Research Article |
Corresponding author: Li-Wei Zhou ( liwei_zhou1982@163.com ) Academic editor: María P. Martín
© 2018 Wen-Min Qin, Xue-Wei Wang, Takuo Sawahata, Li-Wei Zhou.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Qin W-M, Wang X-W, Sawahata T, Zhou L-W (2018) Phylloporia lonicerae (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota), a new species on Lonicera japonica from Japan and an identification key to worldwide species of Phylloporia. MycoKeys 30: 17-30. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.30.23235
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Phylloporia, in the Hymenochaetaceae, is a polypore genus with a worldwide distribution. The new taxon Phylloporia lonicerae is introduced, which is the first Phylloporia species to originate from Japan. This species grows exclusively on living Lonicera japonica and is distinguished by annual, sessile basidiocarps that occur in clusters, pileal surface of narrow, concentrically sulcate zones, 6–8 pores per mm, duplex context separated by a black zone, dimitic hyphal system and broadly ellipsoid basidiospores, 3.2–4 × 2.3–3.1 µm. Phylogenetically, P. lonicerae is nested within the Phylloporia clade as a distinct terminal lineage with full statistical supports and sister to the clade of P. minutispora, P. cf. pulla and P. terrestris with weak supports. Besides Phylloporia bibulosa, P. chrysites and P. spathulata, P. lonicerae is the fourth species of Phylloporia recorded from Japan. An identification key to all accepted 48 species of Phylloporia is provided.
Hymenochaetaceae , key, Lonicera japonica , polypore, taxonomy
Phylloporia Murrill, in the Hymenochaetaceae Donk, was introduced for an unusual polypore species, P. parasitica Murrill growing on the underside of living leaves in Columbia (
Phylloporia began as a monophyletic genus based on phylogenic studies of the large subunit of the nuclear ribosomal gene (nLSU) (
There are three species of Phylloporia reported from Japan – P. bibulosa (Lloyd) Ryvarden, P. chrysites (Berk.) Ryvarden and P. spathulata (Hook.) Ryvarden (
The studied specimens were deposited at the herbarium of the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IFP) in China. The macroscopic characters were observed from dried specimens with the aid of a stereomicroscope. Specimen sections were mounted in Cotton Blue (CB), Melzer’s reagent (IKI) and 5 % potassium hydroxide (KOH) for observation using a Nikon Eclipse 80i microscope at magnification up to 1000×. Special colour terms follow
The PCR products were directly amplified from the extracts of the basidiocarps with the Phire® Plant Direct PCR Kit (Finnzymes Oy, Finland) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The PCR protocol was as follows: initial denaturation at 98 °C for 5 min, followed by 39 cycles of denaturation at 98 °C for 5 s, annealing at 48 °C for 5 s and extension at 72 °C for 5 s and a final extension of 72 °C for 10 min. The primers LR0R and LR7 (
To explore the phylogenetic relationship of P. lonicerae, six nLSU sequences were incorporated into previous nLSU datasets of Phylloporia (
The nLSU dataset was aligned with MAFFT 7.110 (
Six nLSU sequences of P. lonicerae were generated and included in a dataset of 105 sequences and 942 characters. ML analysis was ended after 250 BS replicates. BI analysis converged all chains as indicated by the effective sample sizes of all parameters above 2000 and the potential scale reduction factors close to 1.000. As the ML and BI analyses generated congruent topologies in main lineages, the ML tree is presented in Figure
JAPAN. Nara, Research Forest of Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3 Jul 2017, on living vine of Lonicera japonica, LWZ 20170703-2 (IFP 019172).
Lonicerae (Lat.): referring to Lonicera, the host tree genus.
Basidiocarps annual, sessile, imbricate, rarely solitary, without odour or taste, woody. Pilei semi-circular, flabelliform or fused together, applanate, single pileus projecting up to 1.5 cm long, 3 cm wide and 0.5 cm thick at base. Pileal surface greyish-brown to yellowish-brown, velutinate, concentrically sulcate with narrow zones; margin pale yellow or concolorous, sharp. Pore surface honey-yellow, slightly glancing; sterile margin distinct, curry-yellow, up to 0.5 mm wide; pores circular to angular, 6–8 per mm; dissepiments thin, entire. Context up to 2 mm thick, duplex, with a black zone, lower context olivaceous buff, hard corky, up to 1 mm thick, upper tomentum cinnamon-buff, soft, up to 1 mm thick. Tubes honey-yellow, corky, up to 3 mm long.
Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae simple septate; tissue darkening but otherwise unchanged in KOH. Context: in the lower context, generative hyphae hyaline to pale yellowish, slightly thick- to thick-walled with a wide lumen, frequently branched and septate, 2–4 μm in diam; skeletal hyphae golden yellow, thick-walled with a narrow lumen, unbranched, aseptate, interwoven, 2–4.5 μm in diam; in the upper tomentum, generative hyphae infrequent, pale yellowish, slightly thick- to thick-walled with a wide lumen, rarely branched, frequently septate, 2–4 μm in diam; skeletal hyphae golden yellow, thick-walled with a narrow to wide lumen, unbranched, aseptate, loosely interwoven, 2.5–5 μm in diam; in the black zone, hyphae dark brown, thick-walled with a narrow lumen, strongly agglutinated, interwoven. Tubes: generative hyphae hyaline to pale yellowish, thin- to slightly thick-walled, occasionally branched, frequently septate, 1.8–4 μm in diam; skeletal hyphae golden yellow, thick-walled with a narrow lumen, unbranched, aseptate, interwoven, 2–4 μm in diam. Setae absent. Cystidia and cystidioles absent. Basidia clavate, with four sterigmata up to 3 μm long and a simple septum at the base, 7–11 × 4–6 μm; basidioles in shape similar to basidia, but slightly smaller. Basidiospores broadly ellipsoid, pale yellowish, thick-walled, smooth, indextrinoid, inamyloid, acyanophilous, (3–)3.2–4 × (2.1–)2.3–3.1(–3.3) μm, L = 3.61 μm, W = 2.77 μm, Q = 1.28–1.33 (n = 90/3).
(All on living vine of Lonicera japonica)—JAPAN. Nara, Research Forest of Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, 31 Oct 2016, LWZ 20161031-1 (IFP 019173); 27 Feb 2017, LWZ 20170227-1 (IFP 019174); 25 Mar 2017, LWZ 20170325-1 (IFP 019175); 22 Jun 2017, LWZ 20170622-1 (IFP 019176); 3 Jul 2017, LWZ 20170703-1 (IFP 019177).
Phylloporia lonicerae is morphologically distinct from other species in Phylloporia by its annual, sessile basidiocarps that occur in clusters, pileal surface of narrow, concentrically sulcate zones, 6–8 pores per mm, duplex context separated by a black zone, dimitic hyphal system and broadly ellipsoid basidiospores, 3.2–4 × 2.3–3.1 µm. In the field, it is readily identified by fruiting on living vines, >1.5 cm diameter, of Lonicera japonica. Phylloporia lonicerae is most similar to P. pseudopectinata Yuan Y. Chen & B.K. Cui and P. minutipora L.W. Zhou by sharing annual, sessile basidiocarps in clusters and a dimitic hyphal system, but easily distinguished from P. pseudopectinata by larger pores (8–9 per mm) and subglobose basidiospores (
Lonicera japonica is a well-known and important medicinal plant (
Some species of Phylloporia are parasitic and appear to be restricted by host and geographic distribution of its host. For example, Phylloporia crataegi L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai, which occurs exclusively on living Crataegus and P. fontanesiae L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai, which colonises living Fontanesia, are widely distributed in China (
Since 2010, 21 new species of Phylloporia have been described from China (
1 | Basidiocarps resupinate | P. parasitica |
– | Basidiocarps sessile or stipitate | 2 |
2 | Basidiocarps stipitate and terrestrial (woody debris) | 3 |
– | Basidiocarps sessile and on aerial wood | 9 |
3 | Context homogeneous | P. minutispora |
– | Context duplex | 4 |
4 | Basidiospores > 4 µm long, > 3 µm wide | P. verae-crucis (Berk. ex Sacc.) Ryvarden |
– | Basidiospores < 4 µm long, < 3 µm wide | 5 |
5 | Cystidia present | 6 |
– | Cystidia absent | 7 |
6 | Hyphae in tomentum short and anticlinal | P. elegans Ferreira-Lopes, Robledo & Drechsler-Santos |
– | Hyphae in tomentum loosely interwoven | P. nodostipitata Ferreira-Lopes & Drechsler-Santos |
7 | Pores < 10 per mm | P. spathulata |
– | Pores > 10 per mm | 8 |
8 | Basidiospores < 3.3 µm long, < 2.3 µm wide | P. terrestris |
– | Basidiospores > 3.3 µm long, > 2.3 µm wide | P. afrospathulata Yombiy & Decock |
9 | Hyphal system dimitic | 10 |
– | Hyphal system monomitic | 18 |
10 | Basidiocarps perennial | 11 |
– | Basidiocarps annual | 12 |
11 | Pores 6–8 per mm | P. manglietiae Yuan Y. Chen & B.K. Cui |
– | Pores 8–11 per mm | P. pectinata (Klotzsch) Ryvarden |
12 | Basidiocarps solitary | P. nouraguensis Decock & G. Castillo |
– | Basidiocarps in cluster | 13 |
13 | Pileal surface lighter (greyish-orange to pale cinnamon) | P. fulva Yombiy & Decock |
– | Pileal surface darker (yellowish-brown to dark brown) | 14 |
14 | Pileus attached by a small vertex and pendant | 15 |
– | Pileus widely attached to the substratum | 16 |
15 | Pores 7–9 per mm; basidiospores > 3.5 µm long | P. pendula Yuan Y. Chen & B.K. Cui |
– | Pores 11–12 per mm; basidiospores < 3.5 µm long | P. pulla |
16 | Pores 12–15 per mm; basidiospores < 3 µm long, < 2.5 µm wide | P. minutipora |
– | Pores 6–9 per mm; basidiospores > 3 µm long, > 2.5 µm wide | 17 |
17 | Pores 6–9 per mm; basidiospores broadly ellipsoid (Q = 1.28–1.33) | P. lonicerae |
– | Pores 8–9 per mm; basidiospores subglobose (Q = 1.21–1.23) | P. pseudopectinata Yuan Y. Chen & B.K. Cui |
18 | Pores 2–4 per mm | 19 |
– | Pores 4–12 per mm | 22 |
19 | Basidiospores broadly ellipsoid to subglobose | P. fruticum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Ryvarden |
– | Basidiospores oblong-ellipsoid, subcylindrical to cylindrical | 20 |
20 | Context duplex | P. rzedowskii R. Valenz. & Decock |
– | Context homogeneous | 21 |
21 | Context < 1 mm thick; on living branch | P. oblongospora Y.C. Dai & H.S. Yuan |
– | Context 2–4 mm thick; on living trunk | P. inonotoides Yombiy & Decock |
22 | Basidiocarps annual to perennial, dense and hard consistency | 23 |
– | Basidiocarps annual, soft corky at least at tomentum layer | 29 |
23 | Pores 10–12 per mm; on living Tilia | P. tiliae L.W. Zhou |
– | Pores 6–9 per mm; on other angiosperms | 24 |
24 | Pileal surface zonate and sulcate | 25 |
– | Pileal surface azonate | P. yuchengii Gafforov, Tomšovský, Langer & L.W. Zhou |
25 | Pores 6–7 per mm | 26 |
– | Pores 7–9 per mm | 27 |
26 | Basidiospores ellipsoid; mostly on Ribes | P. ribis |
– | Basidiospores subglobose; mostly on Ephedra, Cotoneaster or Jasminum | P. ephedrae (Woron.) Parmasto |
27 | Basidiospores > 2.7 µm wide | P. dependens Y.C. Dai |
– | Basidiospores < 2.7 µm wide | 28 |
28 | Basidiospores ellipsoid to oblong-ellipsoid with a guttule; on Abelia | P. gutta L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai |
– | Basidiospores broadly ellipsoid without a guttule; on living Crataegus | P. crataegi |
29 | Basidiospores broadly ellipsoid to subglobose | 30 |
– | Basidiospores ellipsoid, oblong-ellipsoid to cylindrical | 40 |
30 | Pores 5–6 per mm | 31 |
