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Research Article
Two new species and a new host record of Hyphomycetes associated with decaying wood in Yunnan Province, China
expand article infoQinfang Zhang‡, Yulin Ren‡, Kamran Habib‡§, Changtao Lu‡, Lili Liu‡, Jichuan Kang|, Xiangchun Shen‡, Chuangen Lin, Nalin N. Wijayawardene#, Hind A. Al-Shwaiman¤, Qirui Li‡, Abdallah M. Elgorban¤
‡ Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
§ Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, Pakistan
| Guizhou University, Guizhou, China
¶ Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
# Qujing Normal University, Qujing, China
¤ King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Corresponding author: Qirui Li ( lqrnd2008@l63.com )

Academic editor: Xinlei Fan
© 2025 Qinfang Zhang, Yulin Ren, Kamran Habib, Changtao Lu, Lili Liu, Jichuan Kang, Xiangchun Shen, Chuangen Lin, Nalin N. Wijayawardene, Hind A. Al-Shwaiman, Qirui Li, Abdallah M. Elgorban.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Zhang Q, Ren Y, Habib K, Lu C, Liu L, Kang J, Shen X, Lin C, Wijayawardene NN, Al-Shwaiman HA, Li Q, Elgorban AM (2025) Two new species and a new host record of Hyphomycetes associated with decaying wood in Yunnan Province, China. MycoKeys 121: 311-328. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.121.162535
Open Access

Abstract

In recent years, there has been certain progress in the research on fungal diversity in Yunnan Province, China, particularly in aquatic habitats. This study introduces two new species, Ellisembia yuxiense and Sporidesmium ailaoshanense, as well as a new host record of Sporidesmium tropicale on Pinus yunnanensis from freshwater habitats in Yunnan Province. All taxa were identified by integrating morphological traits with phylogenetic analysis of combined LSU, ITS, and rpb2 DNA sequences. Comprehensive morpho-anatomical descriptions and detailed illustrations are provided to elucidate the characteristics of each taxon.

Key words:

2 new taxa, asexual morph, phylogeny, Sporidesmiales, taxonomy

Introduction

The family Sporidesmiaceae was initially erected by Fries (1849) but remained neglected mainly until the availability of molecular data and re-examination of its type genus, Sporidesmium. Su et al. (2016) resurrected Sporidesmiaceae to accommodate specific taxa with available molecular data and morphological characteristics similar to Sporidesmium ehrenbergii, the lectotype species of Sporidesmium. Members of this family are typically saprobic or mycoparasitic, commonly found inhabiting decaying wood and plant debris in both terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems (Su et al. 2016). Sporidesmium was the sole genus in the family until Subramanian (1992) segregated Ellisembia to accommodate species characterized by distoseptate conidia (pseudosepta) and proliferating conidiophores.

However, given the lack of phylogenetic support for the taxonomic significance of euseptate and distoseptate conidia among sporidesmium-like species, Su et al. (2016) proposed that Ellisembia should be considered a synonym of Sporidesmium sensu stricto. However, Delgado et al. (2024) reevaluated the group using fresh collections of the type species Ellisembia coronata from its German type locality and rejected the synonymy of Ellisembia under Sporidesmium. Their multigene analyses revealed that Ellisembia coronata forms a distinct monophyletic lineage within Sporidesmiaceae, clearly separated from Sporidesmium. By restricting Ellisembia to this lineage—characterized by distoseptate conidia and conidiophores with few or no percurrent extensions—the authors realigned the genus with the original concept from Subramanian (1992). Currently, Species Fungorum lists 69 species under Ellisembia and 186 species under Sporidesmium (accessed 24 July 2025).

Our recent studies on aquatic fungi from Southwestern China have revealed several novel taxa and new records, including two novel species (Memnoniella chrysanthemi and Craspedodidymum hunanense) and a new record (Aquadictyospora clematidis) (Liu et al. 2024; Habib et al. 2025). In this study, we introduce two new species within the Sporidesmiaceae—Ellisembia yuxiense and Sporidesmium ailaoshanense—and report a new host record for another Sporidesmium species. Through phylogenetic analysis, we confirm the placement of these new species within their respective generic clades, while detailed morphological comparisons distinguish them from similar taxa.

