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Erysiphe deutziicola sp. nov. (Erysiphaceae, Ascomycota), a powdery mildew species found on Deutzia parviflora (Hydrangeaceae) with unusual appendages
expand article infoPeng-Lei Qiu‡, Uwe Braun§, Yu Li‡, Shu-Yan Liu‡
‡ Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
§ Martin Luther University, Halle, Germany

Corresponding author: Shu-Yan Liu ( liussyan@163.com )

Academic editor: Nalin Wijayawardene
© 2019 Peng-Lei Qiu, Uwe Braun, Yu Li, Shu-Yan Liu.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Qiu P-L, Braun U, Li Y, Liu S-Y (2019) Erysiphe deutziicola sp. nov. (Erysiphaceae, Ascomycota), a powdery mildew species found on Deutzia parviflora (Hydrangeaceae) with unusual appendages. MycoKeys 51: 97-106. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.51.34956
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Abstract

A powdery mildew (Erysiphales) has recently been collected on leaves of an ornamental shrub Deutzia parviflora in Baihua Mountain, Beijing, China. Microscopic examination of the chasmothecia suggested a species belonging to Erysiphe sect. Erysiphe, above all due to mycelioid chasmothecial appendages, although circinate apices of the appendages were rather in favour of Erysiphe sect. Uncinula, which is a fairly rare combination of appendage characteristics in Erysiphe. Phylogenetic analyses of ITS and 28S rDNA sequences demonstrated that the two examined powdery mildew collections on D. parviflora clustered together as an independent lineage within Erysiphe with 100% bootstrap support, representing a species of its own, which is phylogenetically allied to, but clearly distinct from Erysiphe deutziae and, in addition, morphologically quite different from all known Erysiphe species on hosts belonging to the Hydrangeaceae. The new species on D. parviflora is described as Erysiphe deutziicola.

Keywords

Erysiphales, powdery mildew, pathogen, ITS, 28S rDNA, phylogeny

Introduction

The family Hydrangeaceae comprises 17 genera and about 220 species distributed in temperate and subtropical regions of the Americas, Pacific islands, Asia and Europe (Kubitzki 2004). One of the largest genera, Deutzia, includes important ornamentals and is known to be used to treat enuresis, malaria and scabies in China (He 1990). Amongst the genera of Hydrangeaceae, Deutzia, Hydrangea, Schizophragma, Jamesia and Philadelphus have been reported as hosts of powdery mildews (Braun and Cook 2012). Nine species are currently known on hosts of these genera, viz., Erysiphe deutziae (Bunkina) U. Braun & S. Takam. on Deutzia, E. hydrangeae (Z.X. Chen & R.X. Gao) U. Braun & S. Takam. on Hydrangea, E. poeltii U. Braun on Hydrangea, E. schizophragmatis (Tanda & Y. Nomura) U. Braun & S. Takam. on Hydrangea and Schizophragma, E. yanshanensis T.Z. Liu & U. Braun on Hydrangea, Golovinomyces orontii on Hydrangea, Phyllactinia jamesiae U. Braun on Jamesia, P. philadelphi (Jacz.) Bunkina on Philadelphus and Pseudoidium hortensiae (Jørst.) U. Braun & R.T.A. Cook on Hydrangea. Erysiphe deutziae has been the only powdery mildew species hitherto found on Deutzia spp. (Braun and Cook 2012). This species was originally described as Microsphaera deutziae (Bunkina 1973). In 1977, this species was recorded from the Russian Far East and Japan (Nomura 1997). Braun and Takamatsu (2000) re-allocated M. deutziae to Erysiphe based on the phylogenetic analysis of ITS rDNA sequences (Braun and Takamatsu 2000). Later, this powdery mildew was introduced to Europe with records from France, Germany, Poland and Switzerland (Bolay et al. 2005) and the UK (Denton and Henricot 2007). In recent years, this pathogen was also reported on Deutzia in Korea (Park et al. 2010) and China (Nguyen et al. 2018).

