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Research Article
Morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses revealed five new species (Basidiomycota) from Southwestern China
expand article infoAli Yang‡§, Lu Wang|, Yongjun Hu§, Yingtao Jiang‡§, Guiying Shi‡, Changlin Zhao|
‡ Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
§ Institute of Biology, Gansu Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China

Corresponding author: Guiying Shi ( shigy@gsau.edu.cn )

Corresponding author: Changlin Zhao ( fungichanglinz@163.com )

Academic editor: Samantha C. Karunarathna
© 2025 Ali Yang, Lu Wang, Yongjun Hu, Yingtao Jiang, Guiying Shi, Changlin Zhao.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Yang A, Wang L, Hu Y, Jiang Y, Shi G, Zhao C (2025) Morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses revealed five new species (Basidiomycota) from Southwestern China. MycoKeys 114: 177-212. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.114.145368
Open Access

Abstract

In the present study, five new wood-inhabiting fungal species, Conferticium albocremeum (Stereaceae, Russulales), Dendrocorticiopsis luteoalba (Punctulariaceae, Corticiales), Eichleriella biluoxueshanensis (Auriculariaceae, Auriculariales), Gloeohypochnicium yunnanense (Incertae sedis, Russulales), and Punctularia nigrodontea (Punctulariaceae, Corticiales), collected from southern China, are proposed based on a combination of morphological features and phylogenetic evidence. Conferticium albocremeum is characterized by membranaceous and smooth basidiomata with white to cream surface and ellipsoid and verrucose basidiospores (9–11 × 5–7 µm); Dendrocorticiopsis luteoalba is characterized white to buff, membranaceous basidiomata and ellipsoid, thin-walled and smooth basidiospores (7–8 × 4.5–5.5 µm); Eichleriella biluoxueshanensis is characterized by coriaceous and grandinioid basidiomata with buff to cinnamon-buff hymenophore and allantoid, thin-walled basidiospores (13.5–17.5 × 7–9 µm); Gloeohypochnicium yunnanense is characterized by buff to cream, coriaceous and smooth basidiomata and globose, thick-walled and warted basidiospores (10–12 × 10–11.5 µm), and Punctularia nigrