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Research Article
Three new species of Fomitiporella (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota) based on the evidence from morphology and DNA sequence data
expand article infoXiao-Hong Ji‡, Josef Vlasák§, Xue-Mei Tian|, Yu-Cheng Dai‡
‡ Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
§ Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China

Corresponding author: Yu-Cheng Dai ( yuchengdai@bjfu.edu.cn )

Academic editor: R. Henrik Nilsson
© 2018 Xiao-Hong Ji, Josef Vlasák, Xue-Mei Tian, Yu-Cheng Dai.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Ji X-H, Vlasák J, Tian X-M, Dai Y-C (2018) Three new species of Fomitiporella (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota) based on the evidence from morphology and DNA sequence data. MycoKeys 30: 73-89. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.30.23109
Open Access

Abstract

Fomitiporella austroasiana, F. mangrovei and F. vietnamensis are described and illustrated as new species based on morphological characters and molecular evidence. They have annual to perennial, mostly resupinate basidiomata with grayish fresh pores, an indistinct subiculum, lack any kind of setae, have brownish, thick-walled basidiospores, and cause a white rot. The distinctive morphological characters of the new species and their related species are discussed. Phylogenies based on the nuclear ribosomal large subunit (28S) and the nuclear ribosomal ITS region show that these three new species form three distinct lineages in the Fomitiporella clade. A key to known species of Fomitiporella is given.

Keywords

Hymenochaetaceae , Polypore, Taxonomy, Phylogenetic analysis

Introduction

Fomitiporella Murrill was described by Murrill (1907) with F. umbrinella as type. The genus is characterized by perennial, resupinate and adnate basidiomata, a thin subiculum, stratified tubes, and brown, subglobose basidiospores (Murrill 1907). Fomitiporellahas been considered a synonym of Phellinus (Ryvarden and Johansen 1980, Larsen and Cobb-Poulle 1990, Ryvarden 1991, Ryvarden and Gilbertson 1994, Dai 1999, Núñez and Ryvarden 2000). A previous phylogenetic study based on 28S DNA sequence data confirmed Fomitiporella as an independent genus within Hymenochaetaceae, with Phellinus caryophyllii (Racib.) G. Cunn. and P. cavicola Kotl. & Pouzar transferred into Fomitiporella (Wagner and Fischer 2002). During the past five years, many new species were revealed based on morphological characters and molecular data (Zhou 2014, Ji et al. 2017). Recently, Ji et al. (2017) broadened the concept of Fomitiporella to accommodate species with resupinate to effused reflexed and annual basidiomata.

As a continuation of the revision of Fomitiporella Murrill, phylogenetic inferences based on 28S and ITS DNA sequences revealed three new species. The taxonomic affinity and the evolutionary relationships among the new species and relates species are outlined.

Materials and methods

Morphological studies

Specimens studied are deposited in the herbarium of Beijing Forestry University (BJFC) and will be forwarded to the National Museum Prague of Czech Republic (PRM). The sections were prepared in 5% potassium hydroxide (KOH), Melzer’s reagent (IKI) and Cotton Blue (CB). The following abbreviations were used: KOH = 5% potassium hydroxide, IKI = Melzer’s reagent, IKI– = neither amyloid nor dextrinoid, CB = Cotton Blue, CB+ = cyanophilous, CB(+) = cyanophilic after 12 hours stained with Cotton Blue, CB– = acyanophilous, L = mean spore length (arithmetic average of the spores), W = mean spore width (arithmetic average of the spores), Q = variation in the ratios of L/W between specimens studied and n = number of spores measured from new specimens. The microscopic procedure follows He and Li (2013) and the special color terms follow Petersen (1996). Sections were studied at magnifications up to 1000× using a Nikon Eclipse 80i microscope with phase contrast illumination. Drawings were made with the aid of a drawing tube. Microscopic features, measurements, and illustrations were made from slide preparations stained with Cotton Blue. Spores were measured from sections cut from the tubes.

Molecular study and phylogenetic analysis

A CTAB-based rapid plant genome extraction kit (Aidlab Biotechnologies Co., Ltd, Beijing) was used to obtain genomic DNA from dried specimens. The primer pair ITS4 and ITS5 was used for amplification of the ITS region (White et al. 1990), while the primer pair LR0R and LR7 (http://www.biology.duke.edu/fungi/mycolab/primers.htm) was used for providing the D1–D4 regions of the 28S (https://unite.ut.ee/primers.php). The PCR procedure for ITS amplification was as follows: initial denaturation at 95°C for 3 min, followed by 35 cycles at 94 °C for 40 s, 54 °C for 45 s and 72 °C for 1 min, and a final extension of 72 °C for 10 min. The PCR procedure for 28S was as follows: initial denaturation at 94 °C for 1 min, followed by 35 cycles at 94 °C for 30 s, 50 °C for 1 min and 72 °C for 1.5 min, and a final extension of 72 °C for 10 min. The PCR products were purified and sequenced at the Beijing Genomics Institute, China, with the same primers.

Reference ITS and 28S sequences from various species of Fomitiporella, available from GenBank (Benson et al. 2017), were compiled and complemented with sequences generated for this study. Additionally, we also used sequences from Ji et al. (2017) (Table 1). Phellinus laevigatus (P. Karst.) Bourdot & Galzin and P. populicola Niemelä were selected as the outgroup representatives both in the ITS dataset and 28S dataset (Wagner and Fischer 2002). The sequences were aligned using ClustalX 1.83 (Chenna et al. 2003) and alignments were curated manually in BioEdit 7.0.5.3 (Hall 1999). Prior to phylogenetic analyses, ambiguous regions at the start and the end were deleted. The sequence alignment was deposited at TreeBase (submission ID 22036; www.treebase.org). Phylogenetic analyses were carried out as described previously (Ji et al. 2017).

Table 1.
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Information on the sequences used in this study. Type specimens are shown in bold.

Species Location Sample no. GenBank accession no.
ITS 28S
Fomitiporella americana USA JV 0312/26.6J KX181291 –
F. americana USA JV 0212/8J KX181292 –
F. americana USA JV 0904/149J KX181293 KX181329
F. austroasiana China Dai 16244 MG657328 MG657320
F. austroasiana China Dai 16168 MG657329 MG657321
F. austroasiana Singapore Dai 17868 – MG657322
F. austroasiana Singapore Dai 17871 – MG657323
F. austroasiana Singapore Dai 17879 MG657330 MG657324
F. caryophyllii India CBS 448.76 AY558611 AY059021
F. cavicola UK N 153 – AY059052
F. caviphila China LWZ 20130812-1 – KF729937
F. chinensis China Cui 11097 KX181310 KX181342
F. chinensis China Cui 11091 – KX181340
F. chinensis China LWZ 20130713-7 KJ787817 KJ787808
F. chinensis China LWZ 20130916-3 KJ787818 KJ787809
F. chinensis China Cui 11095 – KX181341
F. chinensis China Cui 8725 – KX181343
F. inermis USA JV 0509/57K KX181305 KX181346
F. inermis USA JV 1109/19A KX181304 –
F. inermis USA JV 1009/56 KX181306 KX181347
F. mangrovei USA JV 1008/60 KX181313 KX181334
F. mangrovei France JV 1612/25-J MG657331 MG657325
F. micropora USA JV 1312/E2J KX181294 KX181333
F. micropora USA JV 1407/46 KX181295 KX181332
F. micropora USA JV 0409/6J KX181296 KX181331
F. micropora USA JV 1207/6.1J KX181297 KX181330
F. resupinata Cameroon Douanla-Meli 476 KJ787822 JF712935
F. sinica China Cui 10139 KX181298 –
F. sinica China Dai 10461 KX181300 –
F. sinica China LWZ 20130809-8 KJ787820 KJ787811
F. sinica China LWZ 20140625-2 KX181301 KX181320
F. sinica China LWZ 20140624-5 KX181302 KX181321
F. sinica China Dai 12450 – KX181326
F. sinica China Dai 13944 – KX181324
F. sp. 1 China Cui 6557 KX181303 –
F. sp. 2 China Cui 11352 KX181315 KX181338
F. sp. 3 China LWZ 20140721-2 KX181316 KX181337
F. sp. 4 Thailand LWZ 20140729-22 KX181317 KX181339
F. sp. 5 Chile Fv.Ch-7 – DQ459301
F. sp. 6 Ethiopia AM 12 JF895466 JQ910908
F. sp. 7 Ethiopia AM 15 JF895467 JQ910909
F. sp. 8 Ethiopia AM 18 JF895468 JQ910910
F. sp. 9 Ethiopia AM 04 KX181318 KX181335
F. subinermis China Dai 15114 KX181308 KX181344
F. subinermis China Dai 15131 KX181307 KX181345
F. tenuissima China Dai 12365 KC456244 KC999901
F. tenuissima China Dai 12245 KC456242 KC999902
F. tenuissima China Dai 12255 KC456243 KC999903
F. tenuissima China Cui 10960 KX181319 –
F. umbrinella USA 0509/114 KX181314 KX181336
F. umbrinella USA CBS 303.66 – AY059036
F. vietnamensis Vietnam Dai 18377 MG657332 MG657326
F. vietnamensis Vietnam Dai 18382 MG657333 MG657327
Fulvifomes fastuosus Thailand LWZ 20140801-1 KR905675 KR905669
F. robiniae USA CBS 211.36 AY558646 AF411825
Inonotus hispidus Germany MF 92-829 – AF311014
I. hispidus – CBS 386.61 AY558602 AY558664
I. obliquus Germany TW 705 – AF311017
I. quercustris Argentina 0193 AY072026 AY059050
I. andersonii USA CBS 312.35 – AY059041
Phylloporia bibulosa Pakistan Ahmad 27088 – AF411824
P. chrysites Puerto Rico N.W. Legon – AF411821
P. ephedrae Turkmenistan TAA 72-2 – AF411826
P. pectinata UK R. Coveny 113 – AF411823
P. ribis Germany MF 82-828 – AF311040
P. spathulata Mexico Chay 456 – AF411822
Phellinus laevigatus Finland TN 3260 – AF311034
P. laevigatus – 83-912 AY340051 –
P. populicola Germany MF 84-61 – AF311038
P. populicola Sweden BRNM 714885 GQ383706 –

Maximum likelihood (ML), maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian inference (BI) analyses were performed for the two datasets. The three phylogenetic analysis algorithms generated nearly identical topologies for each dataset, thus only the topology from the MP analysis is presented along with statistical values from the ML, MP and BI algorithms (Bootstrap support < 50 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities < 0.9 are not shown) at the nodes. MP analyses were performed using PAUP* 4.0b10 (Swofford 2002) with gaps in the alignments treated as missing data. Trees were generated using 100 replicates of random stepwise addition of sequence and tree-bisection reconnection (TBR) branch-swapping algorithm with all characters given equal weight. Branch supports (BS) for all parsimony analyses were estimated by performing 1,000 bootstrap replicates (Felsenstein 1985) with a heuristic search of 10 random-addition replicates for each bootstrap replicate. Sequences were also analyzed using MLwith RAxML-HPC2 on Abe through the Cipres Science Gateway (www.phylo.org). BI was calculated with MrBayes3.1.2 with a general time reversible (GTR) model of DNA substitution and a gamma distribution rate variation across sites (Ronquist and Huelsenbeck 2003). The ITS region was divided into three partitions, ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2, for the Bayesian analysis. MrModeltest2.3 (Posada and Crandall 1998, Nylander 2004) was used to determine the best-fit evolution model for each dataset. Trees were visualized in TreeView 1.6.6 (Page 1996).

Results

Fifty-six 28S rDNA sequences, including eight sequences generated in this study (GenBank accession numbers MG657320–MG657327) and forty-six ITS rDNA sequences, including six sequences generated in this study (GenBank accession numbers MG657328–MG657333) were used to infer the phylogenetic trees. Sequence information is provided in Table 1. The 28S dataset had an aligned length of 898 characters, of which 628 characters are constant, 84 are variable and parsimony-uninformative, and 186 (21%) are parsimony-informative. The best-fit model for the 28S dataset estimated and applied in the Bayesian analysis: GTR+I+G, lset nst = 6, rates = invgamma; prset statefreqpr = dirichlet (1,1,1,1). The ITS dataset had an aligned length of 854 characters, of which 350 are constant, 114 variable and parsimony-uninformative, and 390 (46 %) parsimony-informative. The best-fit models for the three partitions estimated and applied in the Bayesian analysis are as follows: HKY+I+G for ITS1, K80+I+G for 5.8S and HKY+G for ITS2. The Bayesian and ML analyses produced similar topologies compared to the MP analysis, with an average standard deviation of split frequencies = 0.006943 (BI) (28S). Bayesian analysis and ML analysis resulted in a similar topology as the MP analysis, with an average standard deviation of split frequencies = 0.009677 (BI) (ITS).

The current phylogenies (Figs 1, 2) confirmed that Fomitiporella austroasiana, F. mangrovei and F. vietnamensis formed three strongly supported clades (all received strong branch support in the ML, BI and MP analyses). These taxa have typical morphology of the current concept of Fomitiporella (Ji et al. 2017). However, each clade has its unique characters distinct from other Fomitiporella species. We therefore describe them as new species.

