Research Article |
Corresponding author: Fu-Sheng Chen ( chenfush@hotmail.com ) Corresponding author: Jun-Qing Yan ( yanjunqing1990@126.com ) Academic editor: R. Henrik Nilsson
© 2021 Sheng-Nan Wang, Ya-Ping Hu, Jun-Liang Chen, Liang-Liang Qi, Hui Zeng, Hui Ding, Guang-Hua Huo, Lin-Ping Zhang, Fu-Sheng Chen, Jun-Qing Yan.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Wang S-N, Hu Y-P, Chen J-L, Qi L-L, Zeng H, Ding H, Huo G-H, Zhang L-P, Chen F-S, Yan J-Q (2021) First record of the rare genus Typhrasa (Psathyrellaceae, Agaricales) from China with description of two new species. MycoKeys 79: 119-128. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.79.63700
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Typhrasa is a rare genus that comprises two species and that has previously been reported only from Europe and North America. The present study expands the geographical scope of the genus by describing two new species – T. polycystis and T. rugocephala – from subtropical China. The new species are supported by morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses (ITS, LSU and tef-1α). The new species have very similar morphological characteristics and are 98% similar in their ITS region. However, T. rugocephala has two types of long gills at the same time, rarely fusiform pleurocystidia with rostrum. Detailed descriptions, colour photos, illustrations and a key to related species are presented in this paper.
Basidiomycota, macromycetes, morphology, phylogenetic analysis, taxonomy
The genus Typhrasa Örstadius & E. Larss. was established in 2015. It is characterised by a hygrophanous cap, crowded gills with white edge, small-to-medium-sized spores, large hymenial cystidia with intracellular oily drops or globules and a hymeniderm or paraderm pileipellis (
Macromorphological characters and habitat details were noted from fresh, young to mature basidiomata (over five basidiomata for each species) in the field. The location of the collection point is marked on the map (Suppl. material
DNA was extracted from dried specimens with the NuClean Plant Genomic DNA kit (CWBIO, China). Three regions (ITS, LSU and Tef-1α) were generated for the study, which were amplified with primers ITS1/ITS4 (
The ITS, LSU and Tef-1α datasets were assembled following
Sequences used in this study. Newly generated sequences are given in bold. Type material is indicated in the column Voucher.
Taxa | Voucher | Locality | ITS | LSU | tef-1α |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cystoagaricus hirtosquamulosus | Ramsholm800927 | Finland | KC992945 | KC992945 | – |
C. olivaceogriseus | WK 8/15/63-5 (MICH) Type | USA | KC992948 | KC992948 | – |
C. sylvestris | LÖ191-92 | Sweden | KC992949 | KC992949 | – |
C. squarrosiceps | Laessoe44835 | Ecuador | KC992950 | – | – |
C. strobilomyces | E. Nagasawa 9740 | AY176347 | AY176348 | – | |
Kauffmania larga | LAS97-054 | Sweden | DQ389695 | DQ389695 | – |
K. larga | LÖ223-90 | Sweden | DQ389694 | DQ389694 | KJ732824 |
Psathyrella delineata | CCB171 | USA | KY744151 | ||
P. delineata | TMW02 | USA | MF686534 | ||
P. delineata | MGW1406 | USA | KY777378 | ||
Typhrasa gossypina | 180524-H08 | Korea | MN082538 | – | – |
T. gossypina | BRNM:705622 | Austria | AM712293 | – | – |
T. gossypina | BRNM:705609 | Czech | AM712292 | – | – |
T. gossypina | WU:25069 | Austria | AM712294 | – | – |
T. gossypina | Schumacher024 | Germany | KC992946 | KC992946 | KJ732825 |
T. nanispora | Barta980706 Type | Austria | KC992947 | KC992947 | – |
T. polycystis | HFJAU1454 Type | China:Jiangxi | MW466538 | MW466544 | MW475280 |
T. polycystis | HFJAU1520 | China:Fujian | MW466539 | MW466545 | MW475281 |
T. polycystis | HFJAU1349 | China:Jiangxi | MW466540 | – | – |
T. rugocephala | HFJAU1467 Type | China:Zhejiang | MW466541 | MW466546 | MW475282 |
T. rugocephala | HFJAU1455 | China:Zhejiang | MW466542 | MW466547 | MW475283 |
T. rugocephala | HFJAU1476 | China:Zhejiang | MW466543 | MW466548 | – |
Outgroup | |||||
Psathyrella oboensis | DED 8234 Type | SãoTomé | NR148107 | – | – |
P. pertinax | LO259-91 Neotype | Sweden | DQ389701 | DQ389701 | KJ732809 |
Based on the BLAST results of the full length of the ITS region, two new species were found sharing less than 98.0% similarity with the known species of Typhrasa, respectively: 97% with T. gossypina and 92% with T. nanispora. The Bayesian analysis (Figure
Differs from Typhrasa gossypina by its smaller spores (7.1–8.2 × 4.3–5.1 μm).
