Research Article |
Corresponding author: Zhi-Qun Liang ( lizhqu1980@126.com ) Corresponding author: Nian-Kai Zeng ( niankaiz@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Olivier Raspé
© 2019 Hui Chai, Zhi-Qun Liang, Rou Xue, Shuai Jiang, Shi-Hong Luo, Yong Wang, Lu-Ling Wu, Li-Ping Tang, Yun Chen, Deng Hong, Nian-Kai Zeng.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Chai H, Liang Z-Q, Xue R, Jiang S, Luo S-H, Wang Y, Wu L-L, Tang L-P, Chen Y, Hong D, Zeng N-K (2019) New and noteworthy boletes from subtropical and tropical China. MycoKeys 46: 55-96. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.46.31470
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The morphology, ecology, and phylogenetic relationships of specimens of the family Boletaceae from subtropical and tropical China were investigated. Four species, Butyriboletus huangnianlaii, Lanmaoa macrocarpa, Neoboletus multipunctatus, and Sutorius subrufus, are new to science. Chalciporus radiatus and Caloboletus xiangtoushanensis are redescribed. Caloboletus guanyui is proposed to replace Boletus quercinus Hongo, an illegitimate later homonym. The recently described Tylopilus callainus is synonymized with the Japanese Boletus virescens, and the new combination T. virescens (Har. Takah. & Taneyama) N.K. Zeng et al. is proposed. Moreover, Neoboletus is treated as an independent genus based on evidence from morphology and molecular phylogenetic data in the present study, and many previously described taxa of Sutorius are recombined into Neoboletus: N. ferrugineus (G. Wu et al.) N.K. Zeng et al., N. flavidus (G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang) N.K. Zeng et al., N. hainanensis (T.H. Li & M. Zang) N.K. Zeng et al., N. obscureumbrinus (Hongo) N.K. Zeng et al., N. rubriporus (G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang) N.K. Zeng et al., N. sanguineoides (G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang) N.K. Zeng et al. , N. sanguineus (G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang) N.K. Zeng et al., and N. tomentulosus (M. Zang et al.) N.K. Zeng et al.
Molecular phylogeny, morphology, new taxa, taxonomy
Boletaceae Chevall. (Boletales) is a large, cosmopolitan family with abundant species. Many of them are interesting and important for their mycorrhizal relationships with trees, edibility, medicinal value, and toxicity (
The abbreviations of Boletus, Butyriboletus, Caloboletus, Chalciporus, Crocinoboletus, Lanmaoa, Neoboletus, Sutorius, Tylopilus mentioned in this work are B., But., C., Ch., Cr., L., N., S. and T., respectively.
Specimens were collected from subtropical and tropical China including Hainan and Fujian Provinces. Specimens examined are deposited in the Fungal Herbarium of Hainan Medical University (FHMU), Haikou City, Hainan Province, China, the Herbarium of Cryptogams, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (HKAS), and the Mycological Herbarium of Pharmacy College, Kunming Medical University (MHKMU).
The macroscopic descriptions are based on detailed notes and photographs taken from fresh basidiomata. Color codes are from
Total genomic DNA was obtained with Plant Genomic DNA Kit (TIANGEN Company, China) from materials dried with silica gel according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The primers used for amplifying the nuclear ribosomal large subunit RNA (28S) were LROR/LR5 (
Taxa, vouchers, locations, and GenBank accession numbers of DNA sequences used in this study.
Taxon | Voucher | Locality | 28S | ITS | tef1 | rpb2 | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baorangia pseudocalopus | HKAS63607 | Yunnan, SW China | KF112355 | – | KF112167 | – |
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Baorangia pseudocalopus | HKAS75081 | Yunnan, SW China | KF112356 | – | KF112168 | – |
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Butyriboletus abieticola | Arora11087 | California, USA | KC184413 | KC184412 | – | – |
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Butyriboletus appendiculatus | Bap1 | Germany | AF456837 | KJ419923 | JQ327025 | – |
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Butyriboletus appendiculatus | BR50200893390-25 | Meise, Belgium | KT002609 | KT002598 | KT002633 | – |
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Butyriboletus appendiculatus | BR50200892955-50 | Zoniënwoud, Belgium | KJ605677 | KJ605668 | KJ619472 | KP055030 |
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Butyriboletus appendiculatus | MB000286 | Germany | KT002610 | KT002599 | KT002634 | – |
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Butyriboletus autumniregius | Arora11108 | California, USA | KC184424 | KC184423 | – | – |
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Butyriboletus brunneus | NY00013631 | Connecticut, USA | KT002611 | KT002600 | KT002635 | – |
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Butyriboletus fechtneri | AT2003097 | – | KF030270 | KC584784 | – | – |
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Butyriboletus frostii | JLF2548 | New Hampshire, USA | – | KC812303 | – | – |
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Butyriboletus frostii | NY815462 | Costa Rica | JQ924342 | – | KF112164 | KF112675 |
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Butyriboletus hainanensis | N.K. Zeng 1197 (FHMU 2410) | Hainan, southern China | KU961651 | KU961653 | – | KU961658 |
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Butyriboletus hainanensis | N.K. Zeng 2418 (FHMU 2437) | Hainan, southern China | KU961652 | KU961654 | KU961656 | KX453856 |
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Butyriboletus huangnianlaii | N.K. Zeng 3245 (FHMU 2206) | Fujian, SE China | MH879688 | MH885350 | MH879717 | MH879740 | this study |
Butyriboletus huangnianlaii | N.K. Zeng 3246 (FHMU 2207) | Fujian, SE China | MH879689 | MH885351 | MH879718 | MH879741 | this study |
Butyriboletus peckii | 3959 | Tennessee, USA | JQ326999 | – | JQ327026 | – |
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Butyriboletus persolidus | Arora11110 | California, USA | – | KC184444 | – | – |
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Butyriboletus primiregius | DBB00606 | Dunsmuir, California, USA | KC184451 | – | – | – |
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Butyriboletus pseudoregius | BR50201618465-02 | Eprave, Belgium | KT002613 | KT002602 | KT002637 | – |
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Butyriboletus pseudoregius | BR50201533559-51 | Meise, Belgium | KT002614 | KT002603 | KT002638 | – |
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Butyriboletus pseudospeciosus | HKAS59467 | Yunnan, SW China | KF112331 | – | KF112176 | KF112672 |
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Butyriboletus pseudospeciosus | HKAS63513 | Yunnan, SW China | KT990541 | – | KT990743 | KT990380 |
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Butyriboletus pseudospeciosus | HKAS63596 | Yunnan, SW China | KT990542 | – | KT990744 | KT990381 |
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Butyriboletus pseudospeciosus | N.K. Zeng 2127 (FHMU 1391) | Yunnan, SW China | MH879687 | MH885349 | MH879716 | – | this study |
Butyriboletus pseudoregius | MG383a | Lazio, Italy | – | KC184458 | – | – |
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Butyriboletus pulchriceps | DS4514 | Arizona, USA | KF030261 | – | KF030409 | – |
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Butyriboletus pulchriceps | R. Chapman 0945 | Arizona, USA | KT002615 | KT002604 | KT002639 | – |
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Butyriboletus querciregius | Arora11100 | California, USA | – | KC184461 | – | – |
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Butyriboletus regius | MB000287 | Germany | KT002616 | KT002605 | KT002640 | – |