In 2018, leaves of D. parviflora with clearly dense powdery layers were collected twice. Microscopic examination suggested the unusual appendages of chasmothecia of the fungus are apparently distinct from E. deutziae on Deutzia. In order to circumscribe this species, morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses, based on ITS and 28S rDNA sequences, were conducted for the characterisation and identification of a new Erysiphe species, E. deutziicola, found in China on D. parviflora.

Materials and methods

Morphological studies

In May 2018, D. parviflora plants with typical white powdery mildew symptoms were first noticed and collected in the nature reserve of Baihua Mountain of Beijing, China (115°34.20'E; 39°50.40'N) and later, in October, the sexual morph was found. The two specimens were deposited in the Herbarium of Mycology of Jilin Agricultural University (HMJAU) under the accession number HMJAU-PM91860 and HMJAU-PM91861, respectively. The dried specimens were put in lactic acid for light microscopic examinations (Zeiss Axio Scope A1, Germany).

DNA extraction and sequencing

Genome DNA was extracted using chasmothecia of HMJAU-PM91860 and conidia and mycelia from the asexual specimen HMJAU-PM91861 by the Chelex-100 method (Walsh et al. 1991; Hirata and Takamatsu 1996). Two specimens of Erysiphe deutziae on Deutzia parviflora var. amurensis (Nguyen et al. 2018) were also used for the DNA extraction and amplification, since 28S rDNA sequences of E. deutziae were not yet available in GenBank. The DNA amplification and sequencing were conducted according to the procedure described by Qiu et al. (2018).

Molecular phylogenetic analyses

The newly obtained sequence data (28S rDNA, including domains D1 and D2 and ITS, including the 5.8S rDNA) from two powdery mildew specimens on D. parviflora were aligned to confirm the homology. The new sequences were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers MK656288 (ITS) and MK656309 (28S) from HMJAU-PM91860 and MK656289 (ITS) and MK656310 (28S) from HMJAU-PM91861. The combined datasets of ITS and 28S rDNA sequences from the two specimens were aligned with closely related sequences of Erysiphe spp. retrieved from GenBank (Table 1) including sequences from some species occurring on hosts belonging to the Hydrangeaceae using MUSCLE implemented in the MEGA 7 programme (Kumar et al. 2016). Alignments were further manually refined and deposited in TreeBASE (http://www.treebase.org/) under the accession number of S24214.

Table 1.
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Vouchers, hosts and GenBank accession numbers of the sequences used in this study.

