Research Article |
Corresponding author: Shuang-Hui He ( heshuanghui@bjfu.edu.cn ) Corresponding author: Yu-Cheng Dai ( yuchengdai@bjfu.edu.cn ) Academic editor: Olivier Raspé
© 2019 Shi-Liang Liu, Hai-Xia Ma, Shuang-Hui He, Yu-Cheng Dai.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Liu S-L, Ma H-X, He S-H, Dai Y-C (2019) Four new corticioid species in Trechisporales (Basidiomycota) from East Asia and notes on phylogeny of the order. MycoKeys 48: 97-113. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.48.31956
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Four new species in Trechisporales from East Asia, Dextrinocystis calamicola, Subulicystidium acerosum, S. tropicum and Tubulicium bambusicola, are described and illustrated, based on morphological and molecular evidence. The phylogeny of Trechisporales was inferred from a combined dataset of ITS-nrLSU sequences. In the phylogenetic tree, Sistotremastrum formed a family-level clade of its own, sister to the Hydnodontaceae clade formed by all other genera. Dextrinocystis, is for the first time, confirmed as a member of Hydnodontaceae. A key to all the accepted genera in Trechisporales is given.
Hydnodontaceae, Sistotremastrum family, phylogeny, taxonomy, wood-inhabiting fungi
Trechisporales K.H. Larss. is a rather small but strongly supported order in Agaricomycotina (
Basidiomata of Trechisporales. a Scytinopogon pallescens (Bres.) Singer (He 5192) b Porpomyces submucidus F. Wu & C.L. Zhao (Dai 13708) c Fibrodontia alba Yurchenko & Sheng H. Wu (He 4761) d Trechispora sp. (He 5491) e Subulicystidium sp. (He 3048) f Tubulicium raphidisporum (Boidin & Gilles) Oberw., Kisim.-Hor. & L.D. Gómez (He 3191). Scale bar: 1 cm.
Except for Trechispora, the largest genus in the order, most genera in Trechisporales have mostly few species and some are still monotypic. However, in recent years, many new species have been described, based on both DNA sequence data and morphological characters.
Voucher specimens were deposited in the herbaria of Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China (
The CTAB plant genome rapid extraction kit DN14 (Aidlab Biotechnologies Co. Ltd, Beijing) was used for DNA extraction and PCR amplification from dried specimens. The ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and partial nrLSU markers were amplified with the primer pairs ITS5/ITS4 (
The molecular phylogeny was inferred from a combined dataset of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-nrLSU sequences of Trechisporales sensu
Taxa | Voucher | Locality | ITS | nrLSU | Reference |
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Brevicellicium exile | MA-Fungi 26554 | Spain | HE963777 | HE963778 |
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B. olivascens | MA-Fungi 41366 | Spain | HE963785 | HE963786 |
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B. sp | MPM 2012 | Portugal | – | HE963774 |
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Dextrinocystis calamicola |
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China | MK204533 | MK204546 | This study |
D. calamicola |
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China | MK204534 | MK204547 | This study |
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China | – | MK204548 | This study | |
Fibrodontia alba | TNM: F25503 | Taiwan | JQ612713 | JQ612714 |
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F. alba |
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China | MK204529 | MK204541 | This study |
F. brevidens | TNM: Wu 9807-16 | Taiwan | KC928276 | KC928277 |
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China | MK204528 | – | This study | |
F. gossypina | AFTOL-ID 599 | – | DQ249274 | AY646100 | Unpublished |
Hyphodontia floccosa | GB: Berglund 150-02 | Sweden | DQ873618 | DQ873617 |
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H. subalutacea | GEL 2196 | – | DQ340341 | DQ340362 | Unpublished |
Litschauerella sp. |
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China | MK204555 | MK204556 | This study |
Porpomyces mucidus |
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Czech Republic | KT157833 | KT157838 |
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P. submucidus |
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China | KT152143 | KT152145 |
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Subulicystidium boidinii | KAS: L 1584a | Reunion | MH041527 | – |
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S. acerosum |
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China | MK204539 | MK204543 | This study |
S. brachysporum | O: F: KHL 16100 | Brazil | MH000599 | MH000599 |
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USA | MK204532 | MK204549 | This study | |
S. fusisporum | GB: KHL 10360 | Puerto Rico | MH041535 | MH041567 |
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S. grandisporum | O: F: 506781 | Costa Rica | MH041547 | MH041592 |
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S. harpagum | KAS: L 1726a | Reunion | MH041532 | MH041588 |
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S. inornatum | GB: KHL 10444 | Puerto Rico | MH041558 | MH041569 |