Materials and methods

Sample collection

Between August and October 2024, researchers collected specimens of decaying branches and logs submerged in streams and lakes from Ailaoshan National Nature Reserve and Wumengshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China. These specimens were packed in sealed plastic bags, and collection in formation was recorded (Rathnayaka et al. 2024); they were then transported to the mycology laboratory at Guizhou Medical University. The specimens were examined in the laboratory. Specimens that did not produce spores were placed in a sealed storage container and subjected to humidified incubation at 24 °C. Sterile water was sprayed into the container daily to maintain humidity levels, and the specimens were observed for spore production. All specimens were deposited at the herbarium of Guizhou Medical University (GMBH) and the Herbarium of Cryptogams, Herbarium of Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (KUN-HKAS).

Morphological characterization and isolation

Macroscopic characteristics were examined under an Olympus SZ61 stereomicroscope (Japan) and photographed with a Canon 700D digital camera (Canon, Tokyo, Japan). Samples were mounted in water for microscopic observation. Quantitative measurements focused on internal structures, including the diameter, height, color, and shape of the conidiomata. The length and width of conidiophores and conidia were precisely measured, with width consistently recorded at the broadest point to ensure accuracy and comparability. The Tarosoft® Image Frame Work (v0.9.7) program and Adobe Photoshop CS6 software (Adobe Systems, USA) were used for measuring and processing images. Single-spore isolation was performed following the method described by Liu et al. (2024). A small volume of sterile water was used to suspend the conidia, which were then thoroughly mixed and evenly spread onto water agar (WA) plates. After 10 to 24 hours of incubation, germinated conidia were examined using a stereomicroscope and transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates. All cultures were incubated at 24 °C.

DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, and sequencing

Colonies were cultivated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates for 2 to 4 weeks until the hyphae fully colonized the medium or growth ceased. Fresh mycelia were then gently scraped using a sterile scalpel for DNA extraction. Total genomic DNA was isolated using the BIOMIGA Fungal Genomic DNA Extraction Kit (TAKARA RR047A, China), following the manufacturer’s instructions. PCR amplification targeted three regions: the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), the large subunit rDNA (LSU), and a partial fragment of the second-largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2). Primer pairs used were ITS5/ITS4 for ITS (White et al. 1990), LR0R/LR5 for LSU (White et al. 1990), and fRPB2-5f/fRPB2-7cR for rpb2 (Liu et al. 1999; Sung et al. 2007; Voglmayr et al. 2016). PCR reactions were performed in a 25 µL mixture containing 9.5 µL of double-distilled water, 12.5 µL of PCR Master Mix, 1 µL of each primer, and 1 µL of template DNA. PCR products were verified by 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis, stained with GoldenView, and sent to Sangon Biotech (China) for sequencing.

Phylogenetic analyses

The reference sequences retrieved from open databases originated from recently published data and BLASTn results of closely matching sequences. Sequences were aligned using the MAFFT v.7.110 online program (Katoh et al. 2019) with default settings. The alignments were adjusted manually using BioEdit v.7.0.5.3 (Hall 1999) where necessary. Maximum likelihood (ML) analyses were performed using RAxML v.8.2.12 with the GTRGAMMA substitution model and 1,000 bootstrap replicates (Stamatakis 2014). Phylogenetic analyses were also performed for Bayesian inference in MrBayes v.3.2.2 (Ronquist et al. 2012) online. Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling in MrBayes v.3.2.2 (Ronquist et al. 2012) was used to determine posterior probabilities (PP). Six simultaneous Markov chains were run for 1,000,000 generations, and trees were sampled every 1,000th generation. The first 25% of the trees were discarded as burn-ins. The remainder was used to calculate the posterior probabilities (PPs) for individual branches. The phylogenetic tree was visualized in FIGTREE v.1.4.3 (Rambaut 2012). All analyses were conducted on the CIPRES Science Gateway v3.3 web portal (Miller et al. 2010). All obtained sequences were deposited in GenBank (Table 1). The outgroups and loci used in phylogenetic analyses, tailored to specific families and genera—including ITS, LSU, and rpb2—were chosen based on published literature. The best-scoring RAxML tree is presented in the phylogenetic figures, and the phylogenetic placement of isolated strains is detailed in the notes section of each respective taxon.

Table 1.
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Taxa and corresponding GenBank accession numbers of sequences used in the phylogenetic analysis.