China. Jiulianshan National Nature Reserve, Jiangxi Province, 25 June 2020, Jun-Qing Yan, HFJAU1454.
Referring to the characteristics of the pleurocystidia.
Pileus 20–35 mm, extending hemispherically to expanded, plane with or without umbo, surface with slightly ridge-like folds or smooth, hygrophanous, brown (7D6–7C6), pale brown (6B6–6C6) at the margin. Veil distinct, fibrous or fluffy, white (7C1), markedly appendiculate at margin, falling off easily. Context thin and fragile, hygrophanous at pileus, about 3.0 mm at the centre. Gills 4.0–5.0 mm broad, moderately close, pale cinnamon (6C6–6D5) with a white (6C1) edge, adnexed. Stipe 30–45 mm long, 5.0–8.0 mm thick, white (6C1), hollow, pulverulent at apex, with fibrils and fluffy from pellicular veil remnants below, falling off easily.
Spores (6.9)7.1–8.2 × (4.2)4.3–5.1(5.2) μm, Q = (1.4)1.5–1.8(1.9), ellipsoid to oblong-ellipsoid, profile flattened on one side, 4.1–5.0(5.2) μm broad, smooth, reddish-brown (8C5–8C6) in water, yellow-brown (7D6–7D7) in 5% KOH or 10% NH3·H2O, becoming darker (7E4–7F4) in 5% KOH, germ pore small and indistinct, 1–2 guttulate, inamyloid. Basidia 21–24 × 7.5–8.5 μm, 4-spored, clavate, hyaline. Pleurocystidia 55–81(87) × 11–17(18) μm, variously shaped, often fusiform and lageniform, with rostrum; rarely fusiform with subacute to acute apex or cystiform with rostrum, with one or two large internal oily drops, oily drops colourless and distinct or indistinct in 5% KOH, glassy-yellow (5B6–5B7) and very distinct in Melzer’s Reagent. Cheilocystidia (24)30–54(58) × (9)10–15(16) μm, similar to pleurocystidia, abundant, rarely mixed with pyriform or clavate cells. Trama of gills consisting of parallel hyphae. Pileipellis a 2–3 cells deep layer of subglobose or pyriform cells which are 24–36 μm wide. Veil composed of hyphae 6.5–14.5 μm-broad, thin-walled and fawn (5A2-A3) hyphae in 5% KOH. Clamps present in trama of gills, hyphae of stipe and at the base of the basidia and cystidia.
Saprotrophic, solitary to slightly caespitose on rotten hard wood or humus in mixed forests.
China. Jiulianshan National Nature Reserve, Jiangxi Province, 28 May 2018, Guang-Hua Huo, Lin-Ping Zhang, HFJAU1349. Wuyishan National Nature Reserve, Fujian Province, 27.748888°N, 117.7625°E, 761 alt., 12 June 2020, Liangliang Qi, Yupeng Ge, HFJAU1520, HMJAU58461.
Differs from Typhrasa polycystis by having two types of long gills and rarely rostrum can be found in fusiform pleurocystidia.
