Diversity of polypores in the Dominican Republic: Pseudowrightoporia dominicana sp. nov. (Hericiaceae, Russulales)

Alfredo Vizzini; Claudio Angelini; Cristiano Losi; Enrico Ercole

doi:10.3897/mycokeys.34.25371

Research Article

Diversity of polypores in the Dominican Republic: Pseudowrightoporia dominicana sp. nov. (Hericiaceae, Russulales)

Alfredo Vizzini^‡, Claudio Angelini^§, Cristiano Losi^|, Enrico Ercole^‡

‡ University of Torino, Torino, Italy

§ Herbario Jardín Botánico Nacional Dr. Rafael Ma. Moscoso, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic

| Unaffiliated, Venezia, Italy

Corresponding author: Alfredo Vizzini ( alfredo.vizzini@unito.it )

Academic editor: María P. Martín

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Citation: Vizzini A, Angelini C, Losi C, Ercole E (2018) Diversity of polypores in the Dominican Republic: Pseudowrightoporia dominicana sp. nov. (Hericiaceae, Russulales). MycoKeys 34: 35-45. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.34.25371

Abstract

The new species Pseudowrightoporia dominicana is described from the Dominican Republic based on morphological and molecular data (nrITS and nrLSU sequence analyses). It is mainly characterised by pileate basidiomata with a bright pinkish context and a di-trimitic hyphal system. Phylogenetically, it is sister to the African species P. gillesii and to the Asiatic P. japonica.

Keywords

Basidiomycota , Agaricomycetes , Caribbean Islands, Polypores, Phylogeny, Taxonomy

Introduction

The genus Wrightoporia Pouzar, typified with W. lenta (Overh. & J. Lowe) Pouzar (Pouzar 1966), is traditionally characterised by resupinate to pileate basidiomata, annual to perennial habit, small to medium pores and cottony to hard texture. Hyphal system monomitic to di-trimitic, generative hyphae clamped or rarely with simple septa, skeletal hyphae dextrinoid, partially dextrinoid (only in the tubes) or not dextrinoid. Basidiospores small, cylindrical to globose, smooth to finely asperulate, amyloid (Ryvarden 1982, 2016; David and Raichenberg 1987, Stalpers 1996, Núñez and Ryvarden 2001, Hattori 2008). To date, there are 52 species transferred to or described in the genus (Index Fungorum 2018). This genus belongs to the Hericiaceae, in the Russulales (Larsson and Larsson 2003, Chen et al. 2016).

Chen et al. (2016), on the basis of combined nrITS/nrLSU phylogenetic analyses and morphological data, indicated that the genus Wrightoporia, as currently circumscribed, is strongly polyphyletic and recognised six clades in Wrightoporia s.l. Consequently, species previously treated in Wrightoporia were transferred to Amylonotus Ryvarden, Amylosporus Ryvarden and to the three new genera Larssoniporia Y.C. Dai, Jia J. Chen & B.K. Cui, Pseudowrightoporia Y.C. Dai, Jia J. Chen & B.K. Cui and Wrightoporiopsis Y.C. Dai, Jia J. Chen & B.K. Cui. In particular, the genus Pseudowrightoporia was established by Chen et al. (2016) to accommodate Wrightoporia cylindrospora Ryvarden (the generic type), W. japonica Núñez & Ryvarden, Pseudowrightopora crassihypha Y.C. Dai, Jia J. Chen & B.K. Cui, P. hamata Y.C. Dai, Jia J. Chen & B.K. Cui and P. oblongispora Y.C. Dai, Jia J. Chen & B.K. Cui, species causing white rot and mostly characterised by soft corky to corky basidiomes, shining pores, dimitic hyphal structure with clamped generative hyphae and skeletal hyphae, ellipsoid, finely asperulate and amyloid basidiospores and a subtropical to tropical distribution. Based only on these morphological characteristics, the following species were transferred to Pseudowrightoporia: Wrightoporia africana Johans. & Ryvarden, W. aurantipora T. Hatt., W. gillesii A. David & Rajchenb., W. solomonensis (Corner) T. Hatt. and W. straminea T. Hatt.

