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Research Article
Classicula sinensis, a new species of basidiomycetous aquatic hyphomycetes from southwest China
expand article infoMin Qiao‡, Wenjun Li‡, Ying Huang‡, Jianping Xu‡, Li Zhang‡, Zefen Yu‡
‡ Yunnan University, Kunming, China

Corresponding author: Zefen Yu ( zfyu2021@163.com )

Academic editor: Dominik Begerow
© 2018 Min Qiao, Wenjun Li, Ying Huang, Jianping Xu, Li Zhang, Zefen Yu.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Qiao M, Li W, Huang Y, Xu J, Zhang L, Yu Z (2018) Classicula sinensis, a new species of basidiomycetous aquatic hyphomycetes from southwest China. MycoKeys 40: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.40.23828
Open Access

Abstract

Classicula sinensis, isolated from decaying leaves from Mozigou, Chongqing Municipality, China, is described as a new species. The new species is a member of basidiomycetous aquatic hyphomycetes which represent a small proportion of all aquatic hyphomycetes. This species falls within the genus Classicula (Classiculaceae, Pucciniomycotina) and is closely related to C. fluitans, based on multiple gene sequence analyses. Morphologically, it is characterised by the apical, hyaline, obclavate or navicular conidia with several hair-like lateral appendages and by its holoblastic and monoblastic conidiogenesis, with a flat un-thickened conidiogenous locus. Clamp connections and haustorial branches were often observed in culture.

Keywords

fresh water fungi, mycoparasites, Pucciniomycotina , taxonomy

Introduction

Aquatic hyphomycetes constitute a dominant mycoflora on submerged decaying plant debris, both in lotic and lentic systems (Khan 1987). Phylogenetically, most aquatic hyphomycetes belong to Ascomycota, with only a small percentage belonging to Basidiomycota (Shearer 2007). Most known basidiomycetous aquatic hyphomycetes have been reported from North America (Marvanová 1977, Marvanová and Barlocher 1988, 1998, 2000, Marvanová and Suberkropp 1990, Raj 1981), Australia (Shaw 1972), Asia (Hudson and Ingold 1960, Nawawi 1985, Marvanová and Bandoni 1987, Kirschner 2013) and Europe (Scheuer 2008).

There are more than 8000 known species in the Pucciniomycotina (previously Urediniomycetes) and these comprise about one-third of all described basidiomycetes (Aime et al. 2006). Classification of the Pucciniomycotina has been reviewed and revised multiple times. Based on sequences at large and small subunits of the nuclear rDNA, Aime et al. (2006) grouped them into 8 classes. More recently, two new classes, Tritirachiomycetes (Schell et al. 2011) and Spiculogloeomycetes (Wang et al. 2015), were added to Pucciniomycotina. Amongst these 10 classes in Pucciniomycotina, one class, the Classiculomycetes, contains a single order, the Classiculales, with only two monotypic fungi, Jaculispora H. J. Huds. & Ingold and Classicula R. Bauer, Begerow, Oberw. & Marvanová. As early as 1960, Jaculispora was erected to accommodate a single anamorphic fungal species, J. submerse H. J. Huds. & Ingold. The genus is characterised by having narrow and delicate conidiophores and obclavate conidia with 0–3 hair-like lateral appendages (Hudson and Ingold 1960). Later, Naiadella Marvanova & Bandoni was established with N. fluitans Marvanova & Bandoni (synomy of C. fluitans) as the type species (Marvanová and Bandoni 1987). Bauer et al. (2003) observed the basidial stage of N. fluitans and connected it to the teleomorphic state Classicula. Classicula was recommended over Naiadella because Classicula is the base of the higher level taxonomy (Aime et al. 2018). The conidia of Classicula are similar to those of Jaculispora in shape. Classicula is characterised by the production of clamped hyphae with tremelloid haustorial cells and binucleate fusoid conidia with 3–4 bristle-like lateral branches (Marvanová and Bandoni 1987). Bauer et al. (2003) defined the phylogenetic positions of genera Jaculispora and Classicula based on the small subunit of ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA). Subsequent analyses of both the 18S and the large subunit ribosomal DNA (28S rDNA) data also supported the conclusion that the two genera are closely related and both belong to class of Classiculomycetes (Schell et al. 2011).