Name Strain Type GenBank accession numbers References
ITS LSU rpb2
Ellisembia bambusicola HKUCC 3578 – – DQ408562 – Shenoy et al. 2006
Ellisembia calyptrata HKUCC 10821 T – DQ408564 DQ435085 Tian et al. 2024
Ellisembia cryptomeriae UESTCC 23.0227 T OR887405 OR887115 PP076811 Tian et al. 2024
Ellisembia coronata CCF 6699 – OR886656 OR886656 – Delgado et al. 2024
Ellisembia cangshanensis MFLUCC 15-0420 – – KU376273 – Su et al. 2016
Ellisembia minigelatinosa NN 47497 – – DQ408567 – Shenoy et al. 2006
Ellisembia pseudobambusae CCF 6709 – OR886657 OR886657 PP349741 Tian et al. 2024
Ellisembia sp. HKUCC 10558 – – DQ408565 DQ435088 Shenoy et al. 2006
Ellisembia melaleucae CPC 32707 T MH327817 NG_064550 – Tian et al. 2024
Ellisembia melaleucae CPC 32936 – MH327818 MH327854 – Tian et al. 2024
Ellisembia spiraeae CBS 148298 T NR_175218 NG_081327 OK651164 Tian et al. 2024
Ellisembia spiraeae CPC 39766 – OK664716 OK663755 – Tian et al. 2024
Ellisembia yuxiensis GMB5104 T PV779542 PV779549 PV78284 This study
Ellisembia yuxiensis GMB5108 – PV779546 PV779552 PV782985 This study
Sporidesmium ailaoshanensis GMB5103 T PV779542 PV779548 PV782982 This study
Sporidesmium ailaoshanensis GMB5107 – PV779545 PV779551 PV782983 This study
Sporidesmium appendiculatum MFLU 18-0981 T MW286500 MW287774 – Dong et al. 2021
Sporidesmium aturbinatum DLUCC 1417 – MZ420743 MZ420758 MZ442697 Tian et al. 2024
Sporidesmium chiangmaiense MFLUCC 18-0999 – MW286497 MW287771 – Dong et al. 2021
Sporidesmium dulongense MFLUCC 17-0116 T MH795812 MH795817 MH801190 Tian et al. 2024
Sporidesmium fluminicola MFLUCC 15-0346 – – KU376271 – Su et al. 2016
Sporidesmium lageniforme MFLU 18-1594 T MK828640 MK849782 MN124533 Tian et al. 2024
Sporidesmium lignicola DLUCC 1376 – – MK849783 – Yang et al. 2023
Sporidesmium lignicola KUMCC 15-0266 T – MK849784 – Yang et al. 2023
Sporidesmium luminicola MFLUCC 15-0346 – – KU376271 – Yang et al. 2023
Sporidesmium parvum HKUCC 10836 – – DQ408558 – Su et al. 2016
Sporidesmium pyriformatum MFLUCC 15-0620 T KX710146 KX710141 MF135649 Tian et al. 2024
Sporidesmium pyriformatum MFLUCC 15-0627 – KX710148 KX710143 MF135650 Tian et al. 2024
Sporidesmium submersum MFLUCC 15-0421 T – KU376272 – Su et al. 2016
Sporidesmium tetracoilum CBS 126412 – MH864106 MH875566 – Vu et al. 2019
Sporidesmium tetracoilum PRC 4681 – OU413153 OU413153 – Vu et al. 2019
Sporidesmium thailandense MFLUCC 15-0964 T – MF374370 MF370955 Tian et al. 2024
Sporidesmium thailandense MFLUCC 15-0617 – – MF077561 – Delgado et al. 2024
Sporidesmium tropicale MFLU 17–0850 – MF077551 MF077562 MF135646 Yang et al. 2018
Sporidesmium tropicale DLUCC:1689 – MZ420745 MZ420760 MZ442698 Bao et al. 2021
Sporidesmium tropicale MFLUCC 17-0344 – OL780513 OL782088 – Senwanna et al. 2021
Sporidesmium tropicale GMB5105 – PV779544 PV779550 PV782986 This study
Sporidesmium tropicale GMB5109 – PV779547 PV779553 PV782987 This study
Sporoschisma hemipsilum CBS 414.61 – MH858104 MH869677 – Delgado et al. 2024
Sporoschisma hemipsilum KUMCC 15-0227 – KX455866 KX455859 – Delgado et al. 2024
Sporoschisma hemipsilum MFLUCC 17-1712 – MK828616 MK835816 – Delgado et al. 2024
Sporoschisma juvenile MFLUCC 18-1348 – MK828619 MK835819 – Delgado et al. 2024
Tracylla aristata CBS 141404 – OL654129 OL654186 – Tian et al. 2024
Tracylla aristata CPC 25500 – KX306770 KX306795 – Tian et al. 2024

Notes: –: no data available; T: type specimens or strains.

