJ496705
carnegieae	RLG-7277-T	USA	KY948792	KY948854
C. carnegieae	JV1209/45	USA	KX081134	–
*C. carnegieae*	JV0407/27-J	USA	MW507122	–
C. fimbriata	Dai 11672	China	KJ698633	KJ698637
C. fimbriata	Cui 1671	China	KJ698634	KJ698638
C. gilvescens	BRNM 710166	Czech	FJ496684	FJ496720
C. gilvescens	BRNM 709970	Czech	EU546104	FJ496721
C. pseudogilvescens	BRNM 686416	Slovakia	FJ496679	FJ496703
C. pseudogilvescens	TAA 168233	Estonia	FJ496673	FJ496702
Ceriporiopsis sp.	JV1512/13-J	Costa Rica	MW507118	–
Gloeoporus taxicola	SK 0075	Sweden	JX109847	JX109847
G. pannocinctus	FP 135015	USA	MG572755	MG572739
G. thelephoroides	BZ 2896	Belize	MG572757	MG572741
Hapalopilus nidulans	FD-512	USA	KP135419	–
Hydnophlebia chrysorhiza	FD-282	USA	KP135338	KP135217
Hyphodermella corrugata	KHL 3663	Norway	EU118630	EU118630
Irpex lacteus	DO 421951208	Sweden	JX109852	JX109852
Merulius tremellosus	FD-323	USA	–	KP135231
Mycoacia fuscoatra	KHL 13275	Estonia	JN649352	JN649352
M. nothofagi	KHL 13750	France	GU480000	GU480000
Phanerochaete chrysosporium	BKM-F-1767	–	HQ188436	GQ470643
P. sordida	KHL 12054	Norway	EU118653	EU118653
Phlebia nitidula	GB 020830	Sweden	EU118655	EU118655
P. radiata	AFTOL 484	–	AY854087	AF287885
Phlebiopsis gigantea	FP-70857-Sp	USA	KP135390	KP135272
Porostereum spadiceum	KUC 2013051	Rep. Korea	KJ668473	KJ668325
Terana caerulea	FP 10473	USA	KP134980	KP135276
Trametopsis cervina	TJV 93216 T	USA	JN165020	JN164796
Tyromyces chioneus	Miettinen 7487	Finland	HQ659244	HQ659244
*T. fissilis*	Dai 18182	China	MW507119	MW520217
*T. fissilis*	Dai 19583	China	MW507120	MW520218
T. fissilis	BRNM 699803	Czech	HQ728292	HQ729002
*T. fissilis*	Dai 19589	China	MW507121	–

Figure 1.

Phylogeny of Bjerkandera and related species generated by maximum parsimony analysis, based on combined ITS and nLSU sequences. Bootstrap support for maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML), and Bayesian posterior probabilities: (BPP) ≥ 50% (MP-BT), 50% (ML-BS) and 0.90 (BPP) are given in relation to the branches.

In our phylogeny (Fig. 1), the genus Bjerkandera was supported as a monophyletic clade, which was consistent with previous studies on monophyly nature of Bjerkandera (Westphalen et al. 2015; Motato-Vásquez et al. 2020). Bjerkandera ecuadorensis, B. fulgida, B. minispora, and B. resupinata were nested within the Bjerkandera forming four distinct lineages (95/98/1.00, 90/87/1.00, 100/100/1.00, and 60/85/0.90 respectively).

Taxonomy

Bjerkandera ecuadorensis Y.C. Dai, Chao G. Wang & Vlasák, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 538578

Figs 2, 3

Diagnosis

Bjerkandera ecuadorensis is characterised by grey to dark-brown pore surface, tiny pores (7–9 per mm), and ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 3.9–4.5 × 2.7–3 μm.

Type

Ecuador, Pichincha Province, volcan Pasochoa, 3300 m, VI. 2019, J. Vlasák Jr. JV 1906/C16-J (holotype in PRM, isotypes in JV and BJFC032992).