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Butyriboletus regius | MG408a | Lazio, Italy | KC584790 | KC584789 | – | – |
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Butyriboletus regius | PRM:923465 | Czech Rep. | KJ419931 | KJ419920 | – | – |
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Butyriboletus roseoflavus | Arora11054 | Yunnan, SW China | KC184435 | KC184434 | – | – |
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Butyriboletus roseoflavus | HKAS63593 | Yunnan, SW China | KJ184559 | KJ909517 | KJ184571 | – |
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Butyriboletus roseoflavus | HKAS54099 | Yunnan, SW China | KF739665 | KJ909519 | KF739779 | – |
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Butyriboletus roseoflavus | N.K. Zeng 2123 (FHMU 1387) | Yunnan, SW China | MH879686 | MH885348 | MH879715 | – | this study |
Butyriboletus roseopurpureus | E.E. Both3765 | New York, USA | KT002617 | KT002606 | KT002641 | – |
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Butyriboletus roseopurpureus | JLF2566 | West Virginia, USA | KC184467 | KC184466 | – | – |
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Butyriboletus roseopurpureus | MB06-059 | New York, USA | KF030262 | KC184464 | KF030410 | – |
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Butyriboletus sanicibus | Arora99211 | Yunnan, SW China | KC184470 | KC184469 | – | – |
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Butyriboletus sp. | MHHNU7456 | China | KT990539 | – | KT990741 | KT990378 |
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Butyriboletus sp. | HKAS52525 | Yunnan, SW China | KF112337 | – | KF112163 | KF112671 |
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Butyriboletus sp. | HKAS57774 | Yunnan, SW China | KF112330 | – | KF112155 | KF112670 |
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Butyriboletus sp. | HKAS59814 | Hunan, central China | KF112336 | – | KF112199 | KF112699 |
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Butyriboletus sp. | HKAS63528 | Sichuan, SW China | KF112332 | – | KF112156 | KF112673 |
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Butyriboletus subappendiculatus | MB000260 | Germany | KT002618 | KT002607 | KT002642 | – |
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Butyriboletus subsplendidus | HKAS52661 | Yunnan, SW China | KF112339 | – | KF112169 | KF112676 |
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Butyriboletus yicibus | Arora9727 | Yunnan, SW China | KC184475 | KC184474 | – | – |
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Butyriboletus yicibus | HKAS57503 | Yunnan, SW China | KT002620 | KT002608 | KT002644 | – |
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Butyriboletus yicibus | HKAS68010 | Yunnan, SW China | KT002619 | KJ909521 | KT002643 | – |
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Caloboletus calopus | Bc1 | Bavaria, Germany | AF456833 | DQ679806 | JQ327019 | – |
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Caloboletus calopus | BR5020159063805 | Montenau, Belgium | KJ184554 | KJ605655 | KJ184566 | – |
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Caloboletus calopus | 112606 | California, USA | KF030279 | – | – | – |
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Caloboletus firmus | MB06-060 | New York, USA | KF030368 | – | KF030408 | – |
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Caloboletus firmus | NY00796115 | Cayo, Belize | KJ605678 | KJ605656 | KJ619464 | – |
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Caloboletus guanyui | N.K. Zeng 3058 (FHMU 2019) | Hainan, southern China | MH879708 | MH885365 | MH879734 | MH879751 | this study |
Caloboletus guanyui | N.K. Zeng 3079 (FHMU 2040) | Hainan, southern China | MH879709 | MH885366 | MH879736 | MH879752 | this study |
Caloboletus guanyui | N.K. Zeng 3257 (FHMU 2218) | Fujian, SE China | MH879705 | – | MH879732 | MH879748 | this study |
Caloboletus guanyui | N.K. Zeng 3261 (FHMU 2222) | Fujian, SE China | MH879706 | – | MH879733 | MH879749 | this study |
Caloboletus guanyui | N.K. Zeng 3263 (FHMU 2224) | Fujian, SE China | MH879707 | MH885364 | MH879735 | MH879750 | this study |
Caloboletus guanyui | N.K. Zeng 3344 (FHMU 2809) | Hainan, southern China | – | – | MK061357 | – | this study |
Caloboletus inedulis | MB06-044 | New York, USA | JQ327013 | – | JQ327020 | – |
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Caloboletus inedulis | HKAS80478 | Florida, USA | KJ605671 | KJ605657 | KJ619465 | – |
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Caloboletus panniformis | HKAS56164 | Yunnan, SW China | KJ605674 | KJ605667 | KJ619466 | – |
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Caloboletus panniformis | HKAS57410 | Yunnan, SW China | KJ184555 | KJ605659 | KJ184567 | – |
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Caloboletus panniformis | HKAS77530 | Yunnan, SW China | KJ605670 | KJ605661 | KJ619470 | – |
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Caloboletus polygonius | K(M)60247 | Greece | KU317763 | KU317753 | – | – | GenBank |
Caloboletus radicans | HKAS80856 | France | KJ184557 | KJ605662 | KJ184569 | – |
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Caloboletus sp. | HKAS53353 | China | KF112410 | – | KF112188 | KF112668 |
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Caloboletus taienus | GDGM44081 | Guangdong, southern China | KY800414 | KY800420 | – | – |
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Caloboletus xiangtoushanensis | GDGM44725 | Guangdong, southern China | KY800416 | KY800422 | – | – |
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Caloboletus xiangtoushanensis | GDGM44833 | Guangdong, southern China | KY800415 | KY800421 | KY800418 | – |
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Caloboletus xiangtoushanensis | GDGM45160 | Guangdong, southern China | KY800417 | KY800423 | KY800419 | – |
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Caloboletus xiangtoushanensis | N.K. Zeng 1330 (FHMU 883) | Fujian, SE China | MH879702 | – | – | – | this study |
Caloboletus xiangtoushanensis | N.K. Zeng 1331 (FHMU 884) | Fujian, SE China | MH879703 | MH885362 | – | – | this study |
Caloboletus xiangtoushanensis | N.K. Zeng 1354 (FHMU 906) | Fujian, SE China | MH879704 | MH885363 | – | – | this study |
Caloboletus yunnanensis | HKAS69214 | Yunnan, SW China | KJ184556 | KJ605663 | KJ184568 | – |
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Caloboletus yunnanensis | HKAS58694 | Yunnan, SW China | KJ605672 | KJ605664 | KJ619470 | – |
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Chalciporus radiatus | N.K. Zeng 1379 (FHMU 930) | Fujian, SE China | MH879710 | MH885367 | MH879738 | – | this study |
Chalciporus radiatus | N.K. Zeng 1414 (FHMU 959) | Fujian, SE China | MH879711 | – | MH879739 | – | this study |
Chalciporus radiatus | N.K. Zeng 1808 (FHMU 2494) | Hainan, southern China | – | – | MH879737 | – | this study |
Costatisporus cyanescens | Henkel9067 | Guyana | LC053662 | LC054831 | – | – |
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Crocinoboletus laetissimus | HKAS50232 | Yunnan, SW China | KT990567 | – | KT990762 | – |
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Crocinoboletus rufoaureus | HKAS53424 | Hunan, central China | KF112435 | – | KF112206 | KF112710 |
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Cyanoboletus brunneoruber | HKAS63504 | Yunnan, SW China | KF112368 | – | KF112194 | – |
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Cyanoboletus brunneoruber | HKAS80579-1 | Yunnan, SW China | KT990568 | – | KT990763 | – |
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Cyanoboletus brunneoruber | HKAS80579-2 | Yunnan, SW China | KT990569 | – | KT990764 | – |