During a study of aquatic hyphomycetes on submerged decaying leaves collected from a stream in south-western China, we encountered two fungi which resembled species in the genus Classicula. Combining the morphological and phylogenetic analyses, we identified that the fungi belonged to Classicula. In this paper, we describe these specimens as a new species and discuss its phylogenetic placement based on the combined sequences of the 18S and 28S rDNA, the internal transcribed spacer regions of rDNA (ITS 1 and 2, including the 5.8S rDNA gene) and the translation elongation factor 1-a (TEF1).

Materials and methods

Collection of samples, isolation and characterisation

Samples of submerged dicotyledonous plant leaves collected from a stream in Chongqing Municipality were transported to the laboratory in zip-locked plastic bags. The rotten leaves were cut to several 0.5–1.5 × 1–1.5 cm sized fragments in the laboratory and spread on to the CMA medium (20 g cornmeal, 18 g agar, 40 mg streptomycin, 30 mg ampicillin, 1000 ml distilled water). After incubation at 27 °C for about 10 days, a single conidium was isolated and cultivated on CMA in Petri plates using a sterilised toothpick under a BX51 microscope. Morphological observations were made from cultures on CMA after incubation at 27 °C for one week. Pure cultures and a permanent slide were deposited in the Herbarium of the Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China (YMF; formerly Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Technology of Yunnan). Ex-holotype living cultures were deposited in the China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (CGMCC).

DNA extraction, PCR and sequencing

The cultures were grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 27 °C for about 10 days. Fungal mycelia were harvested and transferred to a 2.0 ml Eppendorf tube. Total DNA was extracted using a CTAB method as described by Pratibha et al. (2014).

Three regions of the nuclear ribosomal DNA gene cluster and one nuclear protein-coding genes, translation elongation factor 1a (TEF1) were amplified: Primer pairs ITS4 and ITS5 (White et al. 1990) were used to amplify the complete ITS regions (including 5.8 S); NS1 and NS8 for the 18S rDNA; and LR5 and LROR for the 28S rDNA (Vilgalys and Hester 1990). Primer pairs EF1-983F and EF1-2218R were used for amplifying the TEF1 gene (Rehner and Buckley 2005). PCR amplifications were performed using the methods described previously (Wang et al. 2014). The PCR products were then sent to the Beijing Tsingke Biotechnology Co. of China, Ltd and sequenced on both strands with the same primers that were used for amplification.

Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis

Preliminary BLAST searches with 18S and 28S rDNA gene sequences of the new isolates indicated that they had a close phylogenetic relationship with sequences from the genera Jaculiapora and Naiadella (Classicula). Based on the phylogenetic positions of the two genera, we downloaded 18S, 28S, ITS and TEF1 sequences of representative species of 8 class within Pucciniomycotina, but Cryptomycocolacomycetes and Spiculogloeomycetes were not included as Cryptomycocolacomycetes only includes two known species, Cryptomycocolax abnormis and Colacosiphon filiformis and only 18S rDNA of two species are available. Spiculogloeomycetes only comprises yeast and yeast-like species, which has an affinity to Mixiomycetes within Pucciniomycotina. Based on our main aim of identifying new hyphomycetes species within Classiculomycetes, another 8 classes were chosen to carry out phylogenetic analysis. Four sequences of each representative strain of 8 classes were combined with those from our own cultures. (see Table 1 for all GenBank accession numbers).

Raw sequences were aligned using CLUSTAL W 1.6 (Thompson et al. 1994); then manually adjusted to minimise the number of uninformative gaps and to improve alignments using MEGA 6.06 (Kumar et al. 2012). Ambiguously aligned regions were excluded from downstream analyses. Missing data at the 5'- and 3'-end of partial sequences were coded by a ‘?’. To select the most appropriate model of sequence evolution, JMODEL TEST 2.1.1 was run for each gene (ITS, TEF1, 18S, 28S) and the GTR þ I þ G model was chosen according to the Akaike information criterion (AIC). Before phylogenetic analysis, the ITS, TEF1, 18S and 28S matrices were concatenated with BIOEDIT 7.5.0.3. The tree construction procedure was performed in MrBAYES 3.2 (Ronquist et al. 2012). Maximum likelihood was performed with MEGA 6.06. Auricularia sp. and Coprinus comatus of Agaricomycotina were used as outgroups. Phylogenetic trees were imported into FIGURETREE 1.4.2 and exported as SVG vector graphics for Figure assembly in ADOBE ILLUSTRATOR CS6. The phylogenetic analyses of different datasets were performed using Bayesian and maximum likelihood algorithms.

Table 1.
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The species used in the phylogenetic analyses. Also included in the Table are the representative isolate name of each species and the GenBank accession numbers for each of the four analysed gene fragments of each isolate.

