Eight new Arthrinium species from China

Mei Wang; Xiao-Ming Tan; Fang Liu; Lei Cai

doi:10.3897/mycokeys.34.24221

Research Article

Eight new Arthrinium species from China

Mei Wang^‡§, Xiao-Ming Tan^|, Fang Liu^§, Lei Cai^§‡

‡ University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

§ Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

| Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China

Corresponding author: Lei Cai ( cail@im.ac.cn )

Academic editor: Paul Cannon

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Citation: Wang M, Tan X-M, Liu F, Cai L (2018) Eight new Arthrinium species from China. MycoKeys 34: 1-24. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.34.24221

Abstract

The genus Arthrinium includes important plant pathogens, endophytes and saprobes with a wide host range and geographic distribution. In this paper, 74 Arthrinium strains isolated from various substrates such as bamboo leaves, tea plants, soil and air from karst caves in China were examined using a multi-locus phylogeny based on a combined dataset of ITS rDNA, TEF1 and TUB2, in conjunction with morphological characters, host association and ecological distribution. Eight new species were described based on their distinct phylogenetic relationships and morphological characters. Our results indicated a high species diversity of Arthrinium with wide host ranges, amongst which, Poaceae and Cyperaceae were the major host plant families of Arthrinium species.

Keywords

Ascomycota , Morphology, Phylogeny, Systematics, Taxonomy

Introduction

Arthrinium Kunze is an anamorph-typified genus, which has been traditionally linked to the teleomorph-typified genus Apiospora Sacc. (Ellis 1971, Seifert et al. 2011). It is strikingly different from other anamorphic genera for the presence of basauxic conidiophores (Hughes 1953, Minter 1985). The traditional generic circumscription of Arthrinium was primarily based on morphological characters (e.g. conidial shape, conidiophores, sterile cells and the presence of setae) but has been regarded as too narrow (Ellis 1971, Minter 1985, Crous et al. 2013). It is now recognised that, at the generic level, conidial shape and the presence of setae are not reliable characters to infer phylogenetic relationships (Crous et al. 2013). For example, Arthrinium was regarded as being different from Cordella Speg. (1886) by the absence of setae amongst the clusters of specialised hyphae and different from Pteroconium Sacc. (1892) by the absence of sporodochia and pseudoparenchyma (Minter 1985). However, both genera have been reduced to the generic synonyms of Arthrinium, based on molecular phylogenetic data (Crous et al. 2013).

Arthrinium species are geographically widely distributed in various hosts. Many species of Arthrinium are associated with plants as endophytes or saprobes, as well as plant pathogens on some important ornamentals, e.g. A. phaeospermum causing culm rot on Phyllostachys viridis (Li et al. 2016); A. arundinis causing brown culm streak of Phyllostachys praecox (Chen et al. 2014). Moreover, A. phaeospermum has been reported for causing cutaneous infections of humans (Rai 1989, Zhao et al. 1990, de Hoog et al. 2000, Crous et al. 2013). Many Arthrinium species are also known to produce bioactive compounds with pharmacological and medicinal applications, such as A. arundinis and A. saccharicola isolated from a brown alga Sargassum sp., with good antifungal activities against some plant pathogenic fungi (Hong et al. 2015). Arthrinium saccharicola, A. sacchari and A. phaeospermum isolated from Miscanthus sp. are known to produce industrially important enzymes (Shrestha et al. 2015).

In this paper, eight new Arthrinium species are described and characterised based on morphological characters and phylogeny inferred from the combined ITS rDNA, TEF1 and TUB2 sequences dataset. Comparisons were made with morphologically similar and phylogenetically related species. Fungus-host distribution of Arthrinium species are summarised based on data from literature and this study.

Materials and method

Isolates

Diseased and healthy tissues of bamboo leaves and other plant hosts were collected from six provinces or municipalities in China (Chongqing, Guangxi, Guangdong, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Hunan). Tissue pieces (5 mm × 5 mm) were taken from the margin of leaf lesions and the surface sterilised with 75% ethanol for 1 min, 5% NaClO for 30 s, followed by rinsing in sterile distilled water for 1 min. The pieces were dried with sterilised paper towels and then placed on 1/4 PDA (potato dextrose agar) (Cai et al. 2009).

All cultures were preserved in the LC culture collection (personal culture collection of Lei Cai housed in the Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences). Type specimens were deposited in Mycological Herbarium of the Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (HMAS), with ex-type living cultures deposited in China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (CGMCC). Taxonomic information of the new taxa was deposited in MycoBank (www.MycoBank.org; Crous et al. 2004).

Morphology

Cultures were incubated on PDA for 7 d at 25 °C to measure the growth rates and on 2% malt agar with bamboo leaves to enhance sporulation. Morphological descriptions were based on cultures sporulating on MEA (malt extract agar) medium at room temperature (ca. 25 °C). Shape and size of microscopic structures were observed using a light microscope and colonies were assessed according to the colour charts of Rayner (1970). At least 50 conidiogenous cells and conidia were measured to calculate the mean size.

DNA extraction, PCR amplification and sequencing

Fresh fungal mycelia were taken from 7-d-old cultures growing on PDA and ground with the organisation disruptor FastPrep-48. Genomic DNA was extracted following the modified CTAB protocol as described in Guo et al. (2000).

Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using partial sequences of three loci, 5.8S nuclear ribosomal gene with the two flanking transcribed spacers (ITS), part of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1) and beta-tubulin (TUB2). The ITS locus was amplified using the primer pair ITS1/ITS4 (Vilgalys and Hester 1990, White et al. 1990); TEF1 using EF1-728F/ EF-2 (O’Donnell et al. 1998, Carbone and Kohn 1999); and TUB2 using T1 (O’Donnell and Cigelnik 1997) and Bt-2b (Glass and Donaldson 1995).