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Cyanoboletus hymenoglutinosus | DC14-010 | India | KT860060 | KT907355 | – | – |
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Cyanoboletus instabilis | HKAS59554 | Yunnan, SW China | KF112412 | – | KF112186 | – |
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Cyanoboletus instabilis | FHMU1839 | Yunnan, SW China | MG030466 | MG030473 | MG030478 | – |
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Cyanoboletus pulverulentus | 9606 | USA | KF030313 | – | KF030418 | – |
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Cyanoboletus pulverulentus | RW109 | Belgium | – | – | KT824046 | – | Raspe et al. 2016 |
Cyanoboletus pulverulentus | MG126a | Italy | KT157062 | KT157053 | – | – |
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Cyanoboletus pulverulentus | MG456a | Azores Islands, Portugal | KT157063 | KT157054 | – | – |
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Cyanoboletus pulverulentus | MG628a | Italy | KT157064 | KT157055 | KT157073 | – |
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Cyanoboletus sinopulverulentus | HKAS59609 | Yunnan, SW China | KF112366 | – | KF112193 | – |
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Cyanoboletus sp. | HKAS76850 | Hainan, southern China | KF112343 | – | KF112187 | – |
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Cyanoboletus sp. | HKAS52639 | Yunnan, SW China | KF112367 | – | KF112195 | – |
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Cyanoboletus sp. | HKAS52601 | Yunnan, SW China | KF112469 | – | – | – |
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Cyanoboletus sp. | HKAS50292 | Yunnan, SW China | KF112470 | – | – | – |
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Cyanoboletus sp. | HKAS59418 | China | KT990570 | – | KT990765 | – |
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Cyanoboletus sp. | HKAS90208-1 | China | KT990571 | – | KT990766 | – |
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Cyanoboletus sp. | HKAS90208-2 | China | – | – | KT990767 | – |
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Cyanoboletus sp. | PRM944518 | USA | MF373585 | – | – | – |
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Exsudoporus frostii | SAT1221511 | Tennessee, USA | KP055021 | – | KP055018 | KP055027 |
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Exsudoporus frostii | TENN067311 | Tennessee, USA | KT002612 | KT002601 | KT002636 | – |
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Lanmaoa angustispora | HKAS74765 | Yunnan, SW China | KF112322 | – | KF112159 | – |
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Lanmaoa angustispora | HKAS74752 | Yunnan, SW China | KM605139 | – | KM605154 | – |
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Lanmaoa angustispora | HKAS74759 | Yunnan, SW China | KM605140 | – | KM605155 | – |
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Lanmaoa asiatica | HKAS54094 | Yunnan, SW China | KF112353 | – | KF112161 | – |
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Lanmaoa asiatica | HKAS63516 | Yunnan, SW China | KT990584 | – | KT990780 | – |
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Lanmaoa asiatica | HKAS63603 | Yunnan, SW China | KM605142 | – | KM605153 | – |
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Lanmaoa asiatica | FHMU1389 | Yunnan, SW China | MG030470 | MG030477 | MG030481 | – |
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Lanmaoa asiatica | FHMU1775 | Yunnan, SW China | MG030469 | – | MG030480 | – |
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Lanmaoa flavorubra | NY775777 | Costa Rica | JQ924339 | – | KF112160 | – |
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Lanmaoa macrocarpa | N.K. Zeng 3021 (FHMU 1982) | Hainan, southern China | MH879684 | – | MH879713 | – | this study |
Lanmaoa macrocarpa | N.K. Zeng 3251 (FHMU 2212) | Fujian, SE China | MH879685 | MH885347 | MH879714 | – | this study |
Lanmaoa pseudosensibilis | DS615-07 | USA | KF030257 | – | KF030407 | – |
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Lanmaoa rubriceps | FHMU 1756 | Hainan, southern China | MG030465 | MG030472 | – | – |
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Lanmaoa rubriceps | FHMU 1757 | Hainan, southern China | MG030467 | MG030474 | – | – |
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Lanmaoa rubriceps | FHMU 1763 | Hainan, southern China | MG030468 | MG030475 | MG030479 | – |
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Lanmaoa rubriceps | FHMU 2801 | Hainan, southern China | MG030471 | MG030476 | – | – |
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Lanmaoa rubriceps | N.K. Zeng 3006 (FHMU 1967) | Hainan, southern China | MH879683 | MH885346 | MH879712 | – | this study |
Lanmaoa sp. | HKAS52518 | Yunnan, SW China | KF112354 | – | KF112162 | – |
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Neoboletus brunneissimus | HKAS52660 | Yunnan, SW China | KF112314 | – | KF112143 | KF112650 |
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Neoboletus ferrugineus | HKAS77617 | Guangdong, southern China | KT990595 | – | KT990788 | KT990430 |
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Neoboletus ferrugineus | HKAS77718 | Guangdong, southern China | KT990596 | – | KT990789 | KT990431 |
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Neoboletus flavidus | HKAS58724 | Yunnan, SW China | KU974140 | – | KU974137 | KU974145 |
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Neoboletus flavidus | HKAS59443 | Yunnan, SW China | KU974139 | – | KU974136 | KU974144 |
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Neoboletus hainanensis | HKAS59469 | Yunnan, SW China | KF112359 | – | KF112175 | KF112669 |
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Neoboletus hainanensis | HKAS90209 | Hainan, southern China | KT990615 | – | KT990809 | KT990450 |
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Neoboletus hainanensis | HKAS63515 | Yunnan, SW China | KT990614 | – | KT990808 | KT990449 |
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Neoboletus hainanensis | HKAS74880 | Yunnan, SW China | KT990597 | – | KT990790 | KT990432 |
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Neoboletus hainanensis | N.K. Zeng 2128 (FHMU 1392) | Yunnan, SW China | MH879690 | – | MH879719 | – | this study |
Neoboletus luridiformis | AT2001087 | Berkshire, England | JQ326995 | – | JQ327023 | – |
|
Neoboletus magnificus | HKAS54096 | Yunnan, SW China | KF112324 | – | KF112149 | KF112654 |
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Neoboletus magnificus | HKAS74939 | Yunnan, SW China | KF112320 | – | KF112148 | KF112653 |
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Neoboletus multipunctatus | HKAS76851 | Hainan, southern China | KF112321 | – | KF112144 | KF112651 |
|
Neoboletus multipunctatus | N.K. Zeng 2498 (FHMU 1620) | Hainan, southern China | MH879693 | MH885354 | MH879722 | – | this study |
Neoboletus multipunctatus | N.K. Zeng3324 (FHMU 2808) | Hainan, southern China | MK061360 | MK061359 | MK061358 | – | this study |
Neoboletus obscureumbrinus | HKAS63498 | Yunnan, SW China | KT990598 | – | KT990791 | KT990433 |
|
Neoboletus obscureumbrinus | HKAS89027 | Yunnan, SW China | KT990600 | – | KT990794 | KT990436 |
|
Neoboletus obscureumbrinus | N.K. Zeng 3091 (FHMU 2052) | Hainan, southern China | MH879694 | MH885355 | MH879723 | MH879742 | this study |
Neoboletus obscureumbrinus | N.K. Zeng 3094 (FHMU 2055) | Hainan, southern China | MH879695 | MH885356 | MH879724 | MH879743 | this study |
Neoboletus obscureumbrinus | N.K. Zeng 3098 (FHMU 2059) | Hainan, southern China | MH879696 | MH885357 | MH879725 | MH879744 | this study |
Neoboletus rubriporus | HKAS83026 | Yunnan, SW China | KT990601 | – | KT990795 | KT990437 |