Class Species Isolate No. GenBank accession No. Reference
ITS 28S 18S TEF
Agaricostilbomycetes Bensingtonia changbaiensis AS 2.2310 AY233339 AY233339 AY233339 KJ707751 Wang et al. 2003; 2015
Agaricostilbum hyphaenes CBS 7811 AF444553 AF177406 AY665775 KJ707749 Scorzetti et al. 2002; Wang et al. 2015
Chionosphaera apobasidialis CBS 7430 AF444599 AF177407 U77662 KJ707883 Scorzetti et al. 2002; Wang et al. 2015
Bensingtonia ciliata AS 2.1945 AF444563 AF189887 D38234 KF706486 Scorzetti et al. 2002; Wang et al. 2015
Kurtzmanomyces insolitus JCM 10409 AF444594 AF177408 KJ708424 KJ707893 Scorzetti et al. 2002; Wang et al. 2015
Sporobolomyces sasicola AS 2.1933 AF444548 AF177412 AB021688 KJ707900 Scorzetti et al. 2002; Wang et al. 2015
Mycogloea nipponica CBS 11308 KJ778629 KJ708456 KJ708370 KJ707882 Wang et al. 2015
Sterigmatomyces elviae JCM 1602 AB038053 KP216512 KP216516 KJ707852 Wang et al. 2015
Kondoa aeria CBS 8352 AF444562 AF189901 KJ708417 KJ707905 Scorzetti et al. 2002
Cystobasidiomycetes Bannoa sp. MP 3490 DQ631900 DQ631898 DQ631899 DQ631902 Matheny et al. 2006
Naohidea sebacea CBS 8477 DQ911616 DQ831020 KP216515 KF706487 Wang et al. 2015
Sporobolomyces coprosmae JCM 8772 AF444578 AF189980 D66880 KJ707798 Scorzetti et al. 2002
Sakaguchia dacryoidea JCM 3795 AF444597 AF189972 D13459 KP216514 Scorzetti et al. 2002
Sporobolomyces bischofiae JCM 10338 AB035721 AB082572 AB035721 KJ707777 Hamamoto et al. 2002
Rhodotorula armeniaca JCM 8977 AF444523 AF189920 AB126644 KJ707762 Scorzetti et al. 2002; Wang et al. 2015
Occultifur externus JCM 10725 AF444567 AF189910 AB055193 KJ707829 Scorzetti et al. 2002; Wang et al. 2015
Cyrenella elegans CBS 274.82 KJ778626 KJ708454 KJ708360 KJ707830 Wang et al. 2015
Erythrobasidium hasegawianum AS 2.1923 AF444522 AF189899 D12803 KJ707776 Scorzetti et al. 2002; Wang et al. 2015
Pucciniomycetes Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli CFB22246 DQ200930 AY700192 AY657009 DQ435789 Matheny et al. 2007
Endocronartium harknessii CFB22250 DQ206982 AY700193 AY665785 DQ234567 Matthias et al. 2004
Helicobasidium mompa CBS 278.51 AY292429 AY254179 U77064 EF100614 Matthias et al. 2004
Platygloea disciformis IFO32431 DQ234556 AY629314 DQ234563 DQ056288 Matheny et al. 2007
Puccinia graminis tritici CRL75-36-700-3/ECS AF468044 AF522177 AY125409 XM_003333024 Weber et al. 2003
Insolibasidium deformans TDB183-1 – AF522169 AY123292 – Wang et al. 2015
Septobasidium canescens DUKE:DAH(323) DQ241446 DQ241479 DQ241410 – Henket al. 2007
Tritirachiomycetes Tritirachium oryzae CBS 164.67 GQ329853 KF258732 JF779647 JF779645 Schell et al. 2011
Tritirachium sp. CBS 473.93 JF779664 JF779649 JF779650 JF779651 Schell et al. 2011
Tritirachium sp. CBS 265.96 JF779668 JF779652 JF779653 - Schell et al. 2011
Mixiomycetes Mixia osmundae CBS 9802 DQ831010 DQ831009 D14163 KJ707837 Matheny et al. 2006
Microbotryomycetes Leucosporidium scottii JCM 9052 AF444495 AF070419 X53499 KJ707788 Scorzetti et al. 2002; Wang et al. 2015
Sphacelotheca hydropiperis CBS 179.24 KJ708463 KJ708463 KJ708394 KJ707807 Wang et al. 2015
Microbotryum violaceum CBS 143.21 KJ708462 KJ708462 KJ708388 KJ707811 Wang et al. 2015
Sporobolomyces bannaensis AS 2.2285 AY274824 AY274823 KJ708405 KJ707934 Zhao et al. 2003
Rhodosporidium babjevae JCM 9279 AF444542 AF070420 AB073270 KJ707874 Scorzetti et al. 2002; Wang et al. 2015
Rhodotorula rosulata CBS 10977 EU872492 EU872490 KJ708384 KJ707854 Wang et al. 2015
Atractiellomycetes Helicogloea lagerheimii FO 36341 – AY512849 AY124476 – Bauer et al. 2003
Helicogloea variabilis KW 1540 – L20282 U78043 – Berres et al. 1995
Platygloea vestita DB 1280 – AY512872 AY124480 – Bauer et al. 2003
Classiculomycetes Classicula fluitans ATCC 64713 – AY512838 AY124478 – Schell et al. 2011
Classicula sinense YMF 1.04613 KY548838 KY548836 KY468515 MG787169 This study
Classicula sinense YMF 1.04389 KY548837 KY548835 KY468514 MG787170 This study
Jaculispora submersa CCM 8127 – AY512853 AY124477 – Schell et al. 2014
Agaricomycotina Auricularia sp. AFTOL-ID 676 DQ200918 AY634277 DQ234542 DQ408144 Schell et al. 2014
Coprinus comatus AFTOL-ID 626 AY854066 AY635772 AY665772 AY881026 Schell et al. 2014