China. Baishanzu National Nature Reserve, Zhejiang Province, 27.734233°N, 119.186943°E, 1184 m alt. 28 June 2020, Sheng-Nan Wang, HFJAU1467.
Referring to the surface of the pileus.
Pileus 35–55 mm, spreading hemispherically to oblate with a slight umbo, surface with distinct ridge-like folds, hygrophanous, reddish-brown (8E5–8F6), pale brown (6D7–6C7) at the margin, drying tawny (7D6–7E6), striate, sometimes faintly, at margin. Veil distinct, fibrous or fluffy, white (7C1), markedly appendiculate at margin, falling off easily. Context thin and fragile, hygrophanous, about 2.5 mm at the centre. Gills 5.0–7.0 mm broad, moderately close; when young, dirty white (7B1), becoming cinnamon (7C6–7D5) with a white edge (7C1); two types of long gills arranged at intervals: A: adnate to slightly decurrent, B: emarginate- adnexed. Stipe 40–60 mm long, 5.0–10 mm thick, white (7C1), hollow, pulverulent at apex, with fibrils and fluffy from pellicular veil remnants below, falling off easily.
Spores (6.5)6.8–7.9(8.3) × 4.5–5.2(5.4) μm, Q = (1.3)1.4–1.7, ellipsoid to oblong-ellipsoid, profile flattened on one side, 4.1–5.0(5.2) μm broad, smooth, reddish-brown (8C6–8C7) in water, yellow-brown (7D6–7D7) in 5% KOH or 10% NH3·H2O, becoming darker (7E4–7E5) in 5% KOH, germ pore small and indistinct, 1–2 guttulate, inamyloid. Basidia 18–23 × 7.0–8.0 μm, 4-spored, clavate, hyaline. Pleurocystidia 42–68 × 13–17 μm, thin-walled, fusiform, apex obtuse to subacute, rarely cystiform with a short rostrum, with one or two large internal oily drops, oily drops colourless and distinct or indistinct in 5% KOH, glassy-yellow (5B6–5B7) and very distinct in Melzer’s Reagent. Cheilocystidia scanty, 33–48 × 10–15 μm, similar to pleurocystidia, few and scattered, mix with pyriform or clavate, 21–39 × 11–13 μm-sized cells. Trama of gills consisting of parallel hyphae. Pileipellis a 2–3 cells deep layer of subglobose or pyriform cells which are 18–32 μm wide. Veil composed of 5.4–8.4 μm-broad hyphae, thin-walled and fawn (5A2-A3) hyphae in 5% KOH. Clamps rare, but observed in trama of gills, hyphae of stipe and at the base of the basidia and cystidia.
Saprotrophic, solitary or gregarious on soil or humus in broad-leaved forests.
China. Baishanzu National Nature Reserve, Zhejiang Province, 24 June 2020, Ya-Ping Hu, HFJAU1476; 28 June 2020, Sheng-Nan Wang, HFJAU1455, HMJAU58462.
Typhrasa was established by
1 | Spores up to 9.5 μm long, 5.0–5.6 μm broad | P. subtenacipes |
– | Not as above | 2 |
2 | Spores less than 6.0 μm long | T. nanispora |
– | Spores over 6.0 μm long | 3 |
3 | Spores 7.0–9.0 μm long, 5.0–6.0 μm broad in front view | T. gossypina |
– | Spores smaller, less than 8.0 μm long and 5.0 μm broad in front view | 4 |
4 | Long gills have two types concurrently: adnate to slightly decurrent and emarginate-adnexed, fusiform, apex obtuse to subacute, rarely cystiform with a short rostrum, cheilocystidia scanty | T. rugocephala |
– | Gills adnexed, pleurocystidia variously-shaped, often fusiform and lageniform with rostrum | T. polycystis |
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31960008), Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation (20202BABL213041). The project was supported by the biodiversity investigation, observation and assessment programme (2019–2023) of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China (2110404); Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund (GYZX200203). Sincere thanks to the anonymous reviewers of the manuscript.
Figure S1. Collection site of Typhrasa rugocephala and T. polycystis
Data type: image