PCR was performed in a 25 ml reaction containing 18.95 µl double distilled water, 2.5 µl 10 × PCR buffer, 0.3 µl dNTP mix (2.5 mM), 1 µl of each primer (10 mM), 1 µl DNA template and 0.25 µl Taq DNA polymerase (Genstar). The annealing temperatures were adjusted to 52 °C for ITS and TUB2, and 56 °C for TEF1. Purification and sequencing of the PCR amplicons were done by SinoGenoMax, Beijing.

Phylogenetic analysis

Sequences generated from the forward and reverse primers were used to obtain consensus sequences using MEGA v. 6.0 (Tamura et al. 2013). The concatenated tree was inferred based ITS, TUB2 and TEF1 sequences (Figure 1) using Bayesian and Maximum-likelihood analyses. Sequences were aligned using an online version of MAFFT v. 7 (available at http://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/server/). Ambiguous regions were excluded from the analyses and gaps were treated as missing data. Maximum-likelihood (ML) analysis was performed in RAxML v. 7.2.6 (Stamatakis and Alachiotis 2010), employing GTR models of evolution settings of the programme and bootstrap support obtained by running 1000 pseudo replicates. Maximum Likelihood bootstrap values (ML) equal to or greater than 70% are given above each node.

Bayesian analysis was conducted using MrBayes v. 3.2.1 (Ronquist et al. 2012) and the best nucleotide substitution model for each locus was calculated with jModelTest v. 2.1.4 (Posada 2008). Posterior probabilities (PP) (Zhaxybayeva and Gogarten 2002) were determined by Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling (MCMC) under the estimated model of evolution. Four simultaneous Markov chains were run for 10 million generations and trees were sampled every 1000 generations. The run was stopped automatically when the average standard deviation of split frequencies fell below 0.01. The first 25% trees, which represented the burn-in phase of the analyses, were discarded and the remaining trees were used for calculating PP in the majority rule consensus tree. Sequences generated in this study were deposited in GenBank (Table 1) and the final matrices used for the phylogenetic analyses in TreeBASE (www.treebase.org; accession number: 21341).

Figure 1.

Phylogenetic tree based on the combined ITS, TEF1 and TUB2 sequences alignment generated from a Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis. Bootstrap support values (>70%) and posterior probabilities (>0.9) are given at the nodes (ML/PP). The tree is rooted with Nigrospora gorlenkoanaCBS 480.73. The novel species were highlighted (* indicates the ex-type cultures).

Table 1.

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XLSX

Strains included in the phylogenetic analyses.

