Research Article |
Corresponding author: Yu-Hui Chen ( cyh196107@126.com ) Corresponding author: Xin-Li Wei ( weixl@im.ac.cn ) Academic editor: Thorsten Lumbsch
© 2018 Ya-Bo Zuo, Da-Le Liu, Cui-Xin Li, Yu-Hui Chen, Xin-Li Wei.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Zuo Y-B, Liu D-L, Li C-X, Chen Y-H, Wei X-L (2018) A new species of the lichenised genus Anamylopsora (Baeomycetaceae, Baeomycetales) from Tengger Desert of China. MycoKeys 41: 107-118. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.41.28168
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The monotypic lichenised genus Anamylopsora (Baeomycetaceae, Baeomycetales), with its single species A. pulcherrima, is distributed in the arid areas of the Northern Hemisphere, including China. In this paper, we introduce another species new to science, Anamylopsora pruinosa. The new species is characterised by a densely pruinose upper surface, abundantly thick and strong rhizines and terricolous habitat. It is also strongly supported by the phylogenetic and species delimitation analyses based on nrDNA ITS sequences, in which A. pruinosa forms well-supported clade separated from A. pulcherrima.
Lichen, morphology, phylogeny, taxonomy, Tengger Desert
The monotypic genus Anamylopsora Timdal was established in 1991 (
Later, the family Anamylopsoraceae was synonymised with the Baeomycetaceae based on multigene phylogenetic analysis and the genus Anamylopsora is currently included under Baeomycetaceae (Baeomycetales) (
Anamylopsora pulcherrima is saxicolous, common in the arid areas of the Northern Hemisphere, including Asia (China, Iran, Kirgizstan, Mongolia, Nepal, Japan), Russia and U.S.A. (
All the six specimens of the new species of Anamylopsora were collected from one locality in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China, close to the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and are preserved in the Lichen Section of Herbarium Mycologicum Academiae Sinicae (HMAS-L). A dissecting microscope (Zeiss Stemi SV11) and compound microscope (Zeiss Axioskop 2+) were used for the study of morphology and anatomy. Standardized thin-layer chromatography (TLC, solvent system C) was used for the identification of secondary metabolites (
DNA was extracted from six fresh specimens of Anamylopsora (Table
Specimens of Anamylopsora from China and taxa used in the phylogenetic analysis in this study.
Taxon | Voucher specimens | GenBank No. |
---|---|---|
Anamylopsora pruinosa | XL2017133 (HMAS-L-141383) | MH558055* |
A. pruinosa | ZW2018064 (HMAS-L-141384) | MH558056* |
A. pruinosa | ZW2018099 (HMAS-L-141386) | MH558057* |
A. pruinosa | ZW2018100 (HMAS-L-141385) | MH558058* |
A. pruinosa | ZW2018101 (HMAS-L-141388) | MH558059* |
A. pruinosa | ZW2018102 (HMAS-L-141387) | MH558060* |
A. pulcherrima | Russia, Yakutia, 1992, Zhurbenko (ESS) | AF274089 |
A. pulcherrima | Zhurbenko 023, 2002(GZU) | KR017064 |
Ainoa mooreana | Nordin 7455 (UPS) | KJ462262 |
Ainoa mooreana | Thor 28340 (UPS) | KJ462263 |
Anzina carneonivea | Austria, Tyrol, 1996, Guderley & Heibel (ESS) | AF274077 |
Baeomyces placophyllus | XZ12147 (SDNU) | KT601493 |
B. rufus | yn138 (SDNU) | KT601494 |
Phyllobaeis imbricata | 852 | HQ650635 |
Psora crenata | Rui & Timdal SA11/02 (O) | MG677191 |
Tephromela armeniaca | u267 | AY541278 |
Trapelia coarctata | Orange 23617 (NMW) | KY797787 |
PCR products were sequenced using the ABI 3730 XL Sequencer by Shanghai BioSune Corporation of China. Except sequences of the new species, the sequences of another species in Anamylopsora, A. pulcherrima and eight species in seven genera related as outgroups, i.e. Ainoa mooreana, Anzina carneonivea, Baeomyces placophyllus, B. rufus, Phyllobaeis imbricata, Psora crenata, Trapelia coarctata and Tephromela armeniaca, were downloaded from GenBank. The sequences were aligned using ClustalW Multiple Alignment (
Two species delimitation methods were used to circumscribe species boundaries within the genus Anamylopsora – “Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery” (ABGD) (
The aligned matrix contained 431 unambiguous nucleotide position characters for ITS. The phylogenetic tree included 10 taxa representing five families from ca. four different orders and is illustrated in Fig.