During the species diversity study of wood-inhabiting macromycetes in the Dominican Republic, a pileate Pseudowrightoporia was discovered. The aim of this investigation was to identify and to analyse the Pseudowrightoporia specimens using both morphological and molecular techniques.

Materials and methods

Morphology

Photographs of fresh basidiomata were taken in situ by a Nikon Coolpix 8400 digital camera and then dried, while the photos of the microscopical structures were obtained through a Olympus BH-2 light microscope and a Nikon D7100 digital camera. For microscopical analysis, tiny fragments from dried material were mounted in Melzer’s anionic reagent for testing amyloid and dextrinoid reactions of spores and other microscopical elements. All microscopic measurements were carried out with a ×1000 oil immersion objective. Basidiospores were measured from hymenophores of mature basidiomes, dimensions are given as: (minimum–) average minus standard deviation – average – average plus standard deviation (–maximum) of length × (minimum–) average minus standard deviation – average – average plus standard deviation (–maximum) of width; Q = (minimum–) average minus standard deviation – average – average plus standard deviation (–maximum) of the length/width ratio. Spore statistics were produced using R version 3.4.4 (R Core Team 2018). Herbarium acronyms follow Thiers [2018, continuously updated] with the exception of ANGE that refers to the personal herbarium of C. Angelini.

DNA extraction, PCR amplification and DNA sequencing

Genomic DNA was isolated from 10 mg of a dried voucher specimen (JBSD 127410), using the DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Milan) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Primers LR0R/LR6 (Vilgalys and Hester 1990, Vilgalys lab. http://www.botany.duke.edu/fungi/mycolab) were used for the nrLSU (28S) DNA amplification and universal primers ITS1F/ITS4 for the ITS region amplification (White et al. 1990, Gardes and Bruns 1993). Amplification reactions were performed in a PE9700 thermal cycler (Perkin-Elmer, Applied Biosystems, Norwalk) in 25 ml reaction mixtures using the following final concentrations or total amounts: 5 ng DNA, 1 × PCR buffer (20 mM Tris/HCl pH 8.4, 50 mM KCl), 1 mM of each primer, 2.5 mM MgCl₂, 0.25 mM of each dNTP, 0.5 unit of Taq polymerase (Promega, Madison). The PCR programme was as follows: 3 min at 95 °C for 1 cycle; 30 s at 94 °C, 45 s at 50 °C, 2 min at 72 °C for 35 cycles, 10 min at 72 °C for 1 cycle. PCR products were resolved on a 1% agarose gel and visualised by staining with ethidium bromide. The PCR products were purified with the AMPure XP kit (Beckman Coulter, Pasadena) and sequenced by MACROGEN (Seoul). The sequences were submitted to GenBank (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/) and their accession numbers are reported in Figs 1–2.

Figure 1.

Bayesian phylogram obtained from the combined nrITS-nrLSU sequence alignment of Russulales taxa selected according to Chen et al. (2016). Sistotrema brinkmannii, S. coronilla, S. muscicola and S. sernanderi were used as outgroup taxa. Values for clades that are supported in either the Bayesian (posterior probabilities, BPP) and Maximum likelihood (ML bootstrap percentage, MLB) analyses are indicated. BPP values (in bold) above 0.70 and MLB values above 50% are given above/below branches. The newly sequenced collection is in bold.

Sequence alignment, dataset assembly and phylogenetic analysis

Sequences were checked and assembled with Geneious 5.3 (Drummond et al. 2010) and compared to those available in the GenBank database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Genbank/) using the BLASTN algorithm (Altschul et al. 1990). Based on BLASTN results, sequences were selected according to the recent monographic work on Wrightoporia s.l. by Chen et al. (2016).