Results

Phylogenetic analysis

In our Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses (Figure 1), our isolates representing the new species named C. sinensis was a sister group to C. fluitans and consistently had J. submerse as the next closest relative with a strong statistical support. The close relationship between C. sinensis and C. fluitans was supported with a posterior probability of 1.00 in the Bayesian analysis and with a bootstrap value of 0.93 in the maximum likelihood analysis. Phylogenetic relationships amongst the taxa inferred from the combined four gene sequences are in general agreement with those based on SSU rDNA and LSU rDNA D1/D2 domains by Wang et al. (2015). Although there are some minor variations in the relationships amongst the classes between the two studies, taxa within each class still formed a single clade.

BLAST searches using the complete ITS regions of our C. sinensis strains (YMF 1.04613 and YMF 1.04389) aligned them only to the 5.8S rDNA of a variety of uncultured fungus. There are a few ITS1 matches at about 87% sequence identity to specimens in Pucciniomycotina. Since the study of Classiculomycetes by Bauer et al. (2003) did not employ ITS sequences, we were unable to use ITS sequences for species confirmation with those in Classicula. Sequences of accession numbers AY512838 and AY512853 were those of 18S rDNA of C. fluitans R. Bauer, Begerow, Oberw. & Marvanová and J. submerse, respectively, but were mistaken for ITS by Wang et al. (2015).

Figure 1. 

Phylogenetic tree based on Bayesian analysis of the combined ITS, TEF1, 18S and 28S rDNA sequences. Auricularia sp. and Coprinus comatus of Agaricomycotina are used as outgroups. Clades and taxa are labelled according to Schell et al. (2011). Bayesian posterior probabilities, greater than 0.95, are given above the nodes (out of 100). Maximum likelihood bootstrap values, greater than 75%, are given below the nodes (out of 100). The scale bar shows the expected changes per site.

Taxonomy

Classicula sinensis Y. Huang & Z.F. Yu, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 819813
Figure 2

Etymology

Sinensis refers to the country in which this species was found.

Diagnosis

Classicula sinensis differs from C. fluitans by having fusiform conidiogenous cells growing from the hyphae directly.

Type

CHINA. From leaves of an unidentified dicotyledonous plant submerged in a stream, Chongqing Municipality, Mozigou, 29°25'38"N, 107°24'19"E, ca. 750 m elev. Oct 2014, ZeFen Yu, YMF 1.04613–holotype[live culture], YMFT1.04613 [dried specimen], CGMCC–3.18938–ex-type culture. Other strain: YMF 1.04389, CGMCC–3.18937, Chongqing Municipality, Mozigou, 29°28'N, 107°25'E, ca. 750 m elev.