Results

Phylogenetic analyses

The concatenated ITS–LSU–rpb2 alignment of the Sporidesmiaceae dataset consisted of 46 taxa, including the outgroups. Tracylla aristata CBS-141404 and T. aristata CPC-25500 (Réblová et al. 2021) were selected as the outgroup taxon. The combined aligned sequence matrix comprises ITS (632 bp), LSU (1,568 bp), and rpb2 (1,150 bp) sequence data, totaling 3,450 characters. The tree topology derived from maximum likelihood (ML) analysis closely resembled that of Bayesian inference (BI) analysis. The best-scoring RAxML tree is shown in Fig. 1. The phylogenetic tree based on BI and ML approaches confirmed the position of our newly generated sequences nested within the phylogenetic branch of the genera Ellisembia and Sporidesmium (Fig. 1). Two of our isolates cluster within the Sporidesmium clade, one representing a novel species that appeared as a sister to Sporidesmium dulongense (MFLUCC 17-0116), albeit with low statistical support. However, this topology was recovered consistently across multiple analyses. The second Sporidesmium isolate groups with Sporidesmium tropicale with high support (ML/BI = 100/1). The isolate of Ellisembia yuxiense sp. nov. (GMB5104, GMB5108) formed a well-supported clade (ML/BI = 100/1) that is sister to a lineage containing E. calyptrata (HKUCC 10821) and E. cryptomeriae (UESTCC 23 0227).

Figure 1. 

RAxML tree based on a combined ITS, LSU, and rpb2 gene sequences data set. Bootstrap support values for maximum likelihood (ML) ≥ 75% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) ≥ 0.95 are displayed above or below the respective branches (ML/BI). New species and new host species are highlighted in red font, while type materials are displayed in bold black font.

Taxonomy

Ellisembia yuxiense Q.F. Zhang, K. Habib & Q.R. Li, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 859647
Fig. 2

Etymology.

The specific epithet refers to the location where the holotype specimen was collected, Yuxi City.

Type.

China • Yunnan Province, Yuxi City, Ailaoshan National Nature Reserve (24°5'7.01"N, 101°31'30.44"E), altitude: 1169 m, on moist decayed branch, 15 September 2024, Qinfang Zhang, 2024ALS177-1 (GMB5104, holotype; GMBC5104, ex-type); KUN-HKAS 146987, isotype.

Description.

Saprobic on decaying twigs of an unknown branch. Sexual morph: undetermined. Asexual morph: Mycelium superficial, septate, light brown to brown, numerous, scattered, single or in groups. Conidiophores 81–158 × 4–6 µm (av. = 110.3 × 5.1 µm, n = 30), macronematous, mononematous, solitary or caespitose, erect, verruculose, straight or slightly curved, becoming slightly narrower towards the apex, 7–12-septate, smooth-walled, unbranched. Conidiogenous cells 3–6 × 2–4 µm (av. = 4.7 × 3.8 µm, n = 30), monoblastic, integrated, pale brown, terminal, cylindrical. Conidia 24–57 µm (av. = 40.4, n = 30) long, 6–9 µm (av. = 8.8 µm, n = 30) wide at the broadest part, tapering to 2–4 μm (av. = 3.4 μm, n = 30) wide at apex, 2–5 μm (av. = 3.4 μm, n = 30) wide at base, solitary, acrogenous, smooth, obclavate, truncate at the base, gray to light brown, without a mucilaginous cap, 5–9-distoseptate, and also 3–5 euseptate.

Culture characteristics.

Conidia germinate on water agar within 12 hours. At 24 °C, colonies growing on PDA reach a diameter of 10–15 mm after 7 weeks. Colonies convex, surface rough, moist, uneven, from above grayish-white, reverse dark brown to black. No pigmentation was produced in the culture medium.

Figure 2. 

Ellisembia yuxiense (GMB5104, Holotype) A. Specimen; B–D. Conidiophores and conidia on natural substratum; E. Germinating conidium; F, G. Conidiophores and conidia; H. Conidiogenous cells and conidia; I, J. Conidia; K, L. Surface and reverse view of culture on PDA. Scale bars: 1 mm (B); 0.5 mm (C); 0.1 mm (D); 10 μm (E–J).