Etymology

Ecuadorensis (Lat.): referring to the species being found in Ecuador.

Basidiomata

Annual, pileate, soft corky, without odor or taste when fresh, becoming corky when dry, projecting up to 4 cm, 5 cm wide and 1.3 mm thick at base. Pileal surface pinkish-buff to buff, glabrous, faintly zonate, margin blunt. Pore surface grey to dark-brown, becoming almost black when touched or bruised; sterile margin distinct, up to 2 mm wide; pores round to angular, 7–9 per mm; dissepiments thin, entire. Context buff-yellow, slightly fibrous to corky, up to 1 mm thick. Tubes concolorous with the pore surface and darker than context, corky, up to 0.3 mm long, and with a distinct dark line between tubes and context.

Figure 2.

Pileal surface and pore surface of Bjerkandera ecuadorensis (holotype, JV 1906/C16-J). Scale bars: 4 mm.

Hyphal structure

Hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae with clamp connections, smooth, hyaline to yellowish-brown, CB+, IKI–; tissues becoming dark in KOH.

Context

Generative hyphae thick-walled with a wide lumen, occasionally branched, densely compacted, and more or less regularly arranged to loosely interwoven, up to 3.8–6 μm in diam.

Figure 3.

Microscopic structures of Bjerkandera ecuadorensis (holotype, JV 1906/C16-J) a basidiospores b basidia and basidioles c hyphae from trama d hyphae from context.

Tubes

Generative hyphae thin- to slightly thick-walled, rarely branched, subparallel along the tubes to loosely interwoven, 2.5–3.8 μm in diam. Cystidia and cystidioles absent. Basidia clavate to barrel-shaped, with four sterigmata and a basal clamp connection, 13–14.5 × 4.5–5.5 µm; basidioles of similar shape to basidia, but smaller.

Basidiospores

Ellipsoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, often with one or more guttules, CB–, IKI–, (3.8–)3.9–4.5 × 2.7–3 µm, L = 4.09 μm, W = 2.86 μm, Q = 1.43 (n = 30/1).

Remarks

Bjerkandera ecuadorensis is characterised by grey to dark-brown pore surface, small pores (7–9 per mm), hyaline to yellowish-brown generative hyphae, and ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 3.9–4.5 × 2.7–3 μm. Morphologically, Bjerkandera ecuadorensis is similar to B. minispora in having pinkish-buff to buff pileal surface and round to angular pores (6–9 per mm), but the latter has buff-yellow pore surface and smaller basidiospores (3.1–4.2 × 2–2.8 μm). Bjerkandera adusta resembles B. ecuadorensis by having grey to dark-brown pore surface, distinct sterile margin, but the former has short-cylindric to subellipsoid and bigger basidiospores (4.5–6 × 2.5–3.5 μm, Ryvarden and Melo 2017).

Bjerkandera fulgida Y.C. Dai & Chao G. Wang, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 838579

Figs 4, 5

Diagnosis

Bjerkandera fulgida is characterised by the clay buff to pale brown and shiny pore surface, and ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 3.9–4.5 × 2.8–3.3 μm.

Type

China. Hainan Province, Lingshui County, Diaoluoshan Forest Park, 18°42'N, 109°49'E, rotten angiosperm wood, 13.XI.2015, Y.C. Dai 16107 (holotype BJFC020200).

Etymology

Fulgida (Lat.): referring to the species having the shiny pore surface.

Basidiomata

Annual, effused-reflexed, soft corky, without odor or taste when fresh, becoming corky upon drying, resupinating up to 5.5 cm long, 3 cm wide and 1.3 mm thick, with a pileal projection up to 0.6 cm, 2.3 cm wide and 1.3 mm thick at base. Pileal surface pinkish buff to clay-buff, glabrous and faintly zonate when dry; margin acute. Pore surface clay-buff to pale brown, bruised part becoming dark brown to black when dry, shiny; sterile margin up to 2 mm wide; pores round or sometimes angular, 6–8 per mm; dissepiments thin, entire. Context pale cream, slightly fibrous to corky, up to 0.5 mm thick. Tubes concolorous with the pore surface, darker than context, corky, up to 0.8 mm long, with a distinct dark line between tubes and context.

Figure 4.

Bjerkandera fulgida (holotype, Y.C. Dai 16107) A basidiomata B poroid surface detail C a dark line between tubes and context. Scale bars: 1 cm (A); 1 mm (B, C).

Hyphal structure

Hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae with clamp connections, smooth, hyaline to yellowish, CB+, IKI–; tissues becoming dark in KOH.

Context

Hyphae thick-walled with a wide lumen, occasionally branched, loosely interwoven, 3–5 μm in diam.

Tubes

Hyphae thin- to slightly thick-walled, frequently branched, agglutinated and loosely interwoven, 2.5–3.5 μm in diam. Cystidia and cystidioles absent. Basidia clavate to more or less pyriform, with four sterigmata and a basal clamp connection, 10–12 × 4–5.5 μm; basidioles of similar shape to basidia, but smaller. Crystals present among hymenium.

Figure 5.

Microscopic structures of Bjerkandera fulgida (holotype, Y.C. Dai 16107) a basidiospores b basidia and basidioles c hyphae from trama d hyphae from context.

Basidiospores

Ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, CB–, IKI–, (3.8–)3.9–4.5 × (2.6–)2.8–3.3(–3.4) µm, L = 4.21 μm, W = 3.02 μm, Q = 1.37–1.43 (n = 90/3).

Additional specimens (paratypes) examined

China. Yunnan Province, Jinghong, Sanchahe Nature Reserve, 22°09'N, 100°51'E, fallen angiosperm trunk, 24. VI. 2011, Y.C. Dai 12284 (BJFC010566); Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, fallen angiosperm trunk, 21°55'N, 101°15'E, 21.X.2013, Y.C. Dai 13597 (BJFC015059).

Remarks

Bjerkandera fulgida is characterised by the resupinate to effused-reflexed basidiomata, clay buff to pale brown and shiny pore surface, and ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 3.9–4.5 × 2.8–3.3 μm. Phylogenetically, Bjerkandera resupinata nests in a sister clade to B. fulgida (Fig. 1), also having morphological similarities, as the pore surface coloration and presence of branched hyphae in the tubes. However, B. resupinata differs in having resupinate basidiomata, larger pores (4–6 per mm), and basidiospores measuring 4.5–6 × 3.2–4.1 μm.

Bjerkandera minispora Y.C. Dai & Chao G. Wang, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 838580

Figs 6, 7

Diagnosis

The tiny pores (6–9 per mm), and ellipsoid small basidiospores measuring 3.1–4.2 × 2–2.8 μm set this species apart from others in Bjerkandera.

Type

China. Hainan Province, Wuzhishan County, Wuzhishan Nature Reserve, 18°54'N, 109°42'E, fallen angiosperm trunk, 31. V. 2015, Y.C. Dai 15234 (holotype BJFC019345).

Etymology

Minispora (Lat.): referring to the species having small basidiospores.

Basidiomata

Annual, pileate, solitary or imbricate, soft corky, without odor or taste when fresh, becoming corky when dry. Pilei flabelliform, projecting up to 4 cm, 5 cm wide and 3 mm thick at base. Pileal surface pinkish-buff to buff, becoming dark when touched, velutinate to glabrous, azonate; margin a bit acute. Pore surface buff-yellow, ash-grey to pale brown when dry, touched or bruised parts becoming almost black; sterile margin distinct, up to 1.5 mm wide; pores tiny, round to angular, 6–9 per mm; pores mouth sometimes with white tomentum; dissepiments thin, entire to lacerate. Context cream to pinkish-buff, corky, up to 2 mm thick. Tubes concolorous with the pore surface, darker than context, corky, up to 1 mm long, with a distinct dark line between tubes and context.