|
Neoboletus rubriporus | HKAS89174 | Yunnan, SW China | KT990602 | – | KT990796 | KT990438 |
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Neoboletus rubriporus | HKAS89181 | Yunnan, SW China | KT990603 | – | KT990797 | – |
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Neoboletus rubriporus | HKAS90210 | Yunnan, SW China | KT990604 | – | KT990798 | KT990439 |
|
Neoboletus rubriporus | MHKMU-L.P. Tang 1958 | Yunnan, SW China | – | MH885358 | MH879726 | – | this study |
Neoboletus sanguineoides | HKAS55440 | Yunnan, SW China | KF112315 | – | KF112145 | KF112652 |
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Neoboletus sanguineoides | HKAS57766 | Yunnan, SW China | KT990605 | – | KT990799 | KT990440 |
|
Neoboletus sanguineoides | HKAS63530 | Sichuan, SW China | KT990607 | – | KT990801 | – |
|
Neoboletus sanguineoides | HKAS80823 | Yunnan, SW China | KT990605 | – | KT990799 | KT990440 |
|
Neoboletus sanguineus | HKAS80849 | Yunnan, SW China | KT990609 | – | KT990803 | KT990443 |
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Neoboletus sanguineus | HKAS90211 | Xizang, SW China | KT990610 | – | KT990804 | KT990444 |
|
Neoboletus sanguineus | HKAS68587 | Yunnan, SW China | KF112329 | – | KF112150 | KF112657 |
|
Neoboletus sp. | CMU58-ST-0237 | – | KX017292 | KX017301 | – | – | GenBank |
Neoboletus sp. | HKAS76851 | Hainan, southern China | KF112321 | – | KF112144 | KF112651 |
|
Neoboletus sp. | HKAS50351 | Yunnan, SW China | KF112318 | – | – | KF112658 |
|
Neoboletus sp. | HKAS76660 | Henan, Central China | KF112328 | – | KF112180 | KF112731 |
|
Neoboletus thibetanus | HKAS57093 | Xizang, China | KF112326 | – | – | KF112655 |
|
Neoboletus tomentulosus | HKAS53369 | Fujian, SE China | KF112323 | – | KF112154 | KF112659 |
|
Neoboletus tomentulosus | HKAS77656 | Guangdong, southern China | KT990611 | – | KT990806 | KT990446 |
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Neoboletus tomentulosus | N.K. Zeng 1285 (FHMU 841) | Fujian, SE China | MH879691 | MH885352 | MH879720 | – | this study |
Neoboletus tomentulosus | N.K. Zeng 1286 (FHMU 842) | Fujian, SE China | MH879692 | MH885353 | MH879721 | – | this study |
Neoboletus venenatus | HKAS57489 | Yunnan, SW China | KF112325 | – | KF112158 | KF112665 |
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Neoboletus venenatus | HKAS63535 | Sichuan, SW China | KT990613 | – | KT990807 | KT990448 |
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Rugiboletus brunneiporus | HKAS68586 | Xizang, SW China | KF112402 | – | KF112197 | – |
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Rugiboletus brunneiporus | HKAS83009 | Xizang, SW China | KM605133 | – | KM605146 | – |
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Rugiboletus extremiorientalis | HKAS76663 | Henan, Central China | KM605135 | – | KM605147 | KM605170 |
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Rugiboletus extremiorientalis | HKAS74754 | China | KT990639 | – | KT990832 | KT990469 |
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Rubroboletus latisporus | HKAS63517 | Yunnan, SW China | KP055022 | – | KP055019 | KP055028 |
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Rubroboletus latisporus | HKAS80358 | Chongqing, SW China | KP055023 | – | KP055020 | KP055029 |
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Rubroboletus sinicus | HKAS68620 | Yunnan, SW China | KF112319 | – | KF112146 | KF112661 |
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Sutorius aff. eximius | HKAS56291 | Yunnan, SW China | KF112400 | – | KF112208 | KF112803 |
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Sutorius aff. eximius | MHKMU-S.D. Yang 010 | Yunnan, SW China | MH879697 | MH885359 | MH879727 | – | this study |
Sutorius australiensis | REH9280 | Australia | JQ327031 | – | JQ327031 | – |
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Sutorius australiensis | REH9441 | Australia | JQ327006 | – | JQ327032 | MG212652 |
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Sutorius eximius | REH9400 | USA | JQ327004 | – | JQ327029 | – |
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Sutorius eximius | HKAS52672 | Yunnan, SW China | KF112399 | – | KF112207 | KF112802 |
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Sutorius eximius | HKAS50420 | Yunnan, SW China | KT990549 | – | KT990750 | KT990387 |
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Sutorius eximius | HKAS59657 | China | KT990707 | – | KT990887 | KT990505 |
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Sutorius eximius | 8594 | Costa Rica | JQ327008 | – | JQ327027 | – |
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Sutorius eximius | 995 | Costa Rica | JQ327010 | – | JQ327030 | – |
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Sutorius eximius | 986 | Costa Rica | JQ327009 | – | JQ327028 | – |
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Sutorius eximius | 8069 | Indonesia | JQ327003 | – | – | – |
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Sutorius sp. | N.K. Zeng 3297 (FHMU 2258) | Fujian, SE China | MH879701 | – | MH879731 | – | this study |
Sutorius sp. | ECV3603 | Thailand | JQ327000 | – | JQ327033 | – |
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Sutorius sp. | 01-528 | Zambia | JQ327002 | – | – | – |
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Sutorius subrufus | N.K. Zeng 3043 (FHMU 2004) | Hainan, southern China | MH879698 | MH885360 | MH879728 | MH879745 | this study |
Sutorius subrufus | N.K. Zeng 3045 (FHMU 2006) | Hainan, southern China | MH879699 | MH885361 | MH879729 | MH879746 | this study |
Sutorius subrufus | N.K. Zeng 3140 (FHMU 2101) | Hainan, southern China | MH879700 | – | MH879730 | MH879747 | this study |
For the concatenated multilocus dataset of Butyriboletus, 14 sequences (four of 28S, four of ITS, four of tef1, and two of rpb2) from four collections were newly generated (Table
The three combined datasets (Butyriboletus, Caloboletus + Neoboletus + Sutorius, Lanmaoa) were all analyzed by using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI). Maximum likelihood tree generation and bootstrap analyses were performed with the program RAxML 7.2.6 (
The four-locus dataset (28S + ITS + tef1 + rpb2) of Butyriboletus consisted of 52 taxa and 3116 nucleotide sites (Fig.
The four-locus dataset (28S + ITS + tef1 + rpb2) with Caloboletus, Neoboletus, and Sutorius consisted of 93 taxa and 3228 nucleotide sites (Fig.
The three-locus dataset (28S + ITS + tef1) of Lanmaoa consisted of 40 taxa and 2007 nucleotide sites (Fig.
Butyriboletus, typified by But. appendiculatus (Schaeff.) D. Arora & J.L.Frank, was erected to accommodate the “butter boletes”, which are mainly characterized by yellow hymenophore and context staining blue when injured and stipe surface usually covered with reticulations (
Latin, “huangnianlaii” is named after Chinese mycologist Nian-Lai Huang, in honor of his contribution to mycology.
Basidiomata medium-sized to large. Pileus 5–11 cm in diameter, convex to applanate; surface dry, finely tomentose, pale brown (5D1–4D2), brown to reddish brown (5C2–6C2); context 0.6–2.2 cm thick in the center of the pileus, yellowish to yellow, changing blue quickly when injured. Hymenophore poroid, adnate or slightly depressed around apex of stipe; pores angular, about 0.5 mm in diameter, yellowish white (30A2) to yellowish brown (4A4), changing blue quickly when injured; tubes 0.4–0.8 cm in length. Stipe 4.5–8 × 1.3–2.5 cm, central, subcylindric, solid; surface dry, yellowish (30A2) when young, then brownish red (8D5), reticulate nearly to base; reticulum yellowish (1A2) when young, then brownish red (8D5); context yellowish to yellow, changing blue quickly when injured; basal mycelium white (1A1). Odor indistinct.