Figure 1. 

Phylogeny of Fomitiporella inferred from the 28S dataset. The topology is that of the MP analysis, and statistical values (ML/MP/BI) are indicated for each node that simultaneously received BS from ML and MP not below 50 %, and BPP from BI not below 0.9. Phellinus laevigatus and P. populicola are used to root the tree. Branch lengths reflect the number of steps as indicated by the scale.

Figure 2. 

Phylogeny of Fomitiporella inferred from the ITS dataset. The topology is that of the MP analysis, and statistical values (ML/MP/BI) are indicated for each node that simultaneously received BS from ML and MP not below 50 %, and BPP from BI not below 0.9. Phellinus laevigatus and P. populicola are used to root the tree. Branch lengths reflect the number of steps as indicated by the scale.

Taxonomy

Fomitiporella austroasiana Y.C. Dai, X.H. Ji & J. Vlasák, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: MB823738
Figs 3, 4

Holotype

CHINA. Hainan Province: Qiongzhong County, Limushan Forest Park, 15 Nov 2015, on fallen angiosperm trunk, Dai 16244 (BJFC).

Figure 3. 

A basidiocarp of Fomitiporella austroasiana. Scale bar: 1 cm.

Figure 4. 

Microscopic structures of Fomitiporella austroasiana. a Basidiospores b Basidioles c Basidia d Cystidioles e Rhomboid crystals f Hyphae from trama.

Etymology. Austroasiana (Lat.): referring to the distribution of the species in South Asia.

Basidiomata perennial, resupinate, hard corky and without odor or taste when fresh, woody hard when dry, up to 12 cm long, 5 cm wide and 12 mm thick at center. Pore surface ash-gray to grayish brown when fresh, grayish brown to olivaceous, more or less shiny and uncracked on drying; margin yellowish-brown, less than 1 mm wide, thinning out; pores circular, 8–10 per mm; dissepiments thick, entire; tubes woody hard, concolorous with pores, each layer up to 2 mm deep, white mycelial strands present in old tubes. Subiculum very thin to almost lacking.

Hyphal structure

Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae simple septate; skeletal hyphae dominant; tissue darkening but otherwise unchanged in KOH.

Tubes

Generative hyphae frequent, hyaline to pale yellow, thin- to slightly thick-walled, occasionally branched, frequently simple septate 1.5–2.5 μm in diam; skeletal hyphae pale brown to brown, thick-walled to almost solid, aseptate, 2–3 μm in diam; setae absent; cystidioles ventricose with elongated apical portion, 7–12 × 3–4 µm; basidia barrel-shaped, with four sterigmata and a simple basal septum, 8–11 × 5–6 μm; basidioles similar to basidia in shape, but slightly smaller; small or big rhomboid crystals abundant.

Spores

Basidiospores subglobose, yellowish-brown, thick-walled, IKI–, CB(+), (3.5–)3.8–4(–4.3) × 3–3.5 μm, L = 4 μm, W = 3.29 μm, Q = 1.2–1.21 (n = 60/2).

Additional specimens examined (paratypes)

CHINA. Hainan Province: Wuzhishan, Wuzhishan Nature Reserve, 14 Nov 2015, on fallen angiosperm trunk, Dai 16168 (BJFC). SINGAPORE. Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, 20 June 2017, Dai 17868; Dai 17871; Dai 17879 (BJFC).

Fomitiporella mangrovei Y.C. Dai, X.H. Ji & J. Vlasák, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: MB823743
Figs 5, 6

Holotype

USA. Florida: Collier-Seminole State Park, 28 Aug 2010, on Conocarpus erectus, JV 1008/60 (BJFC).

Figure 5. 

Basidiomata of Fomitiporella mangrovei. Scale bar: 5 cm.

Figure 6. 

Microscopic structures of Fomitiporella mangrovei. a Basidiospores b Basidioles c Basidia d Hyphae from trama.

Etymology

Mangrovei (Lat.): referring to the species growing in mangrove. Basidiomata annual, resupinate, inseparable, without odor or taste when fresh, woody hard on drying, up to 30 cm long, 7 cm wide and 5 mm thick at center. Pore surface ash-gray to bluish gray when fresh, becomes pale clay-buff to pale brown and uncracked when dry; pores angular, 3–5 per mm; dissepiments thin, more or less entire to slightly lacerate; tubes woody hard, dark brown, up to 5 mm long. Subiculum very thin to almost lacking.