Speices	Strain numbers¹	Hosts	Countries	GenBank accessions
Speices	Strain numbers¹	Hosts	Countries	ITS	TUB	TEF
Arthirinium arundinis	CBS 114316	Leaf of Hordeum vulgare	Iran	KF144884	KF144974	KF145016
	CBS 124788	Living leaves of Fagus sylvatica	Switzerland	KF144885	KF144975	KF145017
	LC4477	Unknow host	China	KY494688	KY705159	KY705087
	LC4493	Phyllostachys sp.	China	KY494689	KY806202	KY705088
	LC4650	Osmanthus sp.	China	KY494695	KY705165	KY705094
	LC4951	*Dichotomanthus tristaniaecarpa*	China	KY494698	KY705168	KY705097
	LC4959	*Bothrocaryum controversum*	China	KY494699	KY705169	KY705098
	LC5311	Air in karst cave	China	KY494706	KY705175	KY705105
	LC5312	Air in karst cave	China	KY494707	KY705176	KY705106
	LC5332	Air in karst cave	China	KY494710	KY705179	KY705109
	LC5394	Soil in karst cave	China	KY494711	KY705180	KY705110
	LC5416	Water in karst cave	China	KY494712	KY705181	KY705111
	LC7118	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494723	KY705191	KY705120
	LC7122	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494726	KY705194	KY705123
	LC7160	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494738	KY705206	KY705134
	LC7211	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494739	KY705207	KY705135
	LC7216	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494741	KY705209	KY705137
	LC7218	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494742	KY705210	KY705138
	LC7243	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494744	KY705212	KY705140
	LC7252	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494747	KY705215	KY705143
	LC7277	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494750	KY705218	KY705146
A. aureum	CBS 244.83*	Air	Spain	AB220251	KF144981	KF145023
*A. bambusae*	*LC7106 = CGMCC 3.18335**	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494718	KY705186	KY806204
	LC7107	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494719	KY705187	KY705117
	LC7113	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494720	KY705188	KY806205
	LC7124	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494727	KY705195	KY806206
	LC7125	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494728	KY705196	KY705124
	LC7128	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494730	KY705198	KY705126
	LC7246	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494745	KY705213	KY705141
*A. camelliae-sinensis*	*LC5007 = CGMCC 3.18333**	*Camellia sinensis*	China	KY494704	KY705173	KY705103
*A. camelliae-sinensis*	LC8181	*Brassica capestris*	China	KY494761	KY705229	KY705157
*A. dichotomanthi*	*LC4950 = CGMCC 3.18332**	*Dichotomanthus tristaniaecarpa*	China	KY494697	KY705167	KY705096
	LC8175	*Dichotomanthus tristaniaecarpa*	China	KY494755	KY705223	KY705151
	LC8176	*Dichotomanthus tristaniaecarpa*	China	KY494756	KY705224	KY705152
A. euphorbiae	IMI 285638b	Bambusa sp.	Bangladesh	AB220241	AB220288	–
*A. guizhouense*	LC5318	Air in karst cave	China	KY494708	KY705177	KY705107
*A. guizhouense*	*LC5322 =CGMCC3.18334**	Air in karst cave	China	KY494709	KY705178	KY705108
A. gutiae	CBS 135835	Gut of a grasshopper	India	KR011352	KR011350	KR011351
A. hispanicum	IMI 326877*	Maritime sand	Spain	AB220242	AB220289	–
A. hydei	CBS 114990*	Culms of Bambusa tuldoides	Hong Kong	KF144890	KF144982	KF145024
	LC7103	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494715	KY705183	KY705114
	LC7105	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494717	KY705185	KY705116
A. hyphopodii	MFLUCC 15-0003*	Culms of Bambusa tuldoides	Thailand	KR069110	–	–
A. japonicum	IFO 30500	Carex despalata (dead leaf)	Japan	AB220262	AB220309	–
A. japonicum	IFO 31098	Carex despalata (leaf)	Japan	AB220264	AB220311	–
A. garethjonesii	KUMCC 16-0202	Dead culms of bamboo	China	KY356086	–	–
A. jatrophae	MMI 00052* = MCC 1014	Healthy petiole of Jatropha podagrica	India	JQ246355	–	–
*A. jiangxiense*	LC2831	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494686	KY80620106201	KY705085
	LC4494	Phyllostachys sp.	China	KY494690	KY705160	KY705089
	LC4541	Maesa sp.	China	KY494691	KY705161	KY705090
	LC4547	Machilus sp.	China	KY494692	KY705162	KY705091
	*LC4577 = CGMCC 3.18381**	Maesa sp.	China	KY494693	KY705163	KY705092
	LC4578	*Camellia sinensis*	China	KY494694	KY705164	KY705093
	LC4993	Phyllostachys sp.	China	KY494700	KY806203	KY705099
	LC4997	Phyllostachys sp.	China	KY494701	KY705170	KY705100
	LC5001	Phyllostachys sp.	China	KY494702	KY705171	KY705101
	LC5004	Phyllostachys sp.	China	KY494703	KY705172	KY705102
	LC5015	*Imperata cylindrica*	China	KY494705	KY705174	KY705104
*A. jiangxiense*	LC7104	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494716	KY705184	KY705115
	LC7154	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494736	KY705204	KY705132
	LC7156	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494737	KY705205	KY705133
	LC7275	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494749	KY705217	KY705145
A. kogelbergense	CBS 113333*	Dead culms of Restionaceae	South Africa	KF144892	KF144984	KF145026
A. longistromum	MFLUCC 11-0481*	Decaying bamboo culms	Thailand	KU940141	–	–
A. longistromum	MFLUCC 11-0479	Decaying bamboo culms	Thailand	KU940142	–	–
A. malaysianum	CBS 102053*	Macaranga hullettii stem colonised by ants	Malaysia	KF144896	KF144988	KF145030
A. marii	CBS 497.90*	Air	Spain	AB220252	KF144993	KF145035
A. mediterranei	IMI 326875*	Air	Spain	AB220243	AB220290	–
*A. mytilomorphum*	DAOM 214595*	*Dead blades of Andropogon* sp.**	India	KY494685	–	–
A. neosubglobosa	JHB006	Dead culms of bamboo	China	KY356089	–	–
A. neosubglobosa	KUMCC 16-0203	Dead culms of bamboo	China	KY356090	–	–
*A. obovatum*	*LC4940 = CGMCC 3.18331**	Lithocarpus sp.	China	KY494696	KY705166	KY705095
	LC8177	Lithocarpus sp.	China	KY494757	KY705225	KY705153
	LC8178	Lithocarpus sp.	China	KY494758	KY705226	KY705154
A. ovatum	CBS 115042*	Arundinaria hindsii	Hong Kong	KF144903	KF144995	KF145037
A. paraphaeospermum	MFLU 16-1974	Dead clumps of Bambusa sp.	Thailand	KX822128	–	–
A. phaeospermum	CBS 114314	Leaf of Hordeum vulgare	Iran	KF144904	KF144996	KF145038
	CBS 114315	Leaf of Hordeum vulgare	Iran	KF144905	KF144997	KF145039
	CBS 114317	Leaf of Hordeum vulgare	Iran	KF144906	KF144998	KF145040
	CBS 114318	Leaf of Hordeum vulgare	Iran	KF144907	KF144999	KF145041
A. phragmites	CPC18900*	Culms of Phragmites australis	Italy	KF144909	KF145001	KF145043
*A. pseudoparenchymaticum*	*LC7234 = CGMCC 3.18336**	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494743	KY705211	KY705139
	LC8173	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494753	KY705221	KY705149
	LC8174	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494754	KY705222	KY705150
A. pseudosinense	CPC 21546*	Leaf of bamboo	The Netherlands	KF144910	–	KF145044
A. pseudospegazzinii	CBS 102052*	Macaranga hullettii stem colonised by ants	Malaysia	KF144911	KF145002	KF145045
A. pterospermum	CPC 20193*	Leaf lesion of Machaerina sinclairii	Australia	KF144913	KF145004	KF145046
A. puccinioides	CBS 549.86	Leaf of Lepidosperma gladiatum	Germany	AB220253	AB220300	–
A. rasikravindrii	CBS 337.61	Cissus sp.	The Netherlands	KF144914	–	–
	CPC 21602	Rice	Thailand	KF144915	–	–
	MFLUCC 15-0203	Dead bamboo culms	Thailand	KU940143	–	–
	MFLUCC 11-0616	Dead bamboo culms	Thailand	KU940144	–	–
	NFCCI 2144*	Soil	Svalbard	JF326454	–	–
	LC5449	Soil in karst cave	China	KY494713	KY705182	KY705112
	LC7115	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494721	KY705189	KY705118
	LC7117	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494722	KY705190	KY705119
	LC7119	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494724	KY705192	KY705121
	LC7120	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494725	KY705193	KY705122
	LC7126	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494729	KY705197	KY705125
	LC7129	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494731	KY705199	KY705127
	LC7135	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494732	KY705200	KY705128
	LC7139	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494733	KY705201	KY705129
	LC7141	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494734	KY705202	KY705130
	LC7142	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494735	KY705203	KY705131
	LC7251	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494746	KY705214	KY705142
	LC7254	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494748	KY705216	KY705144
	LC8179	*Brassica capestris*	China	KY494759	KY705227	KY705155
	LC8180	*Brassica capestris*	China	KY494760	KY705228	KY705156
A. sacchari	CBS 212.30	Phragmites australis	United Kingdom	KF144916	KF145005	KF145047
A. sacchari	CBS 301.49	Bamboo	Indonesia	KF144917	KF145006	KF145048
A. saccharicola	CBS 191.73	Air	The Netherlands	KF144920	KF145009	KF145051
	CBS 334.86	Dead culms of Phragmites australis	France	AB220257	KF145010	KF145052
	CBS 463.83	Dead culms of Phragmites australis	The Netherlands	KF144921	KF145011	KF145053
A. serenense	IMI 326869*	Food, pharmaceutical excipients, atmosphere and home dust	Spain	AB220250	AB220297	–
A. subglobosum	MFLUCC 11-0397*	Dead bamboo culms	Thailand	KR069112	–	–
*A. subroseum*	LC7215	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494740	KY705208	KY705136
	LC7291	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494751	KY705219	KY705147
	*LC7292 =CGMCC3.18337**	Leaf of bamboo	China	KY494752	KY705220	KY705148
A. thailandicum	MFLUCC 15-0202*	Dead bamboo culms	Thailand	KU940145	–	–
A. thailandicum	LC5630	Rotten wood	China	KY494714	KY806200	KY705113
A. xenocordella	CBS 478.86*	Soil from roadway	Zimbabwe	KF144925	KF145013	KF145055
A. xenocordella	LC3486	*Camellia sinensis*	China	KY494687	KY705158	KY705086
A. yunnanum	MFLUCC 15-0002*	Decaying bamboo culms	China	KU940147	–	–
N. gorlenkoana	CBS 480.73	Vitis vinifera	Kazakhstan	KX986048	KY019456	KY019420