Figure 6.

Bjerkandera minispora (holotype, Y.C. Dai 15234) A basidiomata B poroid surface detail C a dark line between tubes and context. Scale bars: 1 cm (A); 1 mm (B, C).

Hyphal structure

Hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae with clamp connections, smooth, hyaline to pale yellow, CB+, IKI–; tissues becoming dark in KOH.

Context

Generative hyphae thick-walled with a wide lumen, moderately branched, loosely interwoven, 3.5–6 μm in diam.

Figure 7.

Microscopic structures of Bjerkandera minispora (holotype, Y.C. Dai 15234) a basidiospores b basidia and basidioles c hyphae from trama d hyphae from context.

Tubes

Generative hyphae thin-walled, frequently branched, agglutinated and loosely interwoven, 2.5–3.5 μm in diam. Cystidia and cystidioles absent. Basidia clavate, sometimes with an intermediate constriction, with four sterigmata and a basal clamp connection, 9.5–11.5 × 4–5 μm; basidioles of similar shape to basidia, but smaller.

Basidiospores

Oblong-ellipsoid to ellipsoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, often with one or more guttules, CB–, IKI–, (3–)3.1–4.2(–4.8) × 2–2.8(–3) µm, L = 3.64 μm, W = 2.4 μm, Q = 1.49–1.54 (n = 60/2).

Additional specimen (paratype) examined

China. Hainan Province, Wuzhishan County, Wuzhishan Nature Reserve, 18°54'N, 109°42'E, fallen angiosperm trunk, 24. XI. 2007, B.K. Cui 5376 (BJFC003417).

Remarks

The buff-yellow pore surface, darkening when touched or bruised, the small pores (6–9 per mm) sometimes with white tomentum, and the ellipsoid small basidiospores (3.1–4.2 × 2–2.8 μm) set this species apart from others in Bjerkandera. Bjerkandera albocinerea resembles B. minispora by oblong-ellipsoid to ellipsoid basidiospores, but the former has sordid white fresh pileal surface, and dark brownish grey pore surface (Motato-Vásquez et al. 2020). Bjerkandera ecuadorensis is similar to B. minispora in having pinkish-buff to buff pileal surface and round to angular pores (6–9 per mm), but the former has grey to dark-brown pore surface and bigger basidiospores measuring 3.9–4.5 × 2.7–3 μm.

Bjerkandera resupinata Y.C. Dai & Chao G. Wang, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 838581

Figs 8, 9

Diagnosis

Differs from other species of Bjerkandera by resupinate basidiomata.

Type

Thailand. Chiang Rai, Doi Mae Salong, rotten angiosperm trunk, 22. VII. 2016, Y.C. Dai 16642 (holotype BJFC022752).

Etymology

Resupinata (Lat.): referring to the species having resupinate basidiomata.

Basidiomata

Annual, resupinate, adnate, soft corky, without odor or taste when fresh, becoming corky when dry, up to 6 cm long, 2 cm wide, 0.5 mm thick at base. Pore surface pinkish buff to pale brownish when dry, becoming dark grey in bruised parts; sterile margin distinct, thinning out, somewhat incised, up to 3 mm wide; pores round to angular, 4–6 per mm; dissepiments thin, entire to lacerated. Subiculum pale cream, slightly fibrous to corky, up to 0.2 mm thick. Tubes concolorous with the pore surface, darker than the subiculum, corky, up to 0.3 mm long, with a distinct dark line between tubes and subiculum.

Figure 8.

Bjerkandera resupinata (holotype, Y.C. Dai 16642) A basidiomata B poroid surface detail C a dark line between tubes and subiculum. Scale bars: 1 cm (A); 1 mm (B, C).

Hyphal structure

Hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae with clamp connections, smooth, hyaline to yellowish, CB+, IKI–; tissues becoming dark in KOH.

Subiculum

Generative hyphae thick-walled with a wide lumen, rarely branched, loosely interwoven, 4–5 μm in diam.

Tubes

Generative hyphae thin- to slightly thick-walled, frequently branched, loosely interwoven, 2.7–3.8 μm in diam. Cystidia and cystidioles absent. Basidia clavate, with four sterigmata and a basal clamp connection, 14–16 × 5–6.5 μm; basidioles in shape similar to basidia, but smaller.

Figure 9.

Microscopic structures of Bjerkandera resupinata (holotype, Y.C. Dai 16642) a basidiospores b basidia and basidioles c hyphae from trama d hyphae from subiculum.

Basidiospores

Ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, CB–, IKI–, 4.5–6(–6.2) × 3.2–4.1(–4.2) µm, L = 5.23 μm, W = 3.71 μm, Q = 1.40–1.42 (n = 60/2).

Additional specimen (paratype) examined

China. Yunnan Province, Tengchong County, Gaoligong Mts., fallen angiosperm branch, 24. X. 2009, B.K. Cui 8017 (BJFC006506).

Remarks

Bjerkandera resupinata is characterised by resupinate basidiomata, pinkish buff to pale brownish pore surface, clavate basidia, and ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 4.5–6 × 3.2–4.1 µm. Ceriporiopsis umbrinescens (Murrill) Ryvarden and Bjerkandera resupinata have resupinate basidiomata, pale buff to brownish pore surface, similar sterile margin, a monomitic hyphal structure, and almost the same size of basidiospores, but C. umbrinescens has bigger pores (2–4 per mm), unchanged pore surface when touched, and a dark line absent between tubes and subiculum (Murrill 1920; Domański 1963; Núñez and Ryvarden 2001; Zhao et al. 2015).

Table 2.

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Morphological comparison of the currently accepted species in Bjerkandera.

	Basidiomata type	Pilei colour	Pore shape and number of pores	Poroid surface	Basidiospores size (μm)	Basidiospores shape	Reference
*B. adusta*	Pileate, effused-reflexed to resupinate	Cream to buff, then greyish to greyish-blue	Round to angular, 6–7/mm	Grey to black	4.5–6 × 2.5–3.5	Short-cylindrical to subellipsoid	Ryvarden and Melo 2017
*B. albocinerea*	Pileate to effused-reflexed	Sordid white to pale cream	Round, 8–11/mm	Dark brown grey to almost black when bruised	3.5–4.5 × 2–2.6	Oblong-ellipsoid to ellipsoid	Motato-Vásquez et al. 2020
*B. atroalba*	Pileate to effused-reflexed	White to cream, then grey	Round or more commonly angular, 2–5/mm	White to cream, then becoming dark	4–5 × 3–4	Narrowly ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid	Westphalen et al. 2015
*B. centroamericana*	Pileate to effused-reflexed	White to cream, then brownish	Angular, 7–11/mm	Sordid white, then brown to black in bruised parts	4–5 × 3–4.5	Broadly ellipsoid to subglobose	Westphalen et al. 2015
*B. ecuadorensis*	Pileate	Pinkish-buff to buff	Round to angular, 7–9 /mm	Grey to dark-brown, then almost black in bruised parts	3.9–4.5 × 2.7–3	Ellipsoid	Present study
*B. fulgida*	Effused-reflexed	Pinkish buff to clay-buff	Round or sometimes angular, 6–8/mm	Clay-buff to pale brown, then dark brown in bruised parts	3.9–4.5 × 2.8–3.3	Ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid	Present study
*B. fumosa*	Pileate to effused-reflexed	Buff to woody coloured	Round to angular 2–5/mm	Buff to isabelline	5.5–7 × 2.5–3.5	Short cylindrical	Ryvarden and Melo 2017
*B. mikrofumosa*	Effused-reflexed	Pale golden-brown	Angular, 7–9/mm	Pale to smoky brown, then dark grey in bruised parts	3.5–4.8 × 2.3–3	Ellipsoid	Motato-Vásquez et al. 2020
*B. minispora*	Pileate	Pinkish-buff to buff	Round to angular, 6–9/mm	Buff-yellow, ash-grey to pale brown, then almost black in bruised parts	3.1–4.2 × 2–2.8	Oblong-ellipsoid to ellipsoid	Present study
*B. resupinata*	Resupinate	–	Round to angular, 4–6/mm	Pinkish buff to pale brownish, then dark grey in bruised parts	4.5–6 × 3.2–4.1	Ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid	Present study