Hyphal structure

Hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae simple septate; tissue darkening but otherwise unchanged in KOH.

Tubes

Generative hyphae hyaline to pale yellowish, thin- to thick-walled with a wide lumen, occasionally branched, frequently simple septate, interwoven, 1.5–3 mm in diam; setae absent; cystidioles absent; basidia barrel-shaped, with four sterigmata and a simple basal septum, 12–15 × 4–6 μm; basidioles barrel-shaped to pyriform, slightly smaller than basidia in size.

Spores

Basidiospores broadly ellipsoid, yellowish-brown, thick-walled, smooth, IKI–, CB+, (5–)5.5–6(–6.3) × (4–)4.2–4.8(–5) μm, L = 5.82 μm, W = 4.47 μm, Q = 1.26–1.31 (n = 60/2).

Additional specimen examined (paratype)

FRANCE. Guadeloupe: Grande-Terre, 25 Dec 2012, on Conocarpus erectus, JV 1612/25-J (BJFC).

Fomitiporella vietnamensis Y.C. Dai, X.H. Ji & J. Vlasák, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: MB823744
Figs 7, 8

Holotype

VIETNAM. Lam Dong Province, Lac Duong District, Bidoup Nui Ba National Park, 15 Oct 2017, on angiosperm tree, Dai 18377 (BJFC).

Figure 7. 

Basidiomata of Fomitiporella vietnamensis. Scale bar: 1 cm.

Figure 8. 

Microscopic structures of Fomitiporella vietnamensis. a Basidiospores b Basidioles c Basidia d Cystidioles e Hyphae from trama f Hyphae from subiculum.

Etymology

Vietnamensis (Lat.): referring to the distribution of the species in Vietnam.

Basidiomata perennial, effused-reflexed, imbricate, hard corky and without odor or taste when fresh, projecting up to 1 cm long, 4 cm wide and 5.5 mm thick. Pileal surface bearing curry-yellow and black zones when fresh, becoming deep olive when dry; pore surface bluish gray to ash-gray when fresh, becomes dark brick, shiny and uncracked on drying; margin yellowish-brown, less than 1 mm wide, thinning out; pores angular to circular, 4–7 per mm; dissepiments thin, slightly lacerate. Tubes rust-brown, paler contrasting with pores, up to 5 mm long. Subiculum dull brown, hard corky, up to 0.5 mm.

Hyphal structure

Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae simple septate; skeletal hyphae dominant; tissue darkening but otherwise unchanged in KOH.

Subiculum

Generative hyphae rare, hyaline to pale yellowish, thick-walled, rarely branched and septate, 2–2.5 µm in diam; skeletal hyphae dominant, golden yellow, thick-walled with a wide lumen, unbranched, aseptate, more or less flexuous, interwoven, 2–3.5 µm in diam.

Tubes

Generative hyphae frequent, hyaline to pale yellowish, thin- to fairly thick-walled, occasionally branched, frequently septate, 2–2.7 µm in diam; skeletal hyphae dominant, golden yellow, thick-walled, unbranched, aseptate, straight, more or less parallel along the tubes, 2–3 µm in diam; setae absent; cystidioles ventricose with elongated apical portion, 7–14 × 3–5 µm; basidia barrel-shaped, with four sterigmata and a simple basal septum, 10–16 × 5–6 μm; basidioles similar to basidia in shape, but slightly smaller.

Spores

Basidiospores broadly ellipsoid, yellowish-brown, thick-walled, IKI–, CB+, 4–4.8(–5) × (3–)3.2–3.7(–4) μm, L = 4.41 μm, W = 3.52 μm, Q = 1.23–1.28 (n = 60/2).

Additional specimen examined (paratype)

VIETNAM. Lam Dong Province, Lac Duong District, Bidoup Nui Ba National Park, 15 Oct 2017, on angiosperm tree, Dai 18382 (BJFC).

Discussion

Fomitiporella austroasiana fits well in Fomitiporella (redefined in Ji et al. 2017). In the current phylogenies (Figs 1, 2), F. austroasiana forms a new, strongly supported clade. Macroscopically, F. austroasiana is similar to F. micropora Y.C. Dai, X.H. Ji & Vlasák in sharing perennial, resupinate basidiomata and small pores (8–10 per mm), a dimitic hyphal structure, and slightly cyanophilous basidiospores (3–4.5 × 2–3.5 μm), whereas F. micropora has ellipsoid basidiospores (Q=1.27–1.3, Ji et al. 2017). Moreover, the presence of the cystidioles in F. austroasiana makes it different from F. micropora.