^*= type strains, strains and sequences generated in this study are shown in bold.

¹CBS: Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CGMCC: China General Microbiological Culture Collection; CPC: Culture collection of Pedro Crous, housed at the Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute; DAOM: Canadian Collection of Fungal Cultures, Ottawa, Canada; DSM: Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany; IMI: Culture collection of CABI Europe UK Centre, Egham, UK; IFO: Institute for Fermentation, Osaka; LC: Working collection of Lei Cai, housed at CAS, China; MFLUCC: Mae Fah Luang University Culture Collection, Chiang Rai, Thailand; MCC: Microbial Culture Collection of India; NFCCI: National Fungal Culture Collection of India.

Fungus-host distribution of Arthrinium species

To determine the distribution of Arthrinium species on host/substrate, the number of species occurred on each host (based on family level) was counted based on data from this study, relevant literature and the USDA fungal database (https://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/). The proportion account for the known 66 species in Arthrinium (Index Fungorum) was illustrated in a histogram. Four species with an unknown host range were not included in this analysis.

Results

Phylogeny

The combined ITS, TUB2 and TEF1 dataset contained 75 strains, with Nigrospora gorlenkoanaCBS 480.73 as the out group. For the Bayesian analyses, the best-fit models TrN+I+G, GTR+I+G, HKY+I+G were selected for ITS, TUB2 and TEF1 loci, respectively. The ML analysis showed the same tree topology as that obtained in the Bayesian analysis. All the Arthrinium strains in this study separated into 13 clades, representing five known (A. arundinis, A. hydei, A. rasikravindrii, A. thailandicum, A. xenocordella) and eight new species (Figure 1). The eight new species clustered in distinct clades with high bootstrap supports (Figure 1). Phylogenetic analyses based on an individual locus were also conducted (not shown) and the generated trees are similar to the one generated from the combined multi-locus dataset (Figure 1).

Host associated with Arthrinium species

The histogram in Figure 2 shows that Arthrinium species were widely distributed amongst 17 plant families, including Brassicaceae, Bromeliaceae, Cornaceae, Cyperaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fagaceae, Juncaceae, Lauraceae, Myrsinaceae, Oleaceae, Pinaceae, Poaceae, Restionaceae, Rosaceae, Tiliaceae, Urticaceae and Vitaceae. Arthrinium species were also isolated from air, dust, soil and sand. The proportion of species occurring on each host family was assessed (Figure 2). Poaceae and Cyperaceae were the major host families for Arthrinium, which accounted for 42.42% and 24.24% of species in Arthrinium respectively.

Figure 2.

A Histogram to show fungus-host distribution of Arthrinium species.

Taxonomy

Arthrinium bambusae M. Wang & L. Cai, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 824906

Figure 3

Type

CHINA, Guangdong Province, on bamboo leaves, 10 Jul. 2016, D.W. Xiao, (holotype: HMAS 247187; culture ex-type: CGMCC 3.18335 = LC7106).

Etymology

Named after the host of the holotype.

Description

Hyphae hyaline, branched, septate, 1.5–5.0 μm diam. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells erect, aggregated in clusters on hyphae, hyaline to pale brown, smooth, doliiform to ampulliform, or lageniform, 4.0–12.0 × 3.0–7.0 μm (x̄ = 6.6 ± 1.8 × 4.8 ± 0.9, n = 30). Conidia olivaceous to brown, smooth to finely roughened, subglobose to ellipsoid, 11.5–15.5 × 7.0–14.0 μm (x̄ = 13.2 ± 0.8 × 11.4 ± 1.2, n = 50).

Culture characteristics

On PDA, colonies flat, spreading, margin circular, with abundant aerial mycelia, surface and reverse white to grey. On MEA, colonies flat, spreading, surface and reverse brown to black.