The maximum likelihood tree of Anamylopsora species based on the ITS sequences. The numbers in each node represent bootstrap support (BS) and posterior probability (PP) values. Bootstrap values ≥ 75 and posterior probability values ≥ 0.95 were plotted on the branches of the RAxML tree. Except for the new species Anamylopsora pruinosa, marked by the solid circle ‘●’, all the other sequences were downloaded from GenBank. Scale bar: 0.04 substitution per site.
Intraspecific and interspecific genetic distances range of the species in this study.
Taxon | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 Anzina carneoniveaAF274077 | ||||||||||||||||
2 Baeomyces placophyllusKT601493 | 0.15 | |||||||||||||||
3 B. rufusKT601494 | 0.14 | 0.06 | ||||||||||||||
4 Trapelia coarctataKY797787 | 0.10 | 0.16 | 0.15 | |||||||||||||
5 Diploschistes diacapsisKX545503 | 0.30 | 0.32 | 0.33 | 0.31 | ||||||||||||
6 D. muscorumKX545481 | 0.29 | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.30 | 0.02 | |||||||||||
7 Tephromela armeniacaAY541278 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.36 | 0.35 | ||||||||||
8 Psora crenataMG677191 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.30 | 0.32 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.23 | |||||||||
9 Romjularia luridaKF683091 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.21 | 0.27 | ||||||||
10 Anamylopsora pulcherrimaKR017064 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.22 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.23 | 0.32 | 0.24 | |||||||
11 A. pulcherrimaAF274089 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.22 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.23 | 0.32 | 0.24 | 0.00 | ||||||
12 A. pruinosaMH558055 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.23 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.21 | 0.32 | 0.25 | 0.04 | 0.04 | |||||
13 A. pruinosaMH558056 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.23 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.21 | 0.32 | 0.25 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.00 | ||||
14 A. pruinosaMH558057 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.23 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.21 | 0.31 | 0.25 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
15 A. pruinosaMH558058 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.23 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.21 | 0.31 | 0.25 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||
16 A. pruinosaMH558059 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.24 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.22 | 0.32 | 0.25 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
17 A. pruinosaMH558060 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.21 | 0.32 | 0.26 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
The ABGD analysis based on nrDNA ITS, provided evidence supporting A. pruinosa and A. pulcherrima as two different species (P = 0.001-0.01). The tree-based bPTP analysis also suggested two species (tree not shown) and within A. pruinosa group, the individuals coll. nos ZW2018102 and ZW2018101 clustered outermost, separating from other four samples, i.e. coll. nos. XL2017133, ZW2018064, ZW2018099 and ZW2018100.
The species is characterised by densely pruinose upper surface, abundantly thick and strong rhizines and terricolous habitat.
CHINA. Ningxia: Zhongwei City, Ciu Liu Gou. 37°24'34.92"N, 104°35'8.66"E, 1577 m alt., on sandy soil, 15 July 2017, D.L. Liu & R. D. Liu XL2017133 (HMAS–L–141383– holotype).