Fomitiporella mangrovei was previously treated as an undescribed taxon (Fomitiporella sp.1) because only a single collection from Florida (USA) was available (Ji et al. 2017). Another specimen, collected from Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles, was found to represent the same taxon, allowing a better description. Fomitiporella mangrovei is characterized by annual, resupinate basidiomata with ash-gray to bluish gray pores when fresh, large pores (3–5 per mm), a monomitic hyphal structure, ellipsoid, yellowish and thick-walled basidiospores (5–6.3 × 4–5 μm), and growing on Conocarpus erectus (Combretaceae), in mangrove ecosystem. Macroscopically it resembles F. tenuissima (H.Y. Yu, C.L. Zhao & Y.C. Dai) Y.C. Dai, X.H. Ji & J. Vlasák and the species are closely related (Figs 1, 2), but F. tenuissima differs in having smaller basidiospores (4–5 × 3–4 μm; Yu et al. 2013).

Fomitiporella vietnamensis is distinct by a combination of perennial, effused-reflexed and imbricate basidiomata, shiny and uncracked pore surface, a dimitic hyphal system, and broadly ellipsoid basidiospores, 4–5 × 3–4 μm. Fomitiporella vietnamensis is closely related to F. caryophyllii (Racib.) T. Wagner & M. Fisch in the current phylogenies (Figs 1, 2). Morphologically, both species share the perennial, effused-reflexed basidiomata and a dimitic hyphal system (Ryvarden and Johansen 1980). However, F. caryophyllii has smaller pores (7–9 per mm) and smaller basidiospores of 3–4 × 2.5–3 μm (Ryvarden and Johansen 1980). Another species close to F. vietnamensis is F. americana Y.C. Dai, X.H. Ji & J. Vlasák (Figs 1, 2), but F. americana has strictly resupinate basidiomata and lacks cystidioles (Ji et al. 2017).

The phylogenetic analyses based on 28S or the ITS dataset produced trees with near-identical topologies, and each of the three new species formed a distinct, well-supported clade.

An identification key to the accepted species of Fomitiporella is provided as follows:

Key to species of Fomitiporella

1 Basidiocarp pileate to effused-reflexed 2
– Basidiocarp resupinate 4
2 Pores 3–7 per mm; basidiospores > 4 µm long 3
– Pores 7–9 per mm; basidiospores < 4 µm long F. caryophyllii
3 Basidiomata biennial; pores 3–4 per mm; basidiospores mostly > 4.5 µm long F. chinensis
– Basidiomata perennial; pores 4–7 per mm; basidiospores mostly < 4.5 µm long F. vietnamensis
4 Basidiomata annual; pore surface more or less grayish when fresh 5
– Basidiomata perennial; pore surface brown when fresh 6
5 Pore surface vinaceous gray when fresh; basidiospores < 5 µm long F. tenuissima
– Pore surface ash-gray to bluish gray when fresh; basidiospores > 5 µm long F. mangrovei
6 Cystidioles present 7
– Cystidioles absent 9
7 Pores 5–7 per mm; basidiospores mostly > 4.5 µm long 8
– Pores 8–10 per mm; basidiospores < 4.5 µm long F. austroasiana
8 Basidiomata up to 3 mm thick at center; basidiospores broadly ellipsoid F. inermis
– Basidiomata up to 10 mm thick at center; basidiospores subglobose F. subinermis
9 Pores 5–6 per mm 10
– Pores 6–10 per mm 11
10 Basidiospores 4.7–5.5 µm long; growth mostly on Fagus F. cavicola
– Basidiospores 3.6–4.6 µm long; growth mostly on Quercus F. americana
11 Basidiospores ≤ 4 µm long F. resupinata
– Basidiospores ≥ 4 µm long 12
12 Pores 6–8 per mm 13
– Pores 8–10 per mm F. micropora
13 Basidiospores broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, CB(+) 14
– Basidiospores ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, CB– F. umbrinella
14 Basidiospores < 4.5 µm long in average F. sinica
– Basidiospores > 4.5 µm long in average F. caviphila

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Professor Bao-Kai Cui and Dr. Shuang-Hui He (BJFC, China) for companionship on field trips. The research is financed by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project Nos. 31530002). The research of J. Vlasák was funded by institutional support (RVO 60077344).

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