Additional material examined.

China • Yunnan Province, Yuxi City, Ailaoshan National Nature Reserve (28°19'21.77"N, 104°00'19.21"E), altitude: 1419 m, on moist decayed branch, 15 September 2024, Qinfang Zhang, 2024ALS175 (GMB5108; GMBC5108).

Notes.

Phylogenetically, Ellisembia yuxiense formed a well-supported sister branch to E. calyptrata (HKUCC-10821) (Fig. 1). However, the two species can be readily distinguished by conidiophore and conidia dimensions. Ellisembia yuxiense has significantly longer conidiophores (81–158 × 4–6 µm) compared to E. calyptrata (30–50 × 6–7 µm) and smaller conidia (24–57 × 6–9 µm vs. 60–90 × 9–12 µm) (Wu and Zhuang 2005; Shenoy et al. 2006). Morphologically, Ellisembia yuxiense resembles E. cryptomeriae in conidiophore size; however, the latter can be distinguished by its larger conidia, 20–85 × 7–14 µm with 6–17 septa, compared to E. yuxiense, which has conidia 24–57 × 6–9 µm with 5–9 septa. Differences from other morphologically similar species are provided in Table 2.

Table 2.
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Morphological comparison of Clade C (Fig. 1) and Ellisembia species.

Names Strain Conidiophores Conidiogenous cells Conidia Reference
Ellisembia calyptrata HKUCC 10821 verruculose. Brown to dark brown, 30–50 × 6.0–7.0 μm. monoblastic, integrated, pale brown, terminal, cylindrical. obclavate, truncate at the base, tapering to the apex, 6–17-septate, pale brown to dark brown, 60–90 × 9.0–12.0 μm. Wu and Zhuang 2005
E. coronata CCF 6699 (1–)2–5(–6)-septate, 0–2 ampulliform, lageniform or subcylindrical percurrent extensions, Brown to dark reddish brown, 18–66 × 5–7 μm. monoblastic, integrated, pale brown, terminal, cylindrical narrowly obclavate, less often subcylindrical or subfusiform, sometimes short rostrate, pale brown, smooth, 7–14-distoseptat, Brown to dark brown, (40–)52–89(–101) × 8–11 µm. Delgado et al. 2024
E. cryptomeriae UESTCC 23 0227 4–12-septate, verruculose. Brown to dark brown, 45–140 × 5–10 μm. monoblastic, integrated, pale brown, terminal, cylindrical, 4–15 × 3–5 μm. obclavate, truncate at the base, tapering to the apex, 6–17-septate, pale brown to dark brown, 20–85 × 7–14 μm. Tian et al. 2024
E. melaleucae CPC 32707 1-2-septate, erect, subcylindrical, dark brown, 12–30 × 4–6 μm. terminal, medium brown, smooth, subcylindrical, holoblastic, 5–20 × 4–5 μm. medium brown, smooth, obclavate, straight to flexuous, apexobtuse, base obconically truncate, 5-21-disto-septate, (45–)80–130(–170) × (8–)9–10(–11) μm. Crous et al. 2018
E. spiraeae CBS148298 1-4-septate, erect, dark brown, subcylindrical, unbranched, 15–40 × 5–7 μm. terminal, integrated, subcylindrical, blastic, medium brown, smooth-walled, 10–20 × 5-–6 μm. solitary, obclavate, straight to flexuous, apex subobtuse, base obconically truncate, (4-)6–10-distoseptate, (45–)70–85(–100) × (8–)9(–10) μm. Crous et al. 2021
E. yuxiense GMB5104, GMB5108 7–12-septate, verruculose. Brown to dark brown, 81–158 × 4–6 µm. monoblastic, integrated, pale brown, terminal, cylindrical. 3–6 × 2–4 µm. obclavate, truncate at the base, tapering to the apex, 5–9-septate, pale brown to dark brown. 24–57 × 6–9 µm. This study

Furthermore, only the LSU and rpb2 sequence data are accessible for E. calyptrata. A comparison of sequence data of the LSU and rpb2 between E. yuxiense (GMB5104) and E. calyptrata (HKUCC-10821) shows 98.57% sequence identity in LSU and 88.72% sequence identity in rpb2.

Sporidesmium ailaoshanense Q.F. Zhang & Q.R. Li, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 859648
Fig. 3

Etymology.