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S. longisporum | GB: KHL 14229 | Sweden | MH000601 | MH000601 |
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China | – | MK204550 | This study | |
S. meridense | GB: Hjm 16400 | Brazil | MH041538 | MH041604 |
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S. nikau | KAS: L 1296 | Reunion | MH041513 | MH041565 |
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S. obtusisporum | FR: Piepenbrink & Lotz-Winter W213-3-I | Germany | MH041521 | MH041566 |
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S. parvisporum | KAS: L 0140 | Reunion | MH041529 | MH041590 |
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S. perlongisporum | TU 124388 | Italy | UDB028355 | UDB028355 |
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GB: KHL 16062 | Brazil | MH000600 | MH000600 |
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S. rarocrystallinum | O: F: 918488 | Colombia | MH041512 | MH041564 |
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S. robustius | GB: KHL 10813 | Jamaica | MH041514 | MH041608 |
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S. tedersooi | TU 110894 | Vietnam | UDB014161 | – |
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S. tropicum |
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China | MK204531 | MK204544 | This study |
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China | MK204530 | MK204542 | This study | |
Scytinopogon angulisporus | TFB 13611 | USA | – | JQ684661 | Unpublished |
S. havencampii | SFSU: DED 8300 | Príncipe island | KT253946 | KT253947 |
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S. pallescens |
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Vietnam | – | MK204553 | This study |
Sistotremastrum guttuliferum | MA-Fungi 82105 | Portugal | JX310445 | – |
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S. guttuliferum |
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China | MK204540 | MK204552 | This study |
S. niveocremeum | CBS 427.54 | France | MH857380 | MH868920 |
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S. suecicum | GB: KHL11849 | Sweden | EU118666 | EU118667 |
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Trechispora alnicola | AFTOL-ID 665 | – | – | AY635768 | Unpublished |
T. araneosa | GB: KHL 8570 | Sweden | AF347084 | AF347084 |
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T. bispora | CBS 142.63 | Australia | MH858241 | MH869842 |
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T. confinis | GB: KHL 11064 | Sweden | AF347081 | AF347081 |
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T. farinacea | TUB 011825 | Germany | EU909231 | EU909231 |
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T. hymenocystis | GB: KHL 8795 | Sweden | AF347090 | AF347090 |
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T. kavinioides | GB: KGN 981002 | Norway | AF347086 | AF347086 |
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T. mollusca | CBS 439.48 | Canada | MH856428 | – |
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T. nivea | GB: G. Kristiansen | Norway | – | AY586720 |
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Tubulicium bambusicola |
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China | MK204536 | MK204551 | This study |
T. bambusicola |
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Thailand | MK204535 | – | This study |
T. raphidisporum |
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China | MK204538 | MK204554 | This study |
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China | MK204537 | MK204545 | This study | |
T. vermiculare | GEL 5015 | – | AJ406424 | – |
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T. vermiferum | GB: KHL 8714 | Norway | – | AY463477 |
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For both Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI), a partitioned analysis was performed with the following four partitions: ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2 and nrLSU. The ML analysis was performed using RAxML v.8.2.10 (
The ITS-nrLSU sequence dataset contained 50 ITS and 51 nrLSU sequences from 58 samples representing 45 ingroup taxa and the outgroup (Table
Phylogeny of Trechisporales inferred from ITS-nrLSU sequences. Topology is from ML analysis with maximum likelihood bootstrap support values (≥ 50, former) and Bayesian posterior probability values (≥ 0.95, latter) shown along the branches. Different genera are indicated as coloured blocks. The new species are set in bold. Scale bar: 0.2 nucleotide substitutions per site.
In the tree (Fig.
CHINA. Fujian Province, Wuyishan County, Wuyishan Nature Reserve, on dead culms of Calamus, 3 Oct 2018, He 5701 (holotype,
“calamicola” refers to growing on Calamus.
Annual, resupinate, effused, thin, soft, easily separated from the substrate, at first as irregular small patches, later confluent up to 15 cm long, 2 cm wide. Hymenophore surface smooth, orange white (5A2) to greyish-orange [5B(3–5)], finely cracked with age; margin thinning out, fimbriate, slightly paler than hymenophore surface, becoming indistinct with age.
Hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae with clamp connections, hyaline, thin-walled, frequently branched and septate, loosely interwoven, 2–3 µm in diam. Cystidia-like branches present, branched from subicular hyphae, embedded, hyaline, thick-walled, encrusted at apex, 20–30 × 1.5–2 µm. Hymenial cystidia abundant, subulate, projecting beyond hymenium, bi- or multi-rooted, hyaline, distinctly thick-walled with a narrow lumen, slightly encrusted at apex, distinctly dextrinoid, 50–110 × 5–6 µm. Basidia suburniform to subclavate, hyaline, thin-walled, with 4 sterigmata and a basal clamp connection, 20–30 × 5–8 µm; sterigmata mostly cylindrical with a blunt tip; basidioles in shape similar to basidia, but slightly smaller. Basidiospores abundant, oblong ellipsoid to short cylindrical, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, negative in Melzer’s reagent, acyanophilous, (7–)7.5–8.8(–9) × (3.2–)3.3–4 µm, L = 8.1 µm, W = 3.7 µm, Q = 2.1–2.2 (n = 60/2).
CHINA. Fujian Province, Wuyishan County, Wuyishan Nature Reserve, on dead culms of Calamus, 3 Oct 2018, He 5693 (
The thin whitish basidiomata on a palm tree, distinctly thick-walled cystidia with a dextrinoid reaction in Melzer’s reagent, presence of small cystidia-like branches and short cylindrical basidiospores indicate that the new species is a member of Dextrinocystis. Two species, D. capitata (D.P. Rogers & Boquiren) Gilb. & M. Blackw. and D. macrospora (Liberta) Nakasone have been reported in the genus, both of which differ from D. calamicola by having much larger basidiospores (11–14 × 3–4 µm for D. capitata in
CHINA. Guizhou Province, Libo County, Maolan Nature Reserve, on fallen angiosperm trunk, 16 Jun 2016, He 3804 (holotype,
“acerosum” refers to the presence of numerous needle-like crystals.
Annual, resupinate, effused, very thin, easily separated from the substrate, up to 6 cm long, 2 cm wide. Hymenophore surface smooth, more or less arachnoid, white (5A1) to orange grey (5B2); margin undifferentiated.
Hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae with clamp connections, hyaline, thin-walled, frequently branched and septate, loosely interwoven, 2–3.5 µm in diam. Cystidia abundant, subulate, projecting beyond hymenium, hyaline, thick-walled and regularly covered with rectangular crystals at basal part, thin-walled and smooth at apex part, 50–100 × 3–5 µm. Crystals numerous, distributed in whole section or more commonly attached on cystidia, acerose, hyaline. Basidia short clavate, hyaline, thin-walled, with 4 sterigmata and a basal clamp connection, 15–20 × 4–5.5 µm; basidioles in shape similar to basidia, but slightly smaller. Basidiospores narrowly fusiform to slightly vermicular, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, negative in Melzer’s reagent, acyanophilous, (14.5–)15.5–18(–20) × 1.8–2.2 µm, L = 16.6 µm, W = 2 µm, Q = 8.3 (n = 30/1).
Subulicystidium acerosum is characterised by the long and narrow basidiospores and presence of numerous acerose crystals. The species is similar to S. longisporum (Pat.) Parmasto, which differs in having slightly shorter and wider basidiospores (12–16 × 2–3 µm, Q < 7,
CHINA. Hainan Province, Wuzhishan County, Wuzhishan Nature Reserve, on fallen angiosperm branch, 10 Jun 2016, He 3968 (holotype,
“tropicum” refers to the distribution in tropical areas.
Annual, resupinate, effused, very thin, separable from the substrate, up to 10 cm long, 3 cm wide. Hymenophore surface smooth, white (5A1), orange grey (5B2) to greyish-orange [5B(3–4)], not cracked; margin undifferentiated.
Hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae with clamp connections, hyaline, slightly thick-walled, frequently branched and septate, loosely interwoven, 2–3.5 µm in diam. Cystidia abundant, subulate, projecting beyond hymenium, hyaline, thick-walled and regularly covered with rectangular crystals except at the apex, 40–70 × 3–5 µm. Basidia subclavate to suburniform, hyaline, thin-walled, with 4 sterigmata and a basal clamp connection, 12–17 × 4–5 µm; basidioles in shape similar to basidia, but slightly smaller. Basidiospores fusiform to slightly vermicular, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, negative in Melzer’s reagent, acyanophilous, 11–12.5(–13) × 1.8–2.2 µm, L = 11.9 µm, W = 2 µm, Q = 5.95 (n = 30/1).