Basidia 20–31 × 6–9 μm, clavate, thin-walled, colorless to yellowish in KOH; four-spored, sterigmata 3–4 μm in length. Basidiospores [40/2/2] (7–)7.5–10.5(–11) × 3–4 μm, Q=(2.00–)2.14–2.86(–3.14), Qm=2.51 ± 0.27, subfusoid and inequilateral in side view with a weak or distinct suprahilar depression, elliptic-fusiform to subfusiform in ventral view, slightly thick-walled (to 0.5 μm), olive-brown to yellowish brown in KOH, smooth. Hymenophoral trama boletoid; composed of colorless to yellowish in KOH, 3–10 μm wide, thin- to slightly thick-walled (to 0.5 μm) hyphae. Cheilocystidia 32–53 × 7–12 μm, fusiform or subfusiform, thin-walled, yellowish in KOH, no encrustations. Pleurocystidia 40–60 × 8–13 μm, fusiform or subfusiform, thin-walled, yellowish in KOH, no encrustations. Pileipellis a trichoderm about 110 μm thick, composed of slightly interwoven, nearly colorless in KOH, 4–6 μm wide, thin-walled hyphae; terminal cells 30–50× 4–8 μm, clavate or subclavate, with obtuse apex. Pileal trama made up of hyphae 8–12 μm in diameter, thin-walled, colorless in KOH. Stipitipellis hymeniform about 120–140 μm thick, composed of thin- to slightly thick-walled (to 0.5 μm) emergent hyphae, colorless to yellowish in KOH, with clavate, subclavate, fusiform or subfusiform terminal cells (15–45 × 4–9 μm) , and occasionally with scattered clavate, 4-spored basidia. Stipe trama composed of longitudinally arranged, parallel hyphae 3.5–7 μm wide, cylindrical, thin- to slightly thick-walled (up to 0.5 μm), colorless to yellowish in KOH, parallel hyphae. Clamp connections absent in all tissues.
Basidiomata of boletes. a, b Butyriboletus huangnianlaii (FHMU 2207, holotype) c–f Caloboletus guanyui (c–d from FHMU 399; e from FHMU 2224; f from FHMU 2222) g–j Caloboletus xiangtoushanensis (g from FHMU 883 h, j from FHMU 906 i from FHMU 884) k, l Chalciporus radiatus (FHMU 930). Photos by N.K. Zeng.
Scattered on the ground in forests dominated by Castanopsis kawakamii Hay.
Southeastern China.
CHINA. Fujian Province: Sanming City, Geshikao National Forest Park, elev. 420 m, 16 August 2017, N.K. Zeng 3245 (FHMU 2206).
Butyriboletus huangnianlaii is characterized by a medium-sized to large basidioma, pileal surface densely covered with pale brown to reddish brown squamules, smaller basidiospores, and its association with fagaceous trees. It is both morphologically similar and phylogenetically related to But. pseudospeciosus and But. roseoflavus (Fig.
Caloboletus, typified by C. calopus (Pers.) Vizzini, is mainly characterized by yellow tubes, yellow or more rarely orange to red pores changing to blue when injured, bitter taste of the context due to the presence of calopin and cyclocalopin (
Boletus quercinus Hongo, Memoirs of Shiga University 17: 92, 1967 (nom. illeg., later homonym)
non Boletus quercinus Schrad., Spicilegium Florae Germanicae 1: 157, 1794
non Boletus quercinus (Pilát) Hlaváček, Mykologický Sborník 67(3): 87, 1990 (nom. illeg., later homonym)
Latin, “guanyui” is named for Guan Yu, a historic Chinese hero, said to have a reddish face, and thus sharing the same color of pores of the species when young.
Basidiomata medium-sized to large. Pileus 5–10 cm in diameter, convex to applanate; surface dry, finely tomentose, dirty white to pale brown; context 0.5–1.8 cm thick in the center of the pileus, white, changing bluish quickly when injured, then back to white. Hymenophore poroid, depressed around apex of stipe; pores subround, 0.3–0.5 mm in diameter, reddish to reddish brown when young, then yellow or yellowish brown, changing bluish black when injured; tubes about 0.5–1 cm in length, yellowish, changing bluish quickly when injured. Stipe 5.5–9 × 0.7–1.5 cm, central, subcylindric, solid, usually flexuous; surface dry, densely covered with pale brown, brown to reddish brown, minute squamules; context white, sometimes tinged with pale red, unchanging in color when injured; basal mycelium white. Odor indistinct.
Basidia 21–30 × 6–8 μm, clavate, thin-walled, colorless to yellowish in KOH; four-spored, sterigmata 3–4 μm in length. Basidiospores [220/12/5] (8.5–)9–11(–12) × 3.5–4.5 μm, Q=(2.00–)2.22–2.67(–2.86), Qm=2.43 ± 0.17, subfusoid and inequilateral in side view with a weak or distinct suprahilar depression, elliptic-fusiform to subfusiform in ventral view, slightly thick-walled (to 0.5 μm), olive-brown to yellowish brown in KOH, smooth. Hymenophoral trama boletoid; composed of yellowish in KOH, 4–10 μm wide, thin-walled hyphae. Cheilocystidia 25–40 × 7–10 μm, fusiform or subfusiform, thin-walled, colorless to yellowish in KOH, no encrustations. Pleurocystidia 35–45 × 6–11 μm, fusiform or subfusiform, thin-walled, colorless to yellowish in KOH, no encrustations. Pileipellis a trichoderm about 100–200 μm thick, composed of slightly interwoven, nearly colorless in KOH, 5–8 μm wide, thin-walled hyphae; terminal cells 28–35 × 5–10 μm, clavate or subclavate, with obtuse apex. Pileal trama made up of hyphae 4–8 μm in diameter, slightly thick-walled (to 0.5 μm), colorless to yellowish in KOH. Stipitipellis hymeniform about 80–100 μm thick, composed of thin-walled emergent hyphae, yellowish in KOH, with clavate, subclavate, fusiform or subfusiform terminal cells (27–43 × 6–11 μm), and occasionally with scattered clavate, 4-spored basidia. Stipe trama composed of longitudinally arranged, parallel hyphae 3–6 μm wide, cylindrical, thin-walled, colorless to yellowish in KOH. Clamp connections absent in all tissues.
Gregarious on the ground in forests dominated by Castanopsis kawakamii Hay. or Lithocarpus spp.
Southeastern and southern China; Japan (
CHINA. Hainan Province: Ledong County, Yinggeling National Nature Reserve, elev. 650 m, 4 June 2017, N.K. Zeng 3058 (FHMU 2019); same location, 5 June 2017, N.K. Zeng 3079 (FHMU 2040). Fujian Province: Zhangping County, Tiantai National Forest Park, elev. 350 m, 28 August 2009, N.K. Zeng 635 (FHMU 399); Sanming City, Geshikao National Forest Park, elev. 420 m, 16 August 2017, N.K. Zeng 3257 (FHMU 2218); same location and date, N.K. Zeng 3261 (FHMU 2222); Yongan City, Tianbaoyan National Nature Reserve, elev. 600 m, 17 August 2017, N.K. Zeng 3263 (FHMU 2224).
Caloboletus guanyui was originally described as B. quercinus from Japan (
Basidiomata medium-sized to large. Pileus 5.5–11 cm in diameter, convex to plane; surface dry, tomentose, yellowish brown, pale brown to brown; context 1–1.5 cm thick in the center of the pileus, yellowish, changing blue quickly when injured. Hymenophore poroid, adnate to depressed around apex of stipe; pores subround to angular, 0.5–1 mm in diameter, yellow, sometimes brownish red, changing blue quickly when injured; tubes 0.5–1.4 cm in length, yellowish, changing blue quickly when injured. Stipe 5–9 × 0.9–1.6 cm, central, subcylindric, solid, usually flexuous; surface dry, upper part covered with reddish brown, minute squamules, middle and lower part covered with brown minute squamules; context yellowish, changing blue quickly when injured; basal mycelium white. Odor indistinct.