Additional specimens examined

CHINA, Jiangxi Province, on bamboo leaves, 10 Jul. 2016, Q. Xiong, living culture LC7246; Guangdong Province, on bamboo leaves, 10 Jul. 2016, D.W. Xiao, living culture LC7107; ibid. living culture LC7113; ibid. living culture LC7124; ibid. living culture LC7125; ibid. living culture LC7128.

Notes

Seven strains representing A. bambusae clustered in a well-supported clade closely related to A. subroseum (98% sequence similarity in ITS; 92% in TUB2; 96% in TEF1). Arthrinium bambusae differs from A. subroseum in the morphology of conidiophore (reduced to conidiogenous cells in A. bambusae vs. erect or ascending, clustered in groups in A. subroseum). Moreover, A. bambusae does not produce pigment on the PDA.

Figure 3.

Arthrinium bambusae (from ex-holotype strain CGMCC 3.18335) A–B 7 d old cultures on PDAC Colony on MEA producing conidia masses D–F Conidiogenous cells giving rise to conidia G Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Arthrinium camelliae-sinensis M. Wang, F. Liu & L. Cai, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 824907

Figure 4

Type

CHINA, Jiangxi Province, on Camellia sinensis, 22 Apr. 2013, Q. Chen, (holotype: HMAS 247186; culture ex-type: CGMCC 3.18333 = LC5007).

Etymology

Named with the host plant of the type.

Description

Hyphae hyaline, branched, septate, 2.0–4.5 μm diam. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells erect, aggregated in clusters, hyaline to pale brown, smooth, doliiform to ampulliform, 4.0–9.5 × 3.0–6.0 μm (x̄ = 6.1 ± 1.4 × 4.4 ± 0.9, n = 30). Conidia brown to dark brown, smooth, globose to subglobose, 9.0–13.5 × 7.0–12.0 μm (x̄ = 11.1 ± 0.9 × 10.1 ± 1.0, n = 50).

Culture characteristics

On PDA, colonies flat, margin circular, initially white, becoming greyish on surface, reaching 9 cm in 7 days at 25 °C. On MEA, with sparse aerial mycelia, surface dirty white, reverse pale luteous.

Other specimens

CHINA, Hubei Province, on Brassica campestris, 31 Mar. 2016, Y.Z. Zhao, living culture LC8181 = LF1498.

Notes

Two strains representing A. camelliae-sinensis clustered in a well-supported clade and appeared closely related to A. jiangxiense (97% sequence similarity in ITS; 94% in TUB2; 94% in TEF1) and A. obovatum (98% sequence similarity in ITS; 95% in TUB2; 93% in TEF1). While A. camelliae-sinensis is distinct from A. jiangxiense in its larger conidia (globose or subglobose, 9.0–13.5 × 7.0–12.0 μm in A. camelliae-sinensis vs. surface view 7.5–10.0 μm diam, side view 4.5–7.0 μm diam in A. jiangxiense) and conidiogenous cell arrangement (aggregated irregularly on hyphae vs. scattered on hyphae in A. jiangxiense) and distinct from A. obovatum in the lack of obovoid conidia (see the note under A. obovatum).

Figure 4.

Arthrinium camelliae-sinensis (from ex-holotype strain CGMCC 3.18333) A–B 7 d old cultures on PDAC Colony on MEA with bamboo leaves producing conidia masses D–F Conidiogenous cells giving rise to conidia G Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Arthrinium dichotomanthi M. Wang & L. Cai, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 824908

Figure 5

Type

CHINA, Chongqing, on Dichotomanthus tristaniaecarpa, 20 Dec. 2012, L. Cai, (holotype: HMAS 247185; culture ex-type: CGMCC 3.18332 = LC4950).

Etymology

Named after the host from which it was isolated.

Description

Hyphae hyaline, branched, septate, 1.5–5.0 μm diam. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells erect, aggregated in clusters on hyphae, hyaline to pale brown, smooth, doliiform to clavate or lageniform, 5.5–11.0 × 3.0–5.0 μm (x̄ = 7.9 ± 1.4 × 4.0 ± 0.5, n = 30). Conidia brown to dark brown, smooth to finely roughened, globose, subglobose to lenticular, with a longitudinal germ slit, 9.0–15.0 × 6.0–12.0 μm (x̄ = 12.0 ± 1.4 × 8.5 ± 1.1, n = 50).

Culture characteristics

On PDA, colonies umbonate, margin irregular, with sparse aerial mycelia. Colonies creamy-white to greyish without patches reverse, reaching 9 cm in 7 days at 25 °C. On MEA, colonies flat, spreading, surface and reverse pale luteous.

Other specimens

CHINA, Chongqing, on Dichotomanthus tristaniaecarpa, 20 Dec. 2012, L. Cai, living culture LC8175 = WM529; ibid. living culture LC8176 = WM 530.

Notes

Three strains representing A. dichotomanthi formed a distinct clade closely related to A. phaeospermum (Corda) M.B. Ellis (99% sequence similarity in ITS; 96% in TUB2; 96% in TEF1), A. serenense Larrondo & Calvo (99% sequence similarity in ITS; 95% in TUB2) and A. saccharicola F. Stevens (99% sequence similarity in ITS; 95% in TUB2; 97% in TEF1). Arthrinium dichotomanthi differs from A. phaeospermum and A. saccharicola in its larger conidia (globose or subglobose, 9.0–15.0 × 6.0–12.0 μm in A. dichotomanthi vs. surface view (9–)10(–12) μm diam, side view 6–7 μm diam in A. phaeospermum, surface view (7–)8–9(–10) μm diam, side view (4–)5(–6) μm diam in A. saccharicola) and from A. serenense by the absence of odour on the MEA colony (Larrondo 1990).

Figure 5.