The specific epithet refers to the location where the holotype specimen was collected, Ailaoshan National Nature Reserve.

Type.

China • Yunnan Province, Ailaoshan National Nature Reserve (24°5'7.01"N, 101°31'30.44"E), altitude: 1169 m, on dry rotten wood, 15 September 2024, Qinfang Zhang, 2024ALS74 (GMB5103, holotype; GMBC5103, ex-type); KUN-HKAS 146988, isotype.

Description.

Saprobic on decaying twigs of an unknown wood. Sexual morph: undetermined. Asexual morph: Colonies on the substratum superficial, effuse, scattered, hairy, black. Mycelium immersed, composed of branched, septate, smooth, pale brown to brown hyphae. Conidiophores 110–184 × 4–7 µm (av. = 135 × 6.2 µm, n = 30), macronematous, mononematous, unbranched, erect, straight or slightly flexuous, smooth, thick-walled, septate, not clear, cylindrical, dark brown, paler towards apex, smooth, and thick-walled. Conidiogenous cells 10–16 × 4–9 µm (av. = 13.2 × 7.1 µm, n = 30), monoblastic, integrated, determinate or sometimes percurrently proliferating, terminal, pale brown, cylindrical. Conidia 42–58 × 13–22 µm (av. = 49.0 × 17.4 µm, n = 30), acrogenous, solitary, dry, pyriform or lageniform, truncate at the base, smooth, dark brown, paler towards the apex, 4–5 µm wide and truncate at the base, thick-walled, 3–5 µm wide at the apex, 6–8-septate, slightly constricted at the septa, Conidial secession schizolytic.

Figure 3. 

Sporidesmium ailaoshanense (GMB5103, Holotype) A. Specimen; B–D. Conidiophores and conidia on natural substratum; E. Germinating conidium; F–H. Conidiophores and conidia; I. Conidiogenous cell; J, K. Conidia; L, M. Surface and reverse view of culture on PDA. Scale bars: 1 mm (B); 0.25 mm (C, D); 10 μm (E–K).

Culture characteristics.

Conidia germinate on WA within 12 hours. At 25 °C, colonies growing on PDA reach a diameter of 20–30 mm after three weeks. The colonies are convex, with a smooth surface, mycelium present, dry, flat, and wrinkle-free. From above, the center appears white, with a grayish-white edge, while from below, the colony center is dark brown to black. No pigmentation is produced in the culture medium.

Additional material examined.

China • Yunnan Province, Ailaoshan National Nature Reserve (24°5'4.82"N, 101°31'32.89"E), altitude: 1131 m, on a dry wood branch, 15 September 2024, Qinfang Zhang, 2024ALS131 (GMB5107, GMBC5107).

Notes.

Phylogenetically, Sporidesmium ailaoshanense is closely related to S. dulongense (MFLUCC-17-0116) (Fig. 1). Morphologically, the two species share similar conidial shape and length. However, S. ailaoshanense can be distinguished by its longer conidiophores (110–184 μm vs. 88–124 μm) and wider conidia (13–22 μm vs. 13–15 μm) (Hyde et al. 2020). Moreover, S. dulongense has conidia with a long hyaline apex, which is very short in S. ailaoshanense. Base pair comparisons also support their separation; the ITS, LSU, and rpb2 sequences of S. ailaoshanense (GMB5103) and S. dulongense (MFLUCC-17-0116) show 97.0% sequence identity in ITS, 99.6% in LSU, and 97.64% in rpb2.

Sporidesmium submersum also shares a similar conidial shape and length with S. ailaoshanense, including a short hyaline apex. However, it differs in having much shorter conidiophores (59–72 μm vs. 110–184 μm) and thinner conidia (14–16 μm vs. 13–22 μm) (Su et al. 2016).

Sporidesmium tropicale M.B. Ellis, Mycol. Pap. 70: 58 (1958)

MycoBank No: 306326
Fig. 4

Host.

Pinus yunnanensis Franch.

Description.