Species Voucher Host Host family Accession number Sequence size (bp) Reference
Erysiphe adunca MUMH 171 Salix futura Salicaceae LC028968 1326 Takamatsu et al. 2015b
E. arcuata MUMH 2741 Carpinus tschonoskii Betulaceae AB252473 1335 Braun et al. 2006
E. arcuata MUMH 3620 C. tschonoskii Betulaceae AB252474 1335 Braun et al. 2006
E. blasti MUMH 0002 Laurus umbellata Lauraceae LC009905 1317 Takamatsu et al. 2015a
E. deutziae HMJAU91777 Deutzia parviflora var. amurensis Hydrangeaceae MH027420 (ITS) 671 Nguyen et al. 2018
MK656311 (28S) 637 This study
E. deutziae HMJAU91771 D. parviflora var. amurensis Hydrangeaceae MG674082 (ITS) 670 Nguyen et al. 2018
MK656312 (28S) 637 This study
E. deutziicola HMJAU-PM91860 D. parviflora Hydrangeaceae MK656288 (ITS) 666 This study
MK656309 (28S) 636
E. deutziicola HMJAU-PM91861 D. parviflora Hydrangeaceae MK656289 (ITS) 666 This study
MK656310 (28S) 636
E. epigena MUMH 2193 Quercus variabilis Fagaceae AB292720 1403 Takamatsu et al. 2007
E. heraclei MUMH 2484 Conium maculatum Umbelliferae LC010021 1355 Takamatsu et al. 2015a
E. huayinensis MUMH 4644 Isodon umbrosus Lamiaceae LC010072 1314 Takamatsu et al. 2015a
E. huayinensis MUMH 0087 I. trichocarpus Lamiaceae LC010080 1362 Takamatsu et al. 2015a
E. hydrangeae MUMH 0514 Hydrangea paniculata Hydrangeaceae LC028983 1361 Takamatsu et al. 2015b
E. izuensis MUMH 4651 Rhododendron reticulatum Ericaceae LC010076 1350 Takamatsu et al. 2015a
E. juglandis TPU 1745 Pterocarya rhoifolia Juglandaceae LC010090 1276 Takamatsu et al. 2015a
E. pileae MUMH 2987 Pilea pumila Urticaceae LC010059 (ITS) 552 Takamatsu et al. 2015a
LC010058 (28S) 754
E. pedaliacearum MUMH 412 Sesamum indicum Pedaliaceae LC342968 1516 Shin et al. 2018
E. phyllanthi MUMH 0099 Phyllanthus flexuosus Euphorbiaceae LC009921 1351 Takamatsu et al. 2015a
E. sedi MUMH 2576 Sedum sp. Crassulaceae LC010046 1321
E. schizophragmatis MUMH 4642 Hydangea petiolaris Hydrangeaceae LC029001 1356 Takamatsu et al. 2015b
Pseudoidium hortensiae MUMH 0071 Hydrangea macrophylla Hydrangeaceae LC009915 1249 Takamatsu et al. 2015a
Pse. neolycopersici MUMH 0066 Lycopersicon esculentum Solanaceae LC009912 1344 Takamatsu et al. 2015a

A phylogenetic tree was obtained from the combined data using the maximum-parsimony (MP) method in PAUP 4.0. The MP analysis was performed with the heuristic search option using the tree-bisection-reconstruction (TBR) algorithm with 100 random sequence additions to find the global optimum tree. The gaps were treated as missing data. The bootstrap analysis (1000 replications) was used for testing the strength of the internal branches of the resulting trees (Felsenstein 1985). Tree scores, including tree length, consistency index (CI), retention index (RI) and rescaled consistency index (RC) were also calculated. Bootstrap (BS) values of 60% or higher are indicated.

Results

Phylogenetic analysis

The alignments of ITS and 28S rDNA sequences obtained from the two specimens examined are identical to each other. A total of 22 combined sequence data, including sequences from Pseudoidium hortensiae, E. hydrangeae, E. schizophragmatis and E. deutziae, four powdery mildew species on hosts of the Hydrangeaceae, were used to construct the phylogenetic tree. The sequence of E. adunca (LC028968) was used as outgroup. The original alignment dataset comprises of 1232 characters. We manually deleted 111 characters and the remaining 1121 characters were finally used for constructing the phylogenetic tree, where 105 characters were variable but not informative and 175 characters were phylogenetically informative for parsimony analysis. The analysis produced three equally parsimonious trees. The best MP tree (TL = 525, CI = 0.6895, RI = 0.7175, RC = 0.4947) with the highest likelihood score is shown in Figure 1. The phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the new sequences obtained from the powdery mildew on D. parviflora formed an independent clade supported by a bootstrap value of 100%.

Figure 1. 

Maximum parsimony phylogram of Erysiphe deutziicola and its allied species constructed from the combination of ITS and 28S rDNA sequences. Erysiphe adunca (LC028968) was used as outgroup. Bootstrap values (> 60%) by the maximum parsimony (MP) method are shown on the respective branches. The sequences pertaining to E. deutziicola are shown in bold face.

Taxonomy

Erysiphe deutziicola P.-L. Qiu, S.-Y. Liu & Y. Li, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 830253
Figure 2

Etymology

Named after the host genus, Deutzia, + -icola (dweller).

Diagnosis

Differs from all known Erysiphe species on hosts belonging to the Hydrangeaceae in having very long conidiophores, up to 235.0 µm and chasmothecia with mycelioid appendages, circinate at the apex.

Type

CHINA. Beijing City, Baihua Mountain, on leaves of Deutzia parviflora, 19 October 2018, P.-L. Qiu, S.-R. Tang & L. Liu, HMJAU-PM91860 (holotype) and HMAS 248089 (isotype) in the Herbarium Mycologicum Academiae Sinica (HMAS), Beijing; ibid., on leaves of D. parviflora, 26 May 2018, P.-L. Qiu, S.-R. Tang & D.-N. Jin, HMJAU-PM91861 (paratype).

Description

Forming distinct white colonies, very small and dense, covering both sides of the leaves, causing discolourations of entire leaves or even malformations. Mycelium amphigenous, effuse and persistent. Hyphal appressoria distinctly lobed, solitary (Figure 2, A). Conidiophores, short to very long, 54.5‒171.0(‒235) × 5.8‒8.0 μm, arising from the upper surface of hyphal mother cells (Figure 2, B‒D). Foot-cells straight, (23‒)30.5‒75.0 × 5.7‒7.7 μm, followed by 1 to 3(‒4) cells, 13‒80 μm in length. Conidia formed singly, hyaline, ellipsoid-ovoid or oblong, 18.6‒35.5 × 10‒14 μm with a length/width ratio varying from 1.4‒3.0(‒3.3) (Figure 2, E‒G). Germ tubes on the conidia with lobed apex or longitubus pattern, apex simple or somewhat swollen, produced laterally, near the middle or in perihilar position (Figure 2, H‒J). Chasmothecia, amphigenous, scattered, 70‒100.0 μm diam. (Figure 2, K). Peridium cells irregularly polygonal, 3.5–12.5 µm diam. (Figure 2, M). Appendages 6‒14 per chasmothecium, mycelioid, hyaline, aseptate, extremely long and flexuous, 1.3‒7.0 times as long as the chasmothecial diameter, up to 600 μm, 3–9 µm wide in the lower half, apices mostly sinuous-geniculate or branched, circinate at the near apex, coils relatively loose and wide (Figure 2, L). Asci 4–6 per chasmothecium, broad obovoid-saccate or clavate, short-stalked or sessile, 48‒71.5 × 28.5‒49.5 μm (Figure 2, N‒R). Ascospores ovoid or ellipsoid, 5‒8 in each ascus, 13.0‒20.5 × 10.5‒14.5 μm (Figure 2, S‒T).

Figure 2. 

Morphology of Erysiphe deutziicola on Deutzia parviflora. A Lobed hyphal appresorium B–D Conidiophores E–G Conidia H Lobed germ tube arising from the lateral of conidium I Germ tube showing longitubus pattern arising from a conidium in perihilar position J Slightly lobed germ tube arising from the perihilar position of a conidium K Chasmothecium L Appendage with sinuous-geniculate, branched and circinate apex M Peridium cells N Ascus with 5 ascospores O Ascus with six ascospores P Ascus with seven ascospores Q Ellipsoid ascus with eight ascospores R Clavate ascus with eight ascospores S Ellipsoid ascospore T Ovoid ascospore. Scale bars: 20 μm.

Host range and distribution

On Deutzia parviflora (Hydrangeaceae) in Beijing, China.

Discussion

For taxonomic purposes within the genus Erysiphe, the characteristics of the appendages are the most effective way to assign species to morphological, non-phylogenetic sections of Erysiphe that were introduced in Braun and Takamatsu (2000) and Braun and Cook (2012). Of the nine species recorded on hosts of the Hydrangeaceae, only E. poeltii pertains to Erysiphe sect. Erysiphe characterised by mycelioid chasmothecial appendages. The mycelioid appendages of E. poeltii are unbranched and later become yellowish to brownish, but remain paler or hyaline in the upper half. The appendages of E. deutziicola are completely hyaline, mostly sinuous-geniculate or branched in the apical region and sometimes distinctly circinate at the apex. Erysiphe deutziae is currently the only species on Deutzia spp., but it differs from E. deutziicola by its typically dichotomously branched appendages. The shorter, straight, stiff uncinuloid chasmothecial appendages with uncinated-circinate tips are characteristic for E. hydrangeae, E. schizophragmatis and E. yanshanensis and easily distinguish these species from E. deutziicola. Recently published phylogenetic examinations revealed that Pseudoidium hortensiae belongs to the Erysiphe aquilegiae complex (Shin et al. 2018) suggesting that Pse. hortensiae is a member of sect. Erysiphe, although chasmothecia of this species have not yet been found (Braun and Cook 2012). There are two additional species with chasmothecial appendages similar to those of E. deutziicola, viz., E. abeliae R.Y. Zheng & G.Q. Chen and E. braunii Y. Nomura. which have been described. However, the appendages in E. braunii on Saussurea are quite distinct by being pluriseptate and not coiled at the tip and the asci are 2–3-spored (Braun and Cook 2012). Erysiphe deutziicola differs from E. abeliae in having fewer, much longer appendages (numbers 6‒14 vs. 10‒40, 1.3‒7.0 times as long as the chasmothecial diameter vs. mostly 1–2 times) and fewer asci (4‒6 per chasmothecium vs. 4‒8). In addition, the ascospores of E. abeliae are yellowish vs. colourless in E. deutziicola.

The phylogenetic analysis revealed that Erysiphe deutziicola clustered in a separate clade with 100% bootstrap support, distant from all included Erysiphe species occurring on hosts of the Hydrangeaceae and it further confirmed that this species represents a species of its own. The detail morphological traits of E. deutziicola and other Erysiphe species on hosts of the Hydrangeaceae, as well as morphologically similar species on hosts of other plant families, are shown in Table 2.

Table 2.
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Morphological comparison of Erysiphe deutziicola and closely related species in Braun and Cook (2012).

Species name Host family Conidia (μm) Length of conidiophores (μm) Diameter of chasmothecia (μm) Appendages Number of asci Ascospores
Number morphology Number Colour
Erysiphe deutziicola Hydrangeaceae 18.6‒35.6 × 10.2‒14.1 54.7‒171.0 (‒234.7) 71.0‒100.0 6‒14 mycelioid 4‒6 5‒8 colourless
E. abeliae Caprifoliaceae ‒ † ‒ (85–) 95–120 10–40 mycelioid 4–8 6–8 yellowish
E. braunii Asteraceae 35–45 × 17–23 80–110 90–130 18–36 mycelioid 6–16 2–3 colourless
E. deutziae Hydrangeaceae 25–35 (–40) × (16.5–) 17.5–20 (–22) 50–75 70–150 4–16 dichotomous 2–6 4–8 colourless
E. hydrangeae Hydrangeaceae ‒ ‒ 120–225 19–40 (–48) circinate (5–) 6–12 (–21) (4–) 5–8 colourless
E. poeltii Hydrangeaceae 26–33 × 13–18 ‒ 75–110 5–20 mycelioid (3–) 4–5 (–6) 5–8 colourless
E. schizophragmatis Hydrangeaceae 27–38 × 14–18 up to 90 80–120 7–22 circinate 6–13 4–5 colourless
E. yanshanensis Hydrangeaceae average 26.5 × 14 45–80 average 120 5–23 circinate (3–) 4–9 (–11) (2–) 5–7 (–8) yellowish
Pseudoidium hortensiae Hydrangeaceae (18–) 25–40 (–45) × (9–) 12–19 (–22) 40–130 (–175) ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒

† “‒” means no related information

Acknowledgements

The authors sincerely acknowledge Prof. Susumu Takamatsu for reading the full text, for critical comments and for corrections. We appreciate the laboratories of Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi and College of Plant Protection in Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant programme numbers 31670022, 31470153].

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