Two phylogenetic analyses were performed: the first, based on a combined nrITS and nrLSU sequences dataset, to focus on the phylogenetic position of the new species in the Russulales (Russuloid clade); the second, based only on a nrITS dataset was restricted to the taxa closely related to P. dominicana according with the previous combined data analysis. Alignments were generated for each nrITS and nrLSU dataset using MAFFT (Katoh et al. 2002) with default conditions for gap openings and gap extension penalties. The two alignments were imported into MEGA 6 (Tamura et al. 2013) for manual adjustment. The best-fit substitution model for each single alignment was estimated by both the Akaike information criterion (AIC) and the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) with jModelTest 2 (Darriba et al. 2012). The GTR + G model was chosen for both the nrITS and nrLSU alignments. The sequences of Sistotrema brinkmannii, S. coronilla, S. muscicola and S. sernanderi were used as outgroup taxa (Larsson and Larsson 2003, Chen et al. 2016) in the combined analysis; Dentipellis coniferarum, D. fragilis and Hericium alpestre were selected as outgroup taxa in the nrITS analysis. The ITS dataset was not partitioned into ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2 subsets. Phylogenetic hypotheses were constructed under Bayesian inference (BI) and Maximum likelihood (ML) criteria. The BI was performed with MrBayes 3.2.6 (Ronquist et al. 2012) with one cold and three incrementally heated simultaneous Monte Carlo Markov chains (MCMC) run for 10 million generations, under the selected evolutionary model. Two simultaneous runs were performed independently. Trees were sampled every 1,000 generations, resulting in overall sampling of 10,001 trees per single run; the first 2,500 trees (25%) were discarded as burn-in. For the remaining trees of the two independent runs, a majority rule consensus tree showing all compatible partitions was computed to obtain estimates for Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP). ML estimation was performed through RAxML 7.3.2 (Stamatakis 2006) with 1,000 bootstrap replicates using the GTRGAMMA algorithm to perform a tree inference and search for a good topology. Support values from bootstrapping runs (MLB) were mapped on the globally best tree using the “-f a” option of RAxML and “-x 12345” as a random seed to invoke the novel rapid bootstrapping algorithm. BI and ML analyses were run on the CIPRES Science Gateway web server (Miller et al. 2010). Only BPP and MLB values over 0.70 and 50%, respectively, are reported in the resulting trees (Figs 1–2). Branch lengths were estimated as mean values over the sampled trees.

Figure 2.

Bayesian phylogram obtained from the nrITS sequence alignment of Pseudowrightoporia and Wrightoporiopsis species. Dentipellis coniferarum, D. fragilis and Hericium alpestre were used as outgroup taxa. Values for clades that are supported in either the Bayesian (posterior probabilities, BPP) and maximum likelihood (ML bootstrap percentage, MLB) analyses are indicated. BPP values (in bold) above 0.70 and MLB values above 50% are given above/below branches. The newly sequenced collection is in bold.

Results

The combined nrITS and nrLSU data matrix comprised 118 sequences (including 117 from GenBank) and includes 2132 positions. The nrITS data matrix comprises a total of 25 sequences (including 24 from GenBank) and includes 687 positions. As both Bayesian and Maximum likelihood analyses produced comparable topologies, only the Bayesian trees with both BPP and MLB values are shown (Figs 1–2). In the combined two-gene phylogeny of Russulales taxa (Fig. 1), the new species falls, as an independent phylogenetic branch, in the Hericiaceae within the Pseudowrightoporia cluster. Pseudowrightoporia dominicana is sister (BPP = 1.00, MLB = 95) to P. japonica. Pseudowrightoporia is shown to be sister (BPP = 1.00, MLB = 100) to a well-supported clade (BPP = 1.00, MLB = 80) consisting of Wrightoporiopsis and Dentipellicula, as previously highlighted by Chen et al. (2016). The small ITS analysis restricted to species of Pseudowrightoporia and Wrightoporiopsis (Fig. 2) supports P. dominicana as a new species and indicates P. gillesii and P. japonica as its phylogenetically closest species.

Taxonomy

Pseudowrightoporia dominicana Angelini, Losi & Vizzini, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: MB824844

Fig. 3

Holotype

Dominican Republic. La Vega (Province), Jarabacoa (Municipality), Montaña (Locality), 19°06'39"N, 70°37'57"W, on an unidentified live trunk of a deciduous tree, in a mixed mountain forest with several broadleaved species and pines (Pinus occidentalis), 17 December 2016, Claudio Angelini, (JBSD 127410, isotype ANGE 789).

Etymology

The epithet refers to the country, The Dominican Republic, where this species was found.

Basidiomata annual, pileate, sessile, single or in small clusters, fibrous-tough (Fig. 3a and b). Pileus broadly attached to dimidiate, up to 25 mm wide and 15 mm deep, 5–10 mm thick; upper surface white to cream with pinkish tint, velutinate to glabrous, azonate, smooth; margin rounded, even or slightly lobed; pore surface concolorous with the pileus surface, pores round to angular, at first cupulate, 6–8 per mm, dissepiments thick and entire; tube layer 2–4 mm thick, whitish to cream; context pinkish (Fig. 3c), homogenous, tough-fibrous, up to 6 mm thick. Hyphal system di-trimitic; generative hyphae clamped, hyaline, thin-walled, 2.2–4.8 µm wide; skeletal hyphae thick-walled, rarely branched, 2.4–5.6 µm wide, dextrinoid especially in the trama (Fig. 3d); contextual binding hyphae thick-walled, short-branched, 1.6–2.4 µm wide, weakly dextrinoid (Fig. 3e). Cystidia none. Basidia densely united, clavate, 4-sterigmate, 8–12 × 4–5 µm. Basidiospores (2.6–)2.98–3.2–3.43(–3.6) × (1.8–)1.96–2.2–2.44(–2.8) µm (n = 40), Q = (1.14–)1.28–1.44–1.6(–1.89), broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, finely asperulate, thin- to slightly thick-walled, distinctly amyloid (Fig. 3f).

Habit, habitat and distribution

Pileate, gregarious on a live trunk of deciduous tree, so far known only from the type locality.

Figure 3.

Pseudowrightoporia dominicana (JBSD 127410) a, b fresh basidiomes in situ c cut side of the basidiome d dextrinoid skeletal hyphae e binding hypha f amyloid spores. Microscopical elements observed in Melzer’s anionic reagent. Scale bars: 10 mm (a–c); 10 μm (d–f).

Discussion

All the phylogenetic analyses show P. dominicana to be a distinct lineage in the genus Pseudowrightoporia (Figs 1–2). The new species displays a unique combination of outstanding characters such as pileate basidiomes, pink context, very small spores and di-trimitic hyphal system (Fig. 3). In particular, the presence of binding hyphae (only in the context) is quite unusual in Pseudowrightoporia as well as in the other genera of Wrightoporia s.l. (Ryvarden 1982, 1987, 2000, 2016; David and Rajchenberg 1987, Dai 1995, Núñez and Ryvarden 2001, Dai and Cui 2006, Hattori 2008, Chen and Cui 2012, 2014; Chen and Yu 2012, Jang et al. 2013, Westphalen et al. 2014, Chen et al. 2016, Drechsler-Santos et al. 2016, Campi et al. 2017); binding hyphae have so far been reported only in P. aurantipora (Hattori 2008), W. brunneo-ochracea A. David & Rajchenb. (David and Rajchenberg 1985), W. trimitica (Corner) Stalpers (Corner 1989, Stalpers 1996) and Larssoniporia tropicalis (Cooke) Y.C. Dai, Jia J. Chen & B.K. Cui, (Núñez and Ryvarden 2001).

Pseudowrightoporia gillesii and P. japonica are the species phylogenetically most closely related to P. dominicana (Figs 1–2). Pseudowrightoporia gillesii, originally described from Africa (Gabon), is characterised by an effused-reflexed basidiome, chestnut ochraceous context, dimitic context, skeletal hyphae dextrinoid only in the pore mouths and presence of lageniform to mucronate cystidiola (David and Rajchenberg 1987). Pseudowrightoporia japonica (= Wrightoporia luteola B.K. Cui & Y.C. Dai according with Jang et al. 2013 and Chen et al. 2016) shows a basidiome shape ranging from pileate (and then with a zoned pileus) to resupinate, a pore surface cream to wood-coloured, a dimitic hyphal system and more elongated spores, up to 4 × 2.6 µm (Núñez and Ryvarden 1999, 2001; Jang et al. 2013).

Amongst the morphologically most similar species to P. dominicana, Wrightoporia dimidiata A. David & Rajchenb. from Asia (Singapore) is distinguished by a hymenophore with 3–4 pores per mm, dimitic hyphal system, spores measuring 3.5–4 × 3 µm and presence of cystidiola, gloeocystidia and gloeopleurous hyphae (David and Rajchenberg 1987). From above, the new species may resemble the pileate basidiomes of Wrightoporia cremea Ryvarden from Brazil, but the latter has larger pores (3–4 per mm) and spores (subglobose, 3–4 µm in diam.), dimitic hyphal system, in addition to a cream to pale ochre context (Ryvarden 1987, 2017 and pers. comm.). Finally, P. aurantipora from Japan, W. brunneo-ochracea from Guadeloupe, W. trimitica from Malaya and the pantropical W. tropicalis share with P. dominicana the presence of binding hyphae, but P. aurantipora differs in having resupinate basidiomes with light orange to brown orange 4–6/mm pores, context orange without pinkish hues, tramal skeletal hyphae strongly covered with granules near the tip and longer spores, 3–4.2 × 2–3 μm (Hattori 2008); W. brunneo-ochracea differs in having effused-reflexed basidiomes with ochraceous, irregular to angular pores, 3–4 per mm, a thin ochraceous context, non-dextrinoid skeletal hyphae and narrower spores, 3–3.5 × 2 μm (David and Rajchenberg 1985, Ryvarden 2016); W. trimitica has dimidiate basidiomes, with a short resupinate foot, ochraceous to wood-coloured pores and up to 4 μm long spores (Corner 1989, Stalpers 1996); Larssoniporia tropicalis has resupinate, applanate to pulvinate, widely effused, grey to black perennial and very woody basidiomes, grey to brown pore surface, thick-walled and heavily enrsusted cystidia, blunt at the apex, presence of gloeocystidia and subglobose spores 3–4 × 2–3 μm (Ryvarden and Johansen 1980, Núñez and Ryvarden 2001, Ryvarden 2016).

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Leif Ryvarden (University of Oslo) for his valuable comments and suggestions on the new species and to D. Jean Lodge (USDA Forest Service, Luquillo, Puerto Rico) for improving the English text. We also wish to thank Ricardo G. García, Francisco Jiménez, Brígido Peguero, Yuley E. Piñeyro and Alberto Veloz (Jardín Botánico Nacional Dr. Rafael M. Moscoso, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic) for their interest and encouragement to study the fungi of the Dominican Republic and for their active cooperation in putting at our disposal herbarium material of this institution.

References

Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ (1990) Basic local alignment search tool. Journal of Molecular Biology 215: 403–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80360-2

Campi M, Maubet Y, Grassi E, Robledo GL (2017) Amylosporus guaraniticus sp. nov. (Wrightoporiaceae, Russulales) a new neotropical species from Paraguay. Mycosphere 8(6): 1060–1070. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/8/6/6

Chen JJ, Cui BK (2012) Studies on Wrightoporia from China 2. A new species and three new records from South China. Mycotaxon 21: 333–343. https://doi.org/10.5248/121.333

Chen JJ, Cui BK (2014) Studies on Wrightoporia from China 3. Wrightoporia subavellanea sp. nov. based on morphological characters and rDNA sequence data. Phytotaxa 175: 225–234. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.175.4.4

Chen JJ, Yu HY (2012) Studies on the genus of Wrightoporia from China 1. A new species described from Hunan Province, South China. Mycotaxon 120: 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.5248/120.295

Chen JJ, Cui BK, Dai YC (2016) Global diversity and molecular systematics of Wrightoporia s.l. (Russulales, Basidiomycota). Persoonia 37: 21–36. https://doi.org/10.3767/003158516X689666

Corner EJH (1989) Ad Polyporaceas V. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 96: 1–218.

Cui BK, Dai YC (2006) Wrightoporia (Basidiomycota, Aphyllophorales) in China. Nova Hedwigia 83: 159–166. https://doi.org/10.1127/0029-5035/2006/0083-0159

Dai YC (1995) A new species of Wrightoporia (Basidiomycetes) from China. Karstenia 35: 85–89. https://doi.org/10.29203/ka.1995.312

Dai YC, Cui BK (2006) Two new species of Wrightoporia (Basidiomycota, Aphyllophorales) from southern China. Mycotaxon 96: 199–206.

Darriba D, Taboada GL, Doallo R, Posada D (2012) jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nature Methods 9(8): 772. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2109

David A, Rajchenberg M (1985) Pore fungi from French Antilles and Guiana. Mycotaxon.22(2): 285–325.