Saprobic on submerged decaying branch of Pinus yunnanensis. Sexual morph: undetermined. Asexual morph: Colonies on superficial substratum, scattered, hairy, effuse, and black. Mycelium mostly immersed, composed of septate, branched, pale black, and smooth-walled hyphae. Conidiophores 76–392 × 4–8 µm (av. = 239 × 7.0 µm, n = 30), macronematous, mononematous, unbranched, cylindrical, erect, straight or slightly flexuous, single, 5–17-septate, dark brown, paler towards apex, smooth, and thick-walled. Conidiogenous cells 4–11 × 3–5 µm (av. = 6.1 × 4.0 µm, n = 30), monoblastic, holoblastic, terminal, integrated, cylindrical, and dark-brown. Conidia 65–134 × 12–16 µm (av. = 105 × 14.8 µm, n = 30), acrogenous, solitary, dry, pyriform, rostrate, obclavate, with a long and slender apex, straight or slightly curved, tapering to the apex, 3–5 µm wide and truncate at the base, dark brown, pale brown, 2–5 µm wide at the apex, 11–17-septate, thick-walled, and with the proximal part usually verrucose.

Material examined.

China • Yunnan Province, Wumengshan National Nature Reserve (28°19'29.79"N, 104°00'05.48"E), altitude: 1361 m, on Pinus yunnanensis Franch., decaying wood, 22 July 2024, Qinfang Zhang, 2024WMS80 (GMB5105). China • Yunnan Province, Wumengshan National Nature Reserve (28°19'15.23"N, 104°0'16.31"E), altitude: 1373 m, on dry wood, 22 July 2024, Qinfang Zhang, 2024WMS96 (GMB5109).

Notes.

In the phylogram (Fig. 1), our collections (Sporidesmium tropicale GMB5105 and GMB5109) clustered with S. tropicale (DLUCC-1689) with strong statistical support (ML/BY: 100/1). DNA sequence comparisons revealed high similarity to S. tropicale (DLUCC-1689), with 99.38% identity in the ITS, 100.00% in the LSU, and 99.71% in the rpb2 gene. However, noticeable morphological differences were observed when compared to both the original description by Ellis (1958) and the description provided by Bao et al. (2021), particularly in the size of the conidiophores and conidia.

The conidiophores in our collection (S. tropicale GMB5105) are longer (76–392 × 4–8 µm) than those reported by Bao et al. (2021) for S. tropicale (DLUCC-1689) (71–163 × 5–8 µm), while the conidia are slightly smaller (65–134 × 12–16 µm vs. 94–184 × 13–15 µm). In the original description by Ellis (1958), S. tropicale was characterized by even longer conidiophores (40–340 µm) and larger conidia (80–230 µm), highlighting the morphological variability. These differences may be attributed to environmental factors such as geography, humidity, temperature, or the developmental stage of the specimens. However, the morphological characteristics of our specimens fall within the range of the features described in the original description by Ellis (1958). Previously, S. tropicale has been reported on dead branches of various dicotyledonous plants, including Averrhoa carambola, Blighia unijugata, Camellia sinensis, Psidium guajava, Chrysophyllum albidum, Cola nitida, Dillenia indica, Hevea brasiliensis, Glyphaea brevis, Homalium aylmeri, Lecaniodiscus cupanioides, Ochthocosmus africanus, Parinari excelsa, Phyllanthus discoideus, and Pimenta officinalis. In this study, we report S. tropicale on a new host monocot plant, Pinus yunnanensis. The strain GMB5105 is therefore designated as a new host record.

Figure 4. 

Sporidesmium tropicale (GMB5109) A. Specimen; B–D. Conidiophores and conidia on natural substratum; E. Germinating conidium; F–H. Conidiophores and Conidia; I. Conidiogenous cells; J, M. Conidia. Scale bars: 1 mm (B); 0.5 mm (C, D); 10 μm (E–M).

Discussion

Analysis and discussion of Sporidesmium tropicale in Clade C

In our phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 1), Clade C encompasses Sporidesmium tropicale (GMB5105, GMB5109), S. tropicale (DLUCC 1689), S. tropicale (MFLUCC 17–0344), and S. tropicale (MFLU 17C0850). It forms an independent branch distinct from Clade A (Sporidesmium) and Clade B (Ellisembia) with high support values (ML/BI = 94/0.99). Morphologically, the conidiophores of S. tropicale are relatively similar to those of Sporidesmium species. However, there are notable differences in their conidia. The conidia of S. tropicale are pyriform, rostrate, and obclavate, with a long and slender apex. They are straight or slightly curved, tapering toward the apex. Their color is dark brown, with a paler brown apex that is 2–3 µm wide; they possess 4–17 septa. In contrast, the conidia of sporidesmium-like species (Clade A) are obclavate or cylindrical with tapering ends, a hyaline apex, and a color ranging from pale brown to brown. Additionally, the conidiogenous cells of S. tropicale are holoblastic, whereas those of sporidesmium-like species (Clade A) are percurrent (Table 2) (Zhang et al. 2017; Yang et al. 2018; Bao et al. 2021; Senwanna et al. 2021).