– | Pores 6–11 per mm | 35 |
31 | Context duplex, separated by a black zone | 32 |
– | Context not separated by a black zone | 33 |
32 | Pileal surface azonate, lower context 1–4 µm thick | P. ampelina (Bondartsev & Singer) Bondartseva |
– | Pileal surface zonate and sulcate, lower context 1 µm thick | P. weberiana (Bres. & Henn. ex Sacc.) Ryvarden |
33 | Basidiocarps solitary covered by a thick tomentum layer, pileal surface not radially faintly wrinkled | P. littoralis Decock & Yombiy |
– | Basidiocarps in cluster without a distinct tomentum layer, pileal surface radially faintly wrinkled | 34 |
34 | Pileus < 1.5 mm thick, margin regular | P. flabelliformis |
– | Pileus > 1.5 mm thick, margin irregular | P. gabonensis |
35 | Basidiocarps > 8 cm wide, > 15 mm thick; contextual hyphae > 5 µm in diam | P. ulloai R. Valenz., Raymundo, Cifuentes & Decock |
– | Basidiocarps < 8 cm wide, < 15 mm thick; contextual hyphae < 5 µm in diam | 36 |
36 | Contextual hyphae regularly arranged | 37 |
– | Contextual hyphae interwoven | 38 |
37 | Pileus distinctly sulcate, not radially striate, margin obtuse, basal context separated by two black zones; hyphae in tomentum > 4 μm in diam; on living angiosperm trunk | P. clausenae L.W. Zhou |
– | Pileus faintly sulcate, radially striate, margin sharp, context duplex thoroughly; hyphae in tomentum < 4 μm in diam; on living liana | P. radiata L.W. Zhou |
38 | Contextual hyphae slightly thick-walled with a wide lumen, frequently septate, large rhomboid crystals absent | 39 |
– | Contextual hyphae thick-walled with a narrow lumen, occasionally septate, large rhomboid crystals present in trama and context | P. chrysites |
39 | Pores 10–12 per mm; basidiospores < 3 µm long; on living Fontanesia | P. fontanesiae |
– | Pores 7–9 per mm; basidiospores > 3 µm long; on other angiosperms | P. oreophila L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai |
40 | Basidiospores mostly > 3 µm wide | 41 |
– | Basidiospores mostly < 3 µm wide | 42 |
41 | Pores 4–6 per mm | P. hainaniana Y.C. Dai & B.K. Cui |
– | Pores 8–10 per mm | P. capucina (Mont.) Ryvarden |
42 | Basidiocarp solitary | 43 |
– | Basidiocarp imbricate | 46 |
43 | Context homogeneous | P. homocarnica L.W. Zhou |
– | Context duplex | 44 |
44 | Context not separated by a black zone; on living Flacourtia | P. flacourtiae L.W. Zhou |
– | Context separated by a black zone; on other angiosperms | 45 |
45 | Pileal surface azonate, pores 6–8 per mm; basidiospores cylindrical | P. cylindrispora L.W. Zhou |
– | Pileal surface zonate and sulcate, pores 8–9 per mm; basidiospores ellipsoid | P. lespedezae G.J. Ren & F. Wu |
46 | Basidiospores mostly < 2.5 µm wide | 47 |
– | Basidiospores mostly > 2.5 µm wide | P. bibulosa |
47 | Pores 5–6 per mm, context duplex, not separated by a black zone; basidiospores > 3.5 µm long, contextual hyphae interwoven; on living Nandina | P. nandinae L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai |
– | Pores 7–9 per mm, context duplex, separated by a black zone; basidiospores < 3.5 µm long, contextual hyphae regularly arranged; on living Osmanthus | P. osmanthi L.W. Zhou |
Dr. Karen K. Nakasone (CFMR, USA) is thanked for improving the manuscript. The research was financed by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No. 31570014) and Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS (No. 2017240).