Arthrinium dichotomanthi (from ex-holotype strain CGMCC 3.18332) A–B 7 d old cultures on PDAC Colony on MEA producing conidia masses D–F Conidiogenous cells giving rise to conidia G Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Arthrinium guizhouense M. Wang & L. Cai, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 824909

Figure 6

Type

CHINA, Guizhou Province, from the air in karst cave, 23 Jul. 2014, Z.F. Zhang, (holotype: HMAS 247188; culture ex-type: CGMCC 3.18334 = LC5322).

Etymology

Named after the province where type was collected, Guizhou province.

Description

Hyphae hyaline, branched, septate, 1.5–5.0 μm diam. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells erect, aggregated in clusters on hyphae, pale brown, smooth, subglobose, ampulliform or doliiform, 3.5–8.0 × 3.0 – 4.5 μm (x̄ =5.1 ± 1.08 × 3.7 ± 0.49, n = 30). Conidia dark brown to black, smooth to finely roughened, globose or subglobose, occasionally elongated to ellipsoidal, with a longitudinal, hyaline, thin, germ slit, 5.0–7.5 × 4.0–7.0 μm (x̄ = 6.1 ± 0.5 × 5.5 ± 0.6, n = 50).

Culture characteristics

On PDA, colonies flat, woolly, margin circular, with moderate aerial mycelia, surface initially white, becoming greyish and reverse with black patches, reaching 9 cm in 9 days at 25 °C. On MEA, surface dirty white with patches of olivaceous-grey and reverse greyish.

Other specimens examined

CHINA, Guizhou Province, from the air in karst cave, 23 Jul. 2014, Z.F. Zhang, living culture LC5318.

Notes

Arthrinium guizhouense is closely related to A. sacchari (Speg.) M.B. Ellis (99% sequence similarity in ITS; 99% in TUB2; 94% in TEF1). Morphologically, A. guizhouense and A. sacchari are very similar in conidial size, but A. guizhouensis produces relatively shorter conidiogenous cells (3.5–8.0 μm in A. guizhouense vs. 5–12 μm in A. sacchari).

Figure 6.

Arthrinium guizhouense (from ex-holotype strain CGMCC 3.18334) A–B 6 d old cultures on PDAC Colony on MEA producing conidia masses D–H Conidiogenous cells giving rise to conidia I Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Arthrinium jiangxiense M. Wang & L. Cai, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 824910

Figure 7

Type

CHINA, Jiangxi Province, on Maesa sp., 05 Sept. 2013, Y.H. Gao, (holotype: HMAS 247183; culture ex-type: CGMCC3.18381 = LC4577).

Etymology

Named after the province where the most strains of this species were collected, Jiangxi.

Description

Hyphae hyaline, branched, septate, 1.5–5.0 μm diam. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells erect, scattered or aggregated in clusters on hyphae, hyaline to pale brown, smooth, ampulliform, 6.0–15.0 × 2.5–5.0 μm (x̄ = 9.7 ± 2.6 × 3.7 ± 0.6, n = 30), apical neck 2.5–6.0 μm long, basal part 3.0–9.0 μm long. Conidia brown, smooth to finely roughened, granular, globose to ellipsoid in surface view, 7.5–10.0 μm diam (x̄ = 8.7 ± 0.6, n = 50), lenticular in side view, with longitudinal, pale germ slit, 4.5–7.0 μm diam (x̄ = 5.8 ± 0.6, n = 50). Sterile cells forming on solitary loci on hyphae, brown, finely roughened, subcylindrical to clavate.

Culture characteristics

On PDA, colonies flat, woolly, margin circular, with sparse aerial mycelia, initially white, becoming greyish due to sporulation, reaching 9 cm in 10 days at 25 °C, on MEA, sienna with patches of luteous, reverse luteous to sienna.

Other specimens examined

CHINA, Hunan Province, on bamboo, 22 Sept. 2010, L. Cai, living culture LC2831; Jiangxi Province, on Phyllostachys sp., 05 Sept. 2013, Y.H. Gao, living culture LC4494; on Phyllostachys sp., 22 Apr. 2013, Q. Chen, living culture LC4993; ibid. living culture LC4497; ibid. living culture LC5001; ibid. living culture LC5004; on Imperata cylindrical, 22 Apr. 2013, Q. Chen, living culture LC5015; on Maesa sp., 05 Sept. 2013, Y.H. Gao, living culture LC4541; on Machilus sp., 05 Sept. 2013, Y.H. Gao, living culture LC4547; on Camellia sinensis, 05 Sept. 2013, Y.H. Gao, living culture LC4578; on bamboo, 01 Jul. 2016, J.E. Huang, living culture LC7104; ibid. living culture LC7154; ibid. living culture LC7156; ibid. living culture LC7275.

Notes

Two strains representing Arthrinium jiangxiense clustered in a well-supported clade and appeared closely related to A. camelliae-sinensis (97% sequence similarity in ITS; 94% in TUB2; 94% in TEF1). While A. jiangxiensis is distinct from A. camelliae-sinensis in its smaller conidia (surface view 7.5–10.0 μm diam, side view 4.5–7.0 μm diam in A. jiangxiensis vs. globose or subglobose, 9.0–13.5 × 7.0–12.0 μm in A. camelliae-sinensis) and conidiogenous cell arrangements (conidiogenous cells scattered on hyphae vs. aggregated irregularly on hyphae in A. jiangxiense).

Figure 7.

Arthrinium jiangxiense (from ex-holotype strain CGMCC 3.18381) A–B 5 d old cultures on PDAC Colony on MEA producing conidia masses D–F Conidiogenous cells giving rise to conidia G Elongated conidia H Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Arthrinium obovatum M. Wang & L. Cai, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 824911

Figure 8

Type

CHINA, Chongqing, on Lithocarpus sp., 20 Dec. 2012, L. Cai, (holotype: HMAS 247184; culture ex-type: CGMCC 3.18331 = LC4940).