Based on the morphological differences between S. tropicale and Sporidesmium species, this study suggests that S. tropicale may be classified as a distinct genus. However, to date, no similar species have been reported. Consequently, the criteria for establishing it as a separate genus have not been met, and the original species name is retained in this study.

Morphological discussion and analysis of the three species in Clade D

In our phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 1), Clade D encompasses Ellisembia yuxiense (GMB5104, GMB5108), Ellisembia calyptrata (HKUCC 10821), and Ellisembia cryptomeriae (UESTCC 23 0227). It forms an independent branch distinct from Clade A, Clade B, and Clade C (Sporidesmiaceae) with high statistical values (ML/BI = 99/1). Morphologically, notable size disparities are observed in both conidiophores and among E. yuxiense (GMB5104, GMB5108), E. calyptrata (HKUCC 10821), and E. cryptomeriae (UESTCC 23 0227) (Wu and Zhuang 2005; Tian et al. 2024). Furthermore, the conidiogenous cells of E. yuxiense (GMB5104, GMB5108) exhibit similarities to those of the type species of Ellisembia: Ellisembia coronata (CCF 6699). However, the differences between these two species are primarily manifested in the variations in size and color of their conidiophores and conidia (Table 2).

Discovery of new fungal species and host records enriches understanding of Sporidesmiaceae diversity and ecology in Yunnan Province, China

The discovery of two new fungal species (E. yuxiense and S. ailaoshanense) and a new host record (S. tropicale on Pinus yunnanensis) enhances our understanding of fungal diversity in Yunnan, China. Integrating morphological and molecular data is crucial for accurate classification in Sporidesmiaceae. Phylogenetic analyses support these new taxa and clarify their relationships. Morphological differences align with molecular divergences, highlighting ecological adaptability and evolutionary divergence. The new host record expands S. tropicale’s ecological range, suggesting host-specific adaptations. Further studies are needed to investigate their ecological roles and distribution patterns (Hyde et al. 2020; Bao et al. 2021).

Conclusion

Our study highlights the distinct evolutionary positions of Sporidesmium tropicale in Clade B and Ellisembia species in Clade C within Sporidesmiaceae, supported by high phylogenetic support values. Morphological disparities, particularly in conidial characteristics and conidiogenous cell types, underscore potential taxonomic distinctions.

However, there is currently insufficient evidence to warrant the establishment of new genera. The discovery of new species and a host record enhances our understanding of fungal diversity in Yunnan, emphasizing the need for integrated morphological and molecular approaches in future taxonomic and ecological research.

Acknowledgements

The authors extend their appreciation to the Ongoing Research Funding Program (ORF-Ctr-2025-6), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Additional information

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Ethical statement

No ethical statement was reported.

Use of AI

No use of AI was reported.

Funding

This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 32170019) and the Guizhou Medical University High-Level Talent Launch Fund Project (2023-058).

Author contributions

Conceptualization: Qinfang Zhang, Qirui Li, and Lili Liu. Collection and morphological examinations: Qinfang Zhang, Changtao Lu, and Yulin Ren. Molecular sequencing and phylogenetic analyses: Qinfang Zhang, Kamran Habib, Lili Liu. Specimen identification: Nalin N. Wijayawardene, Chuangen Lin, and Qirui Li. Original draft preparation: Qinfang Zhang, Qirui Li. Review and editing and supervision: Hind A. Al-Shwaiman, Abdallah M. Elgorban, Chuangen Lin, Xiangchun Shen, Jichan Kang, Nalin N. Wijayawardene, and Qirui Li. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Author ORCIDs

Qinfang Zhang https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9408-4988

Yulin Ren https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9063-425X

Kamran Habib https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2572-0306

Jichuan Kang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6294-5793

Xiangchun Shen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4333-9106

Chuangen Lin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2750-8720

Nalin N. Wijayawardene https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0522-5498

Abdallah M. Elgorban https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3664-7853

Qirui Li https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8735-2890

Data availability

All specimens are deposited in the herbaria of Guizhou Medical University (GMBH) and the Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (KUN-HKAS). Sequences have been deposited in GenBank. The alignment file can be obtained from the corresponding author upon request.

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