CHINA. Hainan Province, Baoting County, Qixianling Forest Park, on fallen angiosperm branch, 18 Mar 2016, He 3583 (
Subulicystidium tropicum resembles S. acerosum and S. perlongisporum Boidin & Gilles by sharing narrow basidiospores in the genus, but differs from S. acerosum in having shorter basidiospores and lacking the needle-like crystals and from S. perlongisporum in having much shorter basidiospores and a tropical distribution (16–25 × 1.5–2.5 µm for S. perlongisporum in
THAILAND. Chiang Rai Province, Doi Mae Salong, on dead culms of bamboo, 22 Jul 2016, He 4058 (holotype,
“bambusicola” refers to growing on bamboo.
Annual, resupinate, effused, closely adnate, thin, at first as irregular small patches, later confluent up to 15 cm long, 5 cm wide. Hymenophore surface smooth, pilose under lens due to the projecting cystidia, pale orange (5A3) to greyish-orange [5B(3–6)], finely cracked with age; margin undifferentiated.
Hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae with clamp connections, hyaline, thin-walled, moderately branched, frequently septate, loosely interwoven, 2–3 µm in diam. Cystidia abundant, subulate, projecting beyond hymenium, multi-rooted, hyaline, distinctly thick-walled, slightly amyloid, covered with dendroid branching hyphae, 70–100 × 10–16 µm. Basidia subclavate, hyaline, thin-walled, with 4 sterigmata and a basal clamp connection, 18–25 × 8–10 µm; basidioles in shape similar to basidia, but slightly smaller. Basidiospores narrowly fusiform to vermicular, bi-apiculate, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, negative in Melzer’s reagent, acyanophilous, (17–)20–29(–30) × (2–)2.2–3(–3.2) µm, L = 23.9 µm, W = 2.6 µm, Q = 9–9.5 (n = 60/2).
CHINA. Guizhou Province, Libo County, Maolan Nature Reserve, on rotten culms of bamboo, 11 Jul 2017, He 4776 (
Tubulicium bambusicola is distinguished by its large vermicular basidiospores and growing on bamboo. Three taxa, T. raphidisporum (Boidin & Gilles) Oberw., Kisim.-Hor. & L.D. Gómez, T. vermiferum (Bourdot) Oberw. and T. vermiferum var. hexasterigmatum J. Kaur & Dhingra are similar to T. bambusicola by sharing long vermicular basidiospores but differ in the width of basidiospores (≥ 3.5 µm) and growing on woody plant. Tubulicium junci-acuti Boidin & Gaignon on Juncus acutus differs from T. bambusicola by having shorter and wider basidiospores (15–20 × 3–4.25 µm,
Nine genera in the Trechisporales were included in the present analyses and the results mostly agree with previous studies (
Subulicystidium is a well-circumscribed genus characterised by the unique cystidia encrusted with rectangular crystals and fusiform to vermicular basidiospores (
1 | Basidiomata clavarioid | Scytinopogon |
– | Basidiomata resupinate or stipitate hydnoid | 2 |
2 | Hymenophore poroid | 3 |
– | Hymenophore non-poroid | 4 |
3 | Basidiospores smooth | Porpomyces |
– | Basidiospores ornamented | Trechispora p.p. |
4 | Basidiomata brown | Luellia |
– | Basidiomata light coloured | 5 |
5 | Cystidia present, large and distinct | 6 |
– | Cystidia absent or indistinct | 8 |
6 | Cystidia distinctly dextrinoid in Melzer’s reagent | Dextrinocystis |
– | Cystidia negative or amyloid in Melzer’s reagent | 7 |
7 | Cystidia regularly encrusted with rectangular crystals | Subulicystidium |
– | Cystidia usually covered with dendroid hyphae | Tubulicium |
8 | Generative hyphae with ampullate septa | Trechispora p.p. |
– | Generative hyphae without ampullate septa | 9 |
9 | Subhymenial hyphae isodiametric | Brevicellicium |
– | Subhymenial hyphae not isodiametric | 10 |
10 | Hyphal system dimitic; basidia with 4 sterigmata | Fibrodontia |
– | Hyphal system monomitic; basidia with 4–8 sterigmata | Sistotremastrum |
The authors thank Dr. Karen Nakasone (Center for Forest Mycology Research, Northern Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, Madison, USA) for literature loan and critical suggestions on the manuscript. This study was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 2016ZCQ04) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 31750001 & 31670013).