Additional specimens examined

Bjerkandera adusta : China. Heilongjiang Province, Heihe, Shengshan Nature Reserve, Populus, 26. VIII. 2014, Y. C. Dai 14516 (BJFC017794); Yunnan Province, Yongde County, Daxueshan Nature Reserve, rotten Angiosperm stump, 27. VIII. 2015, Y. C. Dai 15665 (BJFC019769); Gansu Province, Tianshui, Fangmatan Forest Park, fallen branch of Populus, 08. VIII. 2015, Y. C. Dai 15495 (BJFC019600). France. Lyons, Abies, 24. XI. 2012, Y. C. Dai 13201 (BJFC014065). Finland, Helsinki, Tamisto Nature Reserve, Betula, 4. XI. 2011, Y. C. Dai 12640 (BJFC012222). B. albocinerea: USA. CT, CAES Valley Lab, Dead log, 13. XII. 2015, Y. C. Dai 16411 (BJFC020499). B. fumosa: China. Chongqing, Jinfoshan Forest Park, dead angiosperm tree, 1. XI. 2019, Y. C. Dai 21100 (BJFC032759); Beijing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, living tree of Diospyros, Y. C. Dai 21087 (BJFC032746); Sichuan Province, Xiaojin County, Jiajin Mts., Hippophae, 17. X. 2012, B. K. Cui 10747 (BJFC013669). Finland, Helsinki, Tamisto Nature Reserve, Populus, 6. XI. 2011, Y. C. Dai 12474B (BJFC012257). B. mikrofumosa: Costa Rica. Monteverde, J. Vlasák Jr. JV 1707/10J-1; JV 1707/10J-2. B. centroamericana: Costa Rica, Carara Nature Reserve, J. Vlasák JV 1704/97. B. atroalba: Brazil. Recife, Charles Darwin Ecological Reserve, on angiosperm stump, Y. C. Dai 17457 (BJFC024988). Ceriporiopsis carnegieae: USA, Virgin Islands, St. John, on hard wood, J. Vlasák Jr. JV 0409/27-J. Ceriporiopsis sp.: Costa Rica. Arenal Mts., J. Vlasák Jr. JV 1512/13-J.

Key to the species of Bjerkandera

1	Basidiomata resupinate	*B. resupinata*
–	Basidiomata effused-reflexed to pileate	2
2	Pores < 5 per mm	3
–	Pores > 5 per mm	4
3	Pileal surface white to cream; basidiospores broadly ellipsoid	*B. atroalba*
–	Pileal surface buff to woody-coloured; basidiospores short cylindrical	*B. fumosa*
4	Pileal surface white to cream when fresh	5
–	Pileal surface buff to grey when fresh	6
5	Basidiospores subglobose to broadly ellipsoid	*B. centroamericana*
–	Basidiospores oblong-ellipsoid to ellipsoid	*B. albocinerea*
6	Crystals present among hymenium	7
–	Crystals absent among hymenium	8
7	Pileal margin dark brown when dry	*B. mikrofumosa*
–	Pileal margin buff when dry	*B. fulgida*
8	Basidiospores > 4.5 μm in length	*B. adusta*
–	Basidiospores < 4.5 μm in length	9
9	Basidiospores 3.1–4.2 × 2–2.8 μm, Q = 1.49–1.53	*B. minispora*
–	Basidiospores 3.9–4.5 × 2.7–3 μm, Q = 1.43	*B. ecuadorensis*