Basidia 25–35 × 5–10 μm, clavate, thin-walled, colorless to yellowish in KOH; four-spored, sterigmata 3–4 μm in length. Basidiospores [140/8/3] (9.5–)10–11.5(–13) × 3.5–4.5 μm, Q=(2.11–)2.44–3.00(–3.29), Qm=2.76 ± 0.21, subfusoid and inequilateral in side view with a weak or distinct suprahilar depression, elliptic-fusiform to subfusiform in ventral view, slightly thick-walled (to 0.5 μm), olive-brown to yellowish brown in KOH, smooth. Hymenophoral trama boletoid; composed of colorless to yellowish in KOH, 4–10 μm wide, thin-walled hyphae. Cheilocystidia 25–45 × 7–10 μm, fusiform or subfusiform, thin-walled, colorless in KOH, no encrustations. Pleurocystidia 30–50 × 7–12 μm, fusiform or subfusiform, thin-walled, colorless in KOH, no encrustations. Pileipellis a trichoderm about 70–100 μm thick, composed of slightly interwoven, colorless or yellowish in KOH, 4–7 μm wide, thin-walled hyphae; terminal cells 35–55 × 4–7 μm, clavate or subclavate, with obtuse apex. Pileal trama made up of hyphae 3.5–7 μm in diameter, thin-walled, colorless to yellowish in KOH. Stipitipellis hymeniform about 60–80 μm thick, composed of thin- to slightly thick-walled (to 0.5 μm) emergent hyphae, colorless to yellowish in KOH, with clavate, subclavate, fusiform or subfusiform terminal cells (15–46 × 5–8 μm), and occasionally with scattered clavate, four-spored basidia. Stipe trama composed of longitudinally arranged, parallel hyphae 3.5–8 μm wide, cylindrical, thin- to slightly thick-walled (to 0.5 μm), yellowish in KOH. Clamp connections absent in all tissues.
Solitary or gregarious on the ground in forests dominated by fagaceous trees.
Southeastern and southern China.
CHINA. Fujian Province: Zhangping County, Xinqiao Town, Chengkou Village, elev. 350 m, 30 July 2013, N.K. Zeng 1330 (FHMU 883); same location and date, N.K. Zeng 1331 (FHMU 884); same location, 1 August 2013, N.K. Zeng 1354 (FHMU 906).
Our recent collections and the holotype of C. xiangtoushanensis, a species originally described from Guangdong Province of southern China (
Chalciporus, typified by Ch. piperatus (Bull.) Bataille, is an early branching lineage in the Boletaceae (
Basidiomata small. Pileus 2.5–5 cm in diameter, subhemispherical to convex when young, then applanate; surface dry, pale yellowish brown, densely covered with pale yellowish-brown, yellowish-brown, brown to reddish-brown squamules; margin decurved; context 0.6–1 cm thick in the center of the pileus, yellowish, unchanging in color when injured. Hymenophore poroid, slightly decurrent; pores radially strongly elongated, yellow to pale yellowish brown, reddish with age, unchanging in color when injured; tubes 0.2–0.4 cm in length, yellowish, unchanging in color when injured. Stipe 2.5–4.5 × 0.5–1 cm, central, subcylindric, solid; surface dry, yellow, covered with yellowish brown, brown to reddish-brown squamules; context yellowish, unchanging in color when injured; annulus absent; basal mycelium yellow. Odor indistinct.
Basidia 23–34 × 7–10 μm, clavate, thin-walled, four-spored; sterigmata 5–6 μm in length. Basidiospores [101/5/4] 6–7(–8) × 3–4 μm, Q = (1.63–)1.71–2.14(–2.33), Qm = 1.91 ± 0.15, subfusoid and inequilateral in side view with a weak or distinct suprahilar depression, elliptic-fusiform to subfusiform in ventral view, slightly thick-walled (to 0.5 μm), olive-brown to yellowish brown in KOH, smooth. Hymenophoral trama boletoid. Cheilocystidia 57–75 × 8–10 μm, abundant, subfusiform or fusiform, thin-walled, with pale yellowish-brown to yellowish-brown contents, without encrustations. Pleurocystidia 60–76 × 7–9 μm, abundant, fusiform or subfusiform, thin-walled, with pale yellowish-brown to yellowish-brown contents, without encrustations. Pileipellis a trichoderm 200–230 μm thick, composed of rather vertically arranged, sometimes slightly interwoven, pale yellowish-brown to yellowish-brown in KOH, thin-walled hyphae 4–10 μm in diameter; terminal cells 25–50 × 6–9 μm, narrowly clavate or subcylindrical, with obtuse apex. Pileal trama composed of thin- to slightly thick-walled (up to 0.5μm) hyphae 2–8 μm in diameter. Stipitipellis hymeniform composed of thin- walled hyphae with clavate, subclavate, subfusiform or fusiform terminal cells (13–80 × 5–9 μm). Stipe trama composed of cylindrical, thin- to slightly thick-walled (to 0.5 μm) parallel hyphae 5–11 μm in diameter. Clamp connections absent in all tissues.
Solitary, scattered or gregarious on the ground in forests of Pinus massoniana Lamb. or P. latteri Mason.
Central (
CHINA. Fujian Province: Zhangping County, Xinqiao Town, Chengkou Village, elev. 370 m, 4 August 2013, N.K. Zeng 1379 (FHMU 930); same location, 17 August 2013, N.K. Zeng 1414 (FHMU 959); same location, 16 August 2014, N.K. Zeng 1633 (FHMU 2493). Hainan Province: Dongfang County, Exian Mountain, elev. 633 m, 5 October 2014, N.K. Zeng 1808 (FHMU 2494).
Our molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate that the new collections and the holotype of Ch. radiatus, a species first described from Hunan Province of central China, group together with a strong statistical support based on a two-locus dataset (28S + tef1) (data not shown). This indicates that our specimens should be recognized as Ch. radiatus (
Lanmaoa, typified by L. asiatica G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang, was erected recently. However, Lanmaoa and its closely related genus Cyanoboletus share overlapping morphological features and the most important diagnostic feature of Lanmaoa defined by
Latin, “macrocarpa”, meaning the new species has a large pileus.
Basidiomata large. Pileus 10–13 cm in diameter, subhemispherical when young, then convex to applanate; surface dry, finely tomentose, brownish red (8B6–9B6); context about 2.5 cm thick in the center of the pileus, yellowish, changing blue quickly when injured. Hymenophore poroid, depressed around apex of stipe; pores subround to angular, 1–2 mm in diameter, yellow (3A5), changing blue quickly, then turning brown slowly when injured; tubes about 1.5 cm in length. Stipe 8–11 × 1.5–2 cm, central, subcylindric, solid; surface dry, brownish red (9C6), sometimes reticulate at apex; context yellow, changing blue quickly when injured; basal mycelium yellowish (2A4). Odor indistinct.