Description

Colonies on CMA reach about 10 mm diameter after incubating for 7 days at 27 °C. Colony effuse, mycelium partly superficial, partly immersed in substratum, composed of hyaline, branched, thin-walled, septate, smooth, binucleated hyphae, 1.5–4.8 µm wide, often 1.8–2.7 µm wide. Clamp connection and haustorial branches on hyphae present. Haustorial branches with basal clamps, tapering distally or obclavate, 9–14.2 (–16.5) µm long, 1.2–2.6 µm wide, one or two terminal filaments of 3–8.5 × 1.3 µm located on the top of it. Conidiophores absent. Conidiogenous cells fusiform, monoblastic, 7.5–11×2–2.8 µm, attaching directly on the hyphae, solitary or in aggregates of two. Conidia solitary, acrogenous, navicular or obclavate, attenuating upwards, 25–38 (–42) µm long, 3.8–6.2 µm wide, 1.3–3.4 µm wide at the truncate base, (0–) 2–5 (–7) septa appear in those conidia without cytoplasm, with 1–5 (mainly 3–4) lateral appendages, attaching to the upper part of conidia, opposite or verticillate, filiform, smooth, divergent, pendulous or straight (–7) 13–21 (–25) µm long, 0.8–1.2 µm wide, 0–2(–3) septate. Occasionally, 1(–2) appendages also arise from apex of the main axis. Sometimes clamp connections appear at the top of conidia.

Figure 2. 

Microscopic features of Classicula sinensis (holotype YMF 1.04613). a, b Conidia c empty conidia d clamp connection on conidia e Haustorial branches with basal clamps on hyphae f Conidiogenous cells (black arrow) and clamp connection on hyphae (white arrow). Scale bar: 10 µm (a–f).

Discussion

Classicula is phylogenetically related to Jaculispora and morphologically similar to the latter. When Jaculispora was established, Hudson and Ingold (1960) did not mention clamp connections or haustorial cells. Later, Matsushima (1987) observed clamps on hyphae from J. submersa (isolate MFC 12864), but did not see haustorial cells. Bauer et al. (2003) reported that J. submersa also presented tremelloid haustorial cells similar to C. flutitans and both species have septal-spore architecture surrounded by microbodies. Further phylogenetic analysis inferred from the 18S rDNA gene revealed that the two species belonged to the family Classiculaceae of Urediniomycetes. In fact, both Classicula and Jaculispora are very similar in having navicular conidia with 3–4 distal setose branches. However, conidiogenous cells of Classicula are discrete fusiform, differentiated obviously and those of Jaculispora are integrated. Conidiogenous cells of C. sinensis are also integrated, but in the analysis of concatenated dataset of four sequences, C. sinensis and C. flutitans formed a well-supported clade separated from Jaculispora, so we treated our strains as a member of the genus Classicula.

C. fluitans is similar to C. sinensis in having haustorial branches and obclavate or navicular conidia with hair-like lateral and apex appendages. However, their conidiophores and conidiogenous cells were totally different. First, C. sinensis has no conidiophore and its conidiogenous cells grow from hyphae directly, while conidiophores of C. fluitans are determinate, micronematous to semi-macronematous. Second, typical conidiogenous cells of C. fluitans are discrete fusiform formed successively, clamped basally, but C. sinensis has no clamps at the base of conidiogenous cells and conidiogenous cells of C. sinensis are integrated, which resemble that of Jaculispora. Besides the main differences described above, conidia of C. fluitans are shorter and wider [(18–)25– 32(–45) × (4–)5–6.5(–9)] than those of C. sinensis, lateral branches of C. fluitans are 2–3, while 4 lateral branches often appear in C. sinensis. Furthermore, coralloid structures were interpreted as appressoria in C. fluitans but were not observed in C. sinensis (Bauer et al. 2003).

C. sinensis is similar to J. submersa in conidia form, but conidia of the latter grow on the tip of long micronematous conidiophores, while that of C. sinensis grow from conidiogenous cells directly produced on hyphae. Besides, conidia of J. submersa are longer than those of C. sinensis (type strain: 35–55 × 5–7, MFC-12864:35–56 × 4–6 µm). Septa of conidia without cytoplasm were not mentioned in the type strain of J. submerse. In strain MFC-12864, there is a septum obscurely presented at the attenuated part, while conidia of C. sinensis have 3–4 septa after cytoplasm drained out of the conidia.

A combination of morphological and molecular characters was used to establish C. sinensis. Conidiogenous cells of C. sinensis and C. flutitans were sufficiently different to support the molecular data and to suggest the new species. This situation has not been observed often in other fungi of the same genus, thus more isolates belonging to Classiculomycetes are needed to circumscribe genus characteristics of Classicula better and in more detail.

Acknowledgements

This work was financed by the National Natural Science Foundation Program of PR China (31770026, 31570023). We are grateful to two reviewers for critically reviewing the manuscript and providing helpful suggestions to improve this paper.

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