Thallus squamulose, 2–6 cm diam., terricolous, tightly adnate to the substrate. Squamules 2–3 mm diam., more or less imbricate, with areolate crust-like centre and slightly ascending and crenate margin. Upper surface densely pruinose, occasionally naked part khaki, dull to slightly shiny. Lower surface pale brown near the margin, mostly absence of well-developed cortex. Rhizines abundant, ecorticate, simple to branched, 4–6.5 mm long, 0.5–0.8 mm thick. Outer layer of upper cortex pale brown, ca. 50 µm high; inner layer of cortex colourless, 125–150 µm high. Photobiont layer continuous, 50–150 µm high; algal cells green, unicellular. Medulla 112.5–250 µm high, containing pale brown crystals. Lower cortex brownish, 15–17.5 µm high. Apothecia lecideine, marginal, 0.5–2 mm diam., dark brown to black, occasionally cracked, dull, epruinose. Epithecium dark brown, ca. 12.5 µm high. Hymenium colourless, 75–100 µm high, hemi-amyloid; asci clavate, 50–125 × 7.5–12.5 µm, surrounded by an amyloid sheet; tholus more or less well developed, non-amyloid. 4–8 ascospores per asci, i.e. 4, 5, 6, 8; ascospores simple, subglobose, colourless, 7.5–10 µm diam.; paraphyses weakly conglutinated, simple, with slightly thickened and brown pigmented apical cells. Pycnidia marginal, subglobose, dark brown to black, 275–425 × 275–375 µm; conidia shortly bacilliform, colourless, 3.75–5 × 1.25–2.5 µm.
Alectorialic and barbatolic acids.
On the surface of sand soil in the arid region of Northwest China, Tengger Desert, where the annual precipitation is under 200 mm.
Name refers the whole upper surface being densely pruinose.
CHINA. Ningxia: Zhongwei City, Ciu Liu Gou. 37°24'34.92"N, 104°35'8.66"E, 1577 m alt., on sandy soil, 1 June 2018, D.L. Liu et al. ZW2018064 (HMAS–L–141384), ZW2018099 (HMAS–L–141386), ZW2018100 (HMAS–L–141385), ZW2018101 (HMAS–L–141388), ZW2018102 (HMAS–L–141387).
As known, Anamylopsora pulcherrima is saxicolous, growing on calciferous and non-calciferous rocks; upper surface epruinose or more rarely pruinose with more or less white pruinose margin (
The new species Anamylopsora pruinosa (holotype, HMAS–L–141383). a Lichen thallus habit of Anamylopsora pulcherrima (C0090112F, F) b Lichen thallus habit of Anamylopsora pruinosa (holotype, HMAS–L–141383), scale in mm c Pruinose upper surface of the new species d The marginal apothecia of the new species e The abundant and thick and strong rhizines (white) at the lower surface f The asci with ascospores of the new species g The asci in iodine, showing the amyloid sheet h The thallus anatomical structure of the new species i The shortly bacilliform conidia of the new species. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (c); 0.5 mm (d); 0.95 mm (e); 50 µm (f, g); 200 µm (h); 50 µm (i).
Except for the diagnostic characters of the new species Anamylopsora pruinosa, most characters are accordant with the genus Anamylopsora, such as the habit of thallus (squamulose), type and location of apothecia (lecideine, marginal), weakly amyloid hymenium, asci with amyloid sheet, non-amyloid tholus, ascospores and conidia, and chemistry, etc. (
As the genus Anamylopsora was known to be monotypic before this study and only the species A. pulcherrima is accepted, there are, however, three synonyms, i.e. Lecidea pulcherrima (Basionym), Lecidea hedinii and Lecidea undulata (
In the phylogenetic analysis, we included the other three genera, i.e. Ainoa, Baeomyces and Phyllobaeis, within Baeomycetaceae (
In China, Anamylopsora pulcherrima has been found and reported in some arid regions, such as Inner Mongolia and Gansu (
We sincerely thank Dr. H. Thorsten Lumbsch and Dr. Jen-Pan Huang helping to borrow specimens and take photos of Anamylopsora pulcherrima deposited in F. Special thanks to Dr. Einar Timdal and another anonymous reviewer for giving constructive comments and suggestions. This research was funded by one of National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFE0203400) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31770022, 31470149).