Basidia 18–28 × 6–10 μm, clavate, thin-walled, colorless to yellowish in KOH; four-spored, sterigmata 3–4 μm in length. Basidiospores [40/2/2] (9–)10–12(–13) × 4.5–5 μm, Q=(2.00–)2.10–2.60(–2.67), Qm=2.39 ± 0.16, subfusoid and inequilateral in side view with a weak or distinct suprahilar depression, elliptic-fusiform to subfusiform in ventral view, slightly thick-walled (to 0.5 μm), olive-brown to yellowish brown in KOH, smooth. Hymenophoral trama boletoid; composed of colorless to yellowish in KOH, 4.5–9 μm wide, thin- to slightly thick-walled (to 0.5 μm) hyphae. Cheilocystidia 25–42 × 7–10 μm, ventricose, fusiform or subfusiform, thin-walled, yellowish in KOH, no encrustations. Pleurocystidia 25–45 × 7–11 μm, fusiform or subfusiform, thin-walled, yellowish in KOH, no encrustations. Pileipellis a trichoderm 120–160 μm thick, composed of rather vertically arranged, nearly colorless in KOH, 4.5–6 μm wide, thin-walled hyphae; terminal cells 21–32 × 4–6 μm long, clavate or subclavate, with obtuse apex. Pileal trama made up of hyphae 3–10 μm in diameter, thin-walled, nearly colorless in KOH. Stipitipellis hymeniform about 100 μm thick, composed of thin- to slightly thick-walled (to 0.5 μm) emergent hyphae, colorless in KOH, with clavate, subclavate, fusiform, or subfusiform terminal cells (22–43 × 3–9 μm), and occasionally with scattered clavate, 4-spored basidia. Stipe trama composed of longitudinally arranged, parallel hyphae 3–8 μm wide, cylindrical, thin- to slightly thick-walled (to 0.5 μm), yellowish in KOH. Clamp connections absent in all tissues.
Solitary on the ground in forests dominated by Castanopsis kawakamii Hay. or C. fissa (Champ. ex Benth.) Rehd. et Wils.
Southeastern and southern China.
CHINA. Fujian Province: Sanming City, Geshikao National Forest Park, elev. 400 m, 16 August 2017, N.K. Zeng 3251 (FHMU 2212).
Lanmaoa macrocarpa is characterized by its large basidioma, brownish red pileus and stipe, thickness of hymenophore 3/5 times that of pileal context, and its association with Castanopsis spp. It is both morphologically similar and phylogenetically related to Chinese L. rubriceps N.K. Zeng & Hui Chai (
Neoboletus, typified by N. luridiformis (Rostk.) Gelardi et al., is characterized by stipitate-pileate or sequestrate; when basidiomata stipitate-pileate, pores brown, dark brown to reddish brown when young, becoming yellow when old (Fig.
Boletus hainanensis T.H. Li & M. Zang, Mycotaxon 80: 482, 2001
Sutorius hainanensis (T.H. Li & M. Zang) G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang, Fungal Diversity 81: 135, 2016
Solitary on the ground in forests dominated by fagaceous trees including Lithocarpus spp.
Southern and southwestern China.
Boletus hainanensis T.H. Li & M. Zang was first described from Hainan Province of southern China (
CHINA. Hainan Province: Changjiang County, Bawangling National Nature Reserve, elev. 650 m, 20 August 2009, N.K. Zeng 523 (HKAS 90209). Yunnan Province: Kunming City, bought from market, 11 July 2015, N.K. Zeng 2128 (FHMU 1392).
Latin, “multipunctatus”, referring to the many punctuations on the stipe.
Basidiomata medium-sized. Pileus 5.7–7 cm in diameter, convex to applanate; surface dry, finely tomentose, brown (4D7), dark brown (5C7) to blackish brown (5D5); context 1–1.5 cm thick in the center of the pileus, yellowish (1A5), changing blue quickly when injured. Hymenophore poroid, depressed around apex of stipe; pores subround, 0.3–0.4 mm in diameter, brown (7B5) to reddish brown (6C8), changing bluish black quickly when injured; tubes 0.5–0.7 cm in length, yellowish (1A5), changing blue quickly when injured. Stipe 7–7.4 × 1–1.3 cm, central, subcylindric, solid, usually flexuous; surface dry, covered with reddish-brown (7B5) squamules; context yellow (1A3), changing blue (21B3) quickly when injured; basal mycelium yellow (1A3). Odor indistinct.
Basidia 27–37 × 6–10 μm, clavate, thin-walled, colorless to yellowish in KOH; four-spored, sterigmata 5–6 μm in length. Basidiospores [80/4/3] 8.5–11(–12) × 4–5 μm, Q=(1.80–)1.90–2.50(–2.75), Qm=2.22 ± 0.22, subfusoid and inequilateral in side view with a weak or distinct suprahilar depression, elliptic-fusiform to subfusiform in ventral view, slightly thick-walled (to 0.5 μm), olive-brown to yellowish brown in KOH, smooth. Hymenophoral trama boletoid; composed of colorless to yellowish in KOH, 4–8 μm wide, thin-walled hyphae. Cheilocystidia 27–34 × 5–7 μm, fusiform or subfusiform, thin-walled, fawn to tawny in KOH, no encrustations. Pleurocystidia 38–61 × 6–8 μm, fusiform or subfusiform, thin-walled, colorless to tawny in KOH, no encrustations. Pileipellis a trichoderm about 120 μm thick, composed of vertically arranged, nearly colorless to yellowish in KOH, 3–5 μm wide, thin-walled hyphae; terminal cells 21–70 × 3–5 μm, clavate or subclavate, with obtuse apex. Pileal trama made up of hyphae 3–8 μm in diameter, thin-walled, colorless to yellowish in KOH. Stipitipellis hymeniform about 100 μm thick, composed of thin-walled emergent hyphae, colorless to yellowish in KOH, with clavate, subclavate, fusiform or subfusiform terminal cells (25–44 × 3–9 μm), and occasionally with scattered clavate, 4-spored basidia. Stipe trama composed of longitudinally arranged, parallel hyphae 4–9 μm wide, cylindrical, thin to slightly thick-walled (to 0.5 μm), colorless in KOH. Clamp connections absent in all tissues.
Solitary on the ground in forests dominated by fagaceous trees including Lithocarpus spp.
Southern China.
CHINA. Hainan Province: Changjiang County, Bawangling National Nature Reserve, elev. 600 m, 22 August 2009, N.K. Zeng 559 (HKAS 76851); Ledong County, Yinggeling National Nature Reserve, elev. 620 m, 6 May 2018, N.K. Zeng 3324 (FHMU 2808).
Neoboletus multipunctatus is characterized by a brown, dark brown to blackish brown pileus, brown to reddish-brown pores changing bluish black when injured, stipe surface densely covered with brown to reddish-brown punctuations, smaller basidiospores, and its association with fagaceous trees. It is both morphologically similar and phylogenetically related to N. brunneissimus (W.F. Chiu) Gelardi et al. (Fig.
Boletus obscureumbrinus Hongo, Mem. Fac. Lib. Arts. Educ. Shiga Univ. Nat. Sci., 18: 4, 1968
Sutorius obscureumbrinus (Hongo) G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang, Fungal Diversity 81: 138, 2016
Solitary or gregarious on the ground in forests dominated by fagaceous trees including Lithocarpus spp.
Southern and southwestern China; Japan (
Boletus obscureumbrinus Hongo was originally described from Japan (
CHINA. Hainan Province: Ledong County, Yinggeling National Nature Reserve, elev. 620 m, 5 June 2017, N.K. Zeng 3091, 3094, 3098 (FHMU 2052, 2055, 2059); same location, 6 May 2018, N.K. Zeng 3310, 3353 (FHMU 2271, 2814).
Boletus tomentulosus M. Zang, W.P. Liu & M.R. Hu, Acta Botanica Yunnanica 13: 150, 1991
Sutorius tomentulosus (M. Zang, W.P. Liu & M.R. Hu) G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang, Fungal Diversity 81: 142, 2016
Solitary or gregarious on the ground in forests dominated by Castanopsis kawakamii Hay.
Southeastern China.
Boletus tomentulosus M. Zang et al. was first described from Fujian Province of southeastern China (
CHINA. Fujian Province: Zhangping County, Xinqiao Town, Chengkou Village, elev. 350 m, 27 July 2013, N.K. Zeng 1285, 1286 (FHMU 841, 842).
Sutorius, typified by S. eximius (Peck) Halling et al., is mainly characterized by pores and tissues that are tinged with reddish at all growth stages, tissues not stained blue, a reddish-brown spore print, and transversely scissurate scales on stipe surface (
Latin, “subrufus” refers to the stipe surface and context of the species turning reddish when injured.