Discussion

Our phylogeny recovered Bjerkandera as a monophyletic genus, with ten species including the four new species – Bjerkandera ecuadorensis, B. fulgida, B. minispora, and B. resupinata – nested in the Bjerkandera clade (Fig. 1).

Bjerkandera ecuadorensis, B. minispora, B. adusta, B. albocinerea, and B. fumosa are phylogenetically related (Fig. 1). B. adusta, B. albocinerea, and B. fumosa form a group which is consistent with previous studies (Westphalen et al. 2015; Motato-Vásquez et al. 2020). The specimen we studied Dai 16411 from CT, USA and Bjerkandera albocinerea share cream to buff-yellow pileal surface when dry, dark brownish grey to black pore surface, round pores (8–11 per mm), and oblong-ellipsoid to ellipsoid basidiospores (3.5–4.5 × 2–2.5 μm). Also, there are two base pairs differences between them, which amounts to < 1% nucleotide differences in the ITS regions. So both specimens represent the same species. The type of Bjerkandera albocinerea and other specimens were collected from Brazil, but the specimen Dai 16411 from CT, USA, B. albocinerea has a wide distribution in America. Morphologically, Bjerkandera albocinerea is different from other four species by its white fresh pileal surface (Motato-Vásquez et al. 2020), and B. minispora can be distinguished from B. ecuadorensis, B. adusta and B. fumosa by smaller basidiospores (3.1–4.2 × 2–2.8 μm in B. minispora, 3.9–4.5 × 2.7–3 μm in B. ecuadorensis, and 4.5–6 × 2.5–3.5 μm in B. adusta, 5.5–7 × 2.5–3.5 μm in B. fumosa, Ryvarden and Melo 2017). Bjerkandera fumosa has the thicker context usually more than 6 mm, while the other two less than 6 mm (Ryvarden and Melo 2017). Bjerkandera adusta has short-cylindric to subellipsoid and bigger basidiospores (4.5–6 × 2.5–3.5 μm, Ryvarden and Melo 2017), which can differ from B. ecuadorensis. Also, there are 21 base pairs differences between Bjerkandera ecuadorensis and B. minispora, which amounts to > 2% nucleotide differences in the ITS regions.

Bjerkandera fulgida grouped with B. resupinata in a joint subclade, and these two species are closely related to B. atroalba (Rick) Westph. & Tomšovský, B. centroamericana Kout, Westph. & Tomšovský, and B. mikrofumosa Ryvarden with strong support (99/98/1.00). Bjerkandera resupinata has resupinate basidiomata, big pores and basidiospores, which can be distinguished from B. fulgida indeed. Also, there are eight base pairs differences between them, which amounts to 2% nucleotide differences in the ITS regions. Bjerkandera atroalba, B. centroamericana and B. mikrofumosa have a neotropical distribution (Westphalen et al. 2015; Motato-Vásquez et al. 2020), while B. fulgida and B. resupinata from tropical China are proved to nest in the group according to our phylogenetic study. Morphologically, Bjerkandera resupinata is a resupinate species, while basidiomata are effused-reflexed to pileate in B. fulgida, B. atroalba, B. centroamericana, and B. mikrofumosa (Westphalen et al. 2015; Motato-Vásquez et al. 2020). Bjerkandera atroalba and B. centroamericana differ from B. fulgida by their white pilei when fresh, sordid white to cream pore surface, and the presence of cystidioles (Westphalen et al. 2015). B. mikrofumosa differs from B. fulgida by its pale golden-brown pileal surface and pale to smoky brown pore surface (Motato-Vásquez et al. 2020). In addition, we found Ceriporiopsis umbrinescens (Murrill) Ryvarden and B. resupinata have resupinate basidiomata, pale buff to brownish pore surface, similar sterile margin, a monomitic hyphal structure, and almost the same size of basidiospores, but C. umbrinescens has bigger pores (2–4 per mm) and unchanged pore surface when touched (Murrill 1920; Domański 1963; Núñez and Ryvarden 2001; Zhao et al. 2015).