Etymology

Referring to the production of the large obovoid conidia.

Description

Hyphae hyaline to pale brown, branched, septate, 1.5–5.0 μm diam. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells erect, aggregated in clusters on hyphae, pale brown, smooth, subcylindrical or clavate, 5.5–13.5 × 2.5–5.0 μm (x̄ = 8.7 ± 2.4 × 3.6 ± 0.6, n = 30). Conidia dark brown, roughened, globose to subglobose, 11.0–16.5 μm (x̄ = 13.8 ± 1.5, n = 50) in diam.; obovoid, 16.0–31.0 × 9.0–16.0 μm (x̄ = 23.0 ± 2.7 × 12.7 ± 1.4, n = 50), occasionally elongated to ellipsoidal.

Culture characteristics

On PDA, colonies flat, spreading, margin circular, initially white, becoming olivaceous-grey on surface, reverse smoke-grey with patches of olivaceous grey, reaching 9 cm in 7 days at 25 °C. On MEA, surface olivaceous grey in the central and luteous around, reverse with patches of olivaceous grey.

Other specimens examined

CHINA, Chongqing, on Lithocarpus sp., 20 Dec. 2012, L. Cai, living culture LC8177; ibid. living culture LC8178.

Notes

Arthrinium obovatum is the only species that produces obovoid conidia (Figure 8F) in this genus, a character distinctly different from other species (Ellis 1965, 1976, Gjaerum 1967, Pollack and Benjamin 1969, Hudson et al. 1976, Calvo and Guarro 1980, Khan and Sullia 1980, Samuels et al. 1981, von Arx 1981, Koskela 1983, Kirk 1986, Larrando and Calvo 1990, 1992, Müller 1992, Bhat and Kendrick 1993, Hyde et al. 1998, Jones et al. 2009, Singh et al. 2012, Crous et al. 2013, 2015, Sharma et al. 2014, Senanayake et al. 2015, Senanayake et al. 2015, Hyde et al. 2016, Dai et al. 2016a, b).

Figure 8.

Arthrinium obovatum (from ex-holotype strain CGMCC 3.18331) A–B 7 d old cultures on PDAC Colony on MEA producing conidia masses D–E Conidiogenous cells giving rise to conidia F Obovoid conidia G Globose to subglobose conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Arthrinium pseudoparenchymaticum M. Wang & L. Cai, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 824912

Figure 9

Type

CHINA, Guangdong Province, on bamboo, Jul. 2016, D.W. Xiao, (holotype: HMAS 247189; culture ex-type: CGMCC 3.18336 = LC7234).

Etymology

Referring to the pseudoparenchymatous hyphae.

Description

Hyphae hyaline to pale brown, branched, septate, 1.5–5.0 μm diam., pseudoparenchymatous. Conidiophores aggregated in hyaline to light brown sporodochia, smooth, usually unbranched, up to 40 μm long, 3–6 μm width. Conidiogenous cells hyaline to pale yellow, smooth to finely roughened, subcylindrical to doliiform, 8.0–18.5 × 3.0–8.5μm (x̄ = 13.7 ± 3.2 × 5.4 ± 1.2, n = 30). Conidia pale to dark brown, smooth, finely guttulate, globose to subglobose, 13.5–27.0 × 12.0–23.5 μm (x̄ = 20.2 ± 2.5 × 17.1 ± 2.4, n = 50). Sometimes lobed or dentate, polygonal or irregular in surface view.

Culture characteristics

On PDA, colonies flat, spreading, margin circular, with moderate aerial mycelia, initially white, becoming grey on surface, reverse smoke-grey without patches, reaching 9 cm in 8 days at 25 °C. On MEA, surface pale luteous to grey with abundant mycelia, reverse greyish without patches.

Other specimens examined

CHINA, Guangdong Province, on bamboo, Jul. 2016, D.W. Xiao, living culture LC8173; ibid. living culture LC8174.

Notes

Arthrinium pseudoparenchymaticum is closely related to A. hyphopodii (94% sequence similarity in ITS), but differs in its much larger conidia (13.5–27.0 × 12.0–23.5 μm vs. 5–10 × 4–8 μm), the absence of hyphopodia and the presence of dentate conidia.

Figure 9.

Arthrinium pseudoparenchymaticum (from ex-holotype strain CGMCC 3.18336) A–B 8 d old cultures on PDAC Colony on MEA producing conidia masses D–E Conidiogenous cells giving rise to conidia F–G Dentate conidia H Globose conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Arthrinium subroseum M. Wang & L. Cai, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 824913

Figure 10

Type

CHINA, Jiangxi Province, on bamboo, 1 Jul. 2016, J.E. Huang, (holotype: HMAS 247190; culture ex-type: CGMCC3.18337 = LC7292).

Etymology

Named after the colour of colony on PDA, pinkish.

Description

Hyphae hyaline to pale brown, branched, septate, 1.5–6.0 μm diam. Conidiophores hyaline to pale brown, smooth, erect or ascending, simple, flexuous, subcylindrical, clustered in groups. Conidiophores aggregated in brown sporodochia, smooth, hyaline to brown, up to 20 μm long, 2–4.5 μm width. Conidiogenous cells pale brown, smooth, doliiform to subcylindrical, 3.0–6.5 × 2.0–5.0 μm (x̄ = 4.7 ± 1.2 × 3.7 ± 0.9, n = 30). Conidia pale brown to dark brown, smooth, globose to subglobose or ellipsoidal, 12.0–17.5 × 9.0–16.0 μm (x̄ = 14.9 ± 1.4 × 11.8 ± 1.8, n = 50).