Basidiomata medium to large. Pileus 5–10 cm in diameter, subhemispherical to convex when young, then applanate; surface dry, finely tomentose, brown to pale reddish brown (10C2–11C3); context about 1.6 cm thick in the center of the pileus, white (6A1), changing reddish (9C3) when injured. Hymenophore poroid, adnate or slightly depressed around apex of stipe; pores angular, about 0.3 mm in diameter, pale brown (8C3), brown (7E2) to pale reddish brown (10C2), mostly unchanging in color when injured, but sometimes changing reddish; tubes about 1 cm in length, pale brown (8D3), unchanging in color when injured, but sometimes changing reddish. Stipe 6–10 × 1–2.2 cm, central, subcylindric, solid; surface dry, gray-white, but brownish yellow at base, covered with pale reddish-brown (7B2) to blackish-brown squamules, usually changing reddish when injured; context white (1D1–2), changing reddish (9C3) when injured; annulus absent; basal mycelium white (1A1). Odor indistinct.
Basidia 18–30 × 6–9 μm, clavate, thin-walled, colorless to yellowish in KOH; four-spored, sterigmata 2–3 μm in length. Basidiospores [200/24/3] (8–)9–12(–13.5) × 3.5–4.5 μm, Q=(2.25–)2.50–3.00(–3.29), Qm=2.79 ± 0.21, subfusoid and inequilateral in side view with a weak or distinct suprahilar depression, elliptic-fusiform to subfusiform in ventral view, slightly thick-walled (to 0.5 μm), olive-brown to yellowish brown in KOH, smooth. Hymenophoral trama boletoid; composed of colorless to yellowish in KOH, 5–10 μm wide, thin- to slightly thick-walled (up to 0.5 μm) hyphae. Cheilocystidia 28–45 × 7–10 μm, ventricose, fusiform or subfusiform, thin-walled, colorless to yellowish in KOH, no encrustations. Pleurocystidia 35–50 × 7–10 μm, fusiform or subfusiform, thin-walled, colorless to yellowish in KOH, no encrustations. Pileipellis a trichoderm about 100–150 μm thick, composed of rather vertically arranged, yellowish in KOH, 3.5–6 μm wide, thin-walled hyphae; terminal cells 30–43 × 3.5–6 μm, clavate or subclavate, with obtuse apex. Pileal trama made up of hyphae 4.5–10 μm in diameter, thin-walled, nearly colorless in KOH. Stipitipellis hymeniform about 60–80 μm thick, composed of thin-walled emergent hyphae, colorless in KOH, with clavate, subclavate terminal cells (22–28 × 4–9 μm), and occasionally with scattered clavate, four-spored basidia. Stipe trama composed of longitudinally arranged, parallel hyphae 4–8 μm wide, cylindrical, thin- to slightly thick-walled (to 0.5 μm), fawn to tawny in KOH, parallel hyphae. Clamp connections absent in all tissues.
Scattered, gregarious or caespitose on the ground in forests dominated by fagaceous trees, including Lithocarpus spp.
Southern China.
CHINA. Hainan Province: Qiongzhong County, Yinggeling National Nature Reserve, elev. 860 m, 29 May 2017, N.K. Zeng 3045 (FHMU 2006); Ledong County, Yinggeling National Nature Reserve, elev. 650 m, 27 July 2017, N.K. Zeng 3140 (FHMU 2101).
Sutorius subrufus is characterized by a brown to pale reddish-brown pileus, stipe surface and context turning reddish when injured, relatively smaller basidiospores, and it is restricted in tropical China. It is both morphologically similar and phylogenetically related to S. eximius (Peck) Halling et al. and S. australiensis (Bougher & Thiers) Halling and N.A. Fechner. However, stipe surface and context of S. eximius does not change when injured. Moreover, S. eximius has larger basidiospores, and a distribution in North and Central America (
Tylopilus, typified by T. felleus (Bull.) P. Karst., is characterized by the pallid, pinkish, vinaceous and pinkish-brown hymenophore, white to pallid context without color change, but some species becoming rufescent or sea-green when injured, and the bitter taste of the context (
Boletus virescens Har. Takah. & Taneyama, The fungal flora in southwestern Japan, agarics and boletes 1: 45, 2016
Tylopilus callainus N.K. Zeng, Zhi Q. Liang & M.S. Su, Phytotaxa 343 (3): 271, 2018
Solitary or gregarious on the ground in forests dominated by fagaceous trees including Lithocarpus spp. or Castanopsis kawakamii Hay.
Southeastern and southern China; Japan (
Tylopilus callainus N.K. Zeng et al. was described from the south of China (
CHINA. Fujian Province: Zhangping County, Xinqiao Town, Chengkou Village, elev. 350 m, 22 August 2013, N.K. Zeng 1360, 1459 (FHMU2812, 1001); same location, 23 August 2013, N.K. Zeng 1460 (FHMU 2813); same location, 24 August 2013, N.K. Zeng 1464 (FHMU 1004). Hainan Province: Baisha County, Yinggeling National Nature Reserve, elev. 550 m, 1 August 2015, N.K. Zeng 2436 (FHMU 1562); same location, 26 May 2017, N.K. Zeng 2982 (FHMU 1943); same location, 27 May 2017, N.K. Zeng 3001 (FHMU 1962); Ledong County, Jianfengling National Nature Reserve, elev. 850 m, 27 June 2018, N.K. Zeng 3426, 3431 (FHMU 2810, 2811).
According to the analytical results presented here, the following new combinations are proposed:
Neoboletus ferrugineus (G. Wu, F. Li & Zhu L. Yang) N.K. Zeng, H. Chai & Zhi Q. Liang, comb. nov.
MycoBank: MB828533
Sutorius ferrugineus G. Wu, Fang Li & Zhu L. Yang, Fungal Diversity 81: 134, 2016
Neoboletus flavidus (G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang) N.K. Zeng, H. Chai & Zhi Q. Liang, comb. nov.
MycoBank: MB828534
Sutorius flavidus G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang, Fungal Diversity 81: 135, 2016
Neoboletus rubriporus (G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang) N.K. Zeng, H. Chai & Zhi Q. Liang, comb. nov.
MycoBank: MB828535
Sutorius rubriporus G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang, Fungal Diversity 81: 139, 2016
Neoboletus sanguineoides (G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang) N.K. Zeng, H. Chai & Zhi Q. Liang, comb. nov.
MycoBank: MB828536
Sutorius sanguineoides G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang, Fungal Diversity 81: 140, 2016
Neoboletus sanguineus (G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang) N.K. Zeng, H. Chai & Zhi Q. Liang, comb. nov.
MycoBank: MB828537
Sutorius sanguineus G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang, Fungal Diversity 81: 141, 2016
Molecular phylogenetic analyses have been used widely to define the genera of boletes, and as a result, many genera were erected or merged (
The present study further shows that the most important diagnostic feature of the genus Lanmaoa, viz. “short hymenophoral tubes (thickness of hymenophore 1/3–1/5 times that of pileal context at the position halfway to the pileus center) and a slow color change when injured” defined by
According to current molecular data, 10 lineages (lineages 1–10) of Sutorius were found (Fig.
Subtropical and tropical China is believed to be a biodiversity hotspot. Mycologists have paid much attention to boletes of the region in the past decade, and many taxa have been discovered (
We are grateful to the forest rangers (Hainan Yinggeling National Nature Reserve) for their kind help during the field investigations. Special thanks are due to three reviewers for their valuable suggestions and comments which improved our manuscript. The study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 31560005, 31760008, 31360008, 31400024).