In our phylogenetic analysis, Ceriporiopsis carnegieae (D.V. Baxter) Gilb. & Ryvarden is phylogenetically close to the genus Bjerkandera. Ceriporiopsis Domański is a polyphyletic genus, which is nested in the families Irpicaceae, Meruliaceae (the type species C. gilvescens (Bres.) Domański belongs to Meruliaceae), and Phanerochaetaceae (Justo et al. 2017). Meanwhile, Ceriporiopsis carnegieae resembles Bjerkandera by having a monomitic hyphal system, generative hyphae with abundant clamps, and oblong to short-cylindric basidiospores (Baxter 1941; Gilbertson and Ryvarden 1985). However, the former has basidiomata with sharp and pungent odor when fresh, unchanged pore surface when touched or bruised, and seem to lack any dark line between tubes and subiculum (Gilbertson and Ryvarden 1985). One specimen – JV1512–13J – from Costa Rica forms a sister group to the three sequences annotated as Ceriporiopsis carnegieae, and we treat this specimen as Ceriporiopsis sp. There is ongoing controversy regarding for the generic affiliation of C. carnegieae (Nobles 1965; Justo et al. 2017; Motato-Vásquez et al. 2020), because the black line is absent from Ceriporiopsis carnegieae. For the time being, we are reluctant to combine them in Bjerkandera although the two taxa are phylogenetically related. To solve this problem more specimens should be examined and analysed phylogenetically.

Beside the ten species of Bjerkandera in our phylogeny (Fig. 1), another three taxa – Bjerkandera terebrans (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Murrill, B. subsimulans (Berk. et M. A. Curtis) Murrill and B. amorpha (Fr.) P. Karst. – were included in the genus. However, Bjerkandera terebrans was mentioned probably as a form of B. fumosa or variant of Osteina obducta (Berk.) Donk Because of its basidiomata with a stipe-like base (Murrill 1907; Zmitrovich et al. 2016). B. subsimulans has lobed and broadly sterile margin with a zone of appressed hairs, and angular irregular pores (1–3 per mm), which are in accord with the description of Abortiporus biennis (Bull.) Singer (Murrill 1907; Zmitrovich et al. 2016). B. amorpha has dimitic hyphal system and allantoid basidiospores that differ from Bjerkandera, so it is now Skeletocutis amorpha (Fr.) Kotl. & Pouzar (Kotlába and Pouzar 1958).

Tyromyces vivii Homble ex Ryvarden was described from Norway (Ryvarden et al. 2003), and later it was treated as a synonym of B. fumosa (Ryvarden and Melo 2017). The type material of T. vivii was analyzed, and it nested in B. fumosa (Fig. 1). We confirm this conclusion by molecular evidence.

Previously, the well-known Bjerkandera adusta and B. fumosa have been reported from the northern hemisphere and South America. However, the diversity of Bjerkandera was underestimated, B. centroamericana, B. mikrofumosa and B. albocinerea were recently described in the neotropics (Westphalen et al. 2015; Ryvarden 2016), and new species in our study have a distribution in the neotropics and tropical Asia. So, the genus has a wide distribution from boreal to tropical areas.

Acknowledgements

The research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No. 31870007) and by the institutional support of the Academy Sciences of the Czech Republic RVO: 60077344. Special thanks are due to Josef Vlasák Jr. (USA) for forwarding specimens for our study.

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