David A, Rajchenberg M (1987) A revaluation of Wrightoporia and Amylonotus (Aphyllophorales, Polyporaceae). Canadian Journal of Botany 65: 202–209. https://doi.org/10.1139/b87-027

Drechsler-Santos ER, Salvador-Montoya CA, Ryvarden L (2016) Studies in neotropical polypores 41. A new species of Amylosporus from Caatinga dry woodlands, Brazil. Synopsis Fungorum 35: 4–8.

Drummond AJ, Ashton B, Cheung M, Heled J, Kearse M, Moir R, Stones-Havas S, Thierer T, Wilson A (2010) Geneious v5.3. Available from http://www.geneious.com/

Gardes M, Bruns TD (1993) ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes – application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Molecular Ecology 2: 113–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.1993.tb00005.x

Index Fungorum (2018) http://www.indexfungorum.org [Accessed 25 March 2018]

Hattori T (2008) Wrightoporia (Basidiomycota, Hericiales) species and their allies collected in Japan. Mycoscience 49: 56–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10267-007-0389-x

Katoh K, Misawa K, Kuma K, Miyata T (2002) MAFFT: a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform. Nucleic Acids Research 30: 3059–3066. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkf436

Jang Y, Lee SW, Lim YW, Lee JS, Hattori T, Kim J-J (2013) The genus Wrightoporia in Korea. Mycotaxon 123: 335–341. https://doi.org/10.5248/123.335

Larsson E, Larsson KH (2003) Phylogenetic relationships of russuloid basidiomycetes with emphasis on aphyllophoralean taxa. Mycologia 95: 1037–1065. https://doi.org/10.2307/3761912

Miller MA, Pfeiffer W, Schwartz T (2010) Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE), 14 November 2010, New Orleans, LA, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/gce.2010.5676129

Núñez M, Ryvarden L (1999) New and interesting polypores from Japan. Fungal Diversity 3: 107–121.

Núñez M, Ryvarden L (2001) East Asian Polypores 2. Synopsis Fungorum 14: 170–522.

Pouzar Z (1966) Studies in the taxonomy of the polypores I. Česká Mykologie 20: 171–177. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02854587

R Core Team (2018) R: a language and environment for statistical computing, version 3.4.4. http://www.R-project.org

Ronquist F, Teslenko M, van der Mark P, Ayres DL, Darling A, Höhna S, Larget B, Liu L, Suchard MA, Huelsenbeck JP (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Systematic Biology 61: 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029

Ryvarden L (1982) Synopsis of the genus Wrightoporia. Nordic Journal of Botany 2: 145–149. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1982.tb01174.x

Ryvarden L (1987) New and noteworthy polypores from tropical America. Mycotaxon 28(2): 525–541.

Ryvarden L (2000) Studies in neotropical polypores 7. Wrightoporia (Hericiaceae, Basidiomycetes) in tropical America. Karstenia 40: 153–158. https://doi.org/10.29203/ka.2000.366

Ryvarden L (2016) Neotropical polypores Part 3. Polyporaceae, Obba-Wrightoporia. Synopsis Fungorum 46: 445–613.

Ryvarden L, Johansen I (1980) A preliminary polypore flora of East Africa. Oslo, Fungiflora.

Stalpers JA (1996) The aphyllophoraceous fungi II. Keys to the species of the Hericiales. Studies in Mycology 40: 1–185.

Stamatakis A (2006) RAxML-VI-HPC: Maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. Bioinformatics 22: 2688–2690. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl446

Tamura K, Stecher G, Peterson D, Filipski A, Kumar S (2013) MEGA 6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30(12): 2725–2729. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst197

>Thiers B (2018, continuously updated) Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ [Accessed 25 March 2018]

Vilgalys R, Hester M (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. Journal of Bacteriology 172: 4238–4246. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.172.8.4238-4246.1990

Westphalen MC, Reck MA, da Silveira RMB (2014) Studies on Wrightoporia (Basidiomycota) from southern Brazil. Phytotaxa 166(1): 94–100. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.166.1.7

White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor JW (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ (Eds) PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications.Academic Press Inc., New York, 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1