Culture characteristics

On PDA, colonies flat, spreading, margin circular, with moderate aerial mycelia, initially white, becoming light pink on surface, reverse peach-puff without patches, reaching 10 cm in 8 days at 25 °C. On MEA, surface blackish-green with abundant mycelia, reverse with patches of greyish.

Other specimens

CHINA, Jiangxi Province, on bamboo, 1 Jul. 2016, J.E. Huang, living culture LC7215; ibid. living culture LC7291.

Notes

Three strains representing A. subroseum clustered in a well-supported clade, closely related to A. garethjonesii (94% sequence similarity in ITS) and A. bambusae (98% sequence similarity in ITS; 92% in TUB2; 96% in TEF1). However, A. subroseum differs from A. bambusae in the morphology of conidiophores (erect or ascending, clustered in groups in A. subroseum vs. reduced to conidiogenous cells in A. bambusae). Arthrinium subroseum is not morphologically comparable to A. garethjonesii, whose asexual morph is undetermined (Dai et al. 2016b).

Figure 10.

Arthrinium subroseum (from ex-holotype strain CGMCC3.18337) A–B 10 d old cultures on PDAC Colony on MEA producing conidia masses D–E Conidiogenous cells giving rise to conidia F–G Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Discussion

Arthrinium, Cordella and Pteroconium share similar morphological characters, e.g. basauxic conidiophores with terminal and intercalary polyblastic conidiogenous cells and brown, unicellular conidia with a pallid germ slit (Ellis 1971, Hyde et al. 1998). Crous et al. (2013) reduced both Cordella and Pteroconium as generic synonyms of Arthrinium based on molecular phylogenetic data and regarded traditionally applied morphological characters in distinguishing these genera as phylogenetically insignificant. This study added eight novel species and our data are in good accordance with that of Crous et al. (2013). For example, A. pseudoparenchymaticum is sporodochial and pseudoparenchymatous, which would be classified as Pteroconium in the traditional taxonomy. However, the multi-locus (ITS, TEF1 & TUB2) tree (Figure. 1) shows that A. pseudoparenchymaticum is phylogenetically distant from A. pterospermum (syn. P. pterospermum, the type of “Pteroconium”).

Currently there are 70 recognised species in Arthrinium (Index Fungorum), occurring on a wide variety of both living and decaying plant materials. It is noteworthy that Arthrinium species showed distinct preference for growing on two graminaceous families, Poaceaeand Cyperaceae, amongst which, Bambusa (Poaceae) and Carex (Cyperaceae) are two of the most common host genera for Arthrinium species. For example, seven species have been recorded from Carex spp., i.e. A. austriacum Petr. (1959), A. caricicola Kunze (1817), A. globosum Koskela (1983), A. kamtschaticum Tranzschel & Woron (1914), A. morthieri Fuckel (1870), A. muelleri Ellis (1976) and A. naviculare Rostr. (1886). Bamboo has been widely known as a favourable host for Arthrinium, e.g. A. hyphopodii, A. longistromum, A. subglobosum, A. thailandicum and A. yunnanum (Senanayake et al. 2015, Dai et al. 2016). In this study, three new species (A. bambusae, A. subroseum and A. pseudoparenchymaticum) were also isolated from bamboo. In addition, three species (A. arundinis, A. guizhouense, and A. rasikravindrii) were isolated from air and soil from karst caves, where have been shown to encompass a high fungal diversity (Jiang et al. 2017, Zhang et al. 2017).

In addition to the Arthrinium species from China, we also tried to resolve the phylogenetic status of Arthrinium mytilomorphum Bhat & W.B. Kendr. (Bhat and Kendrick 1993) in the current study. DNA extraction from the type specimen of A. mytilomorphum (DAOM 214595) was prohibited but DAOM provided a DNA sample. Unfortunately, we only managed to obtain an ITS sequence from this DNA sample, while the amplifications of all other protein coding genes were unsuccessful. The ITS phylogenetic tree (not shown here) shows that A. mytilomorphum is closely related to A. subroseum (99 % sequence similarity in ITS), while the morphology of these two species are very different from each other. Conidia of A. mytilomorphum are dark brown, fusiform or navicular, measuring 20–30 × 6–8.5 μm, slightly bowed down and asymmetric (Figure 11), while those of A. subroseum are pale brown to dark brown, globose or subglobose, measuring 12–17.5 × 9–16 μm.

Teleomorph-typified genus Apiospora was treated as a synonym of anamorph-typified genus Arthrinium on the basis that Arthrinium is older and more commonly used in literature (Crous et al. 2013). However, only three of the 58 recorded Apiospora species have been properly linked to their known Arthrinium counterparts, i.e. Arthrinium hysterinum (syn. Ap. bambusae) (Sivanesan 1983, Kirk 1986); Arthrinium arundinis (syn. Ap. montagnei) (Hyde 1998); Arthrinium sinense (syn. Ap. sinensis) (Réblová et al. 2016). In addition, molecular data of only four Apiospora species (Ap. bambusae, Ap. montagnei, Ap. setosa and Ap. sinensis) are available, in which only A. bambusae and A. sinensis have type-derived sequences. A comprehensive taxonomic revision of this taxonomic group awaits fresh collection and epitypification of many Apiospora species and, based on which, phylogenetic links with Arthrinium species could be established.

Figure 11.

Arthrinium mytilomorphum (from holotype DAOM 214595) A–B Overview of the type specimen C–F Conidiogenous cells giving rise to conidia G Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Acknowledgments

We thank Peng Zhao, Qian Chen, Yahui Gao and Zhifeng Zhang for providing strains and technical assistance. We kindly appreciated the curator of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada herbarium and Dr. Wen Chen in Ottawa Research and Development Centre AAFC for providing DNA samples and microscope slides of the type specimen of Arthrinium mytilomorphum. This work was financially supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China (NSFC 31725001) and the Frontier Science Research Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (QYZDB-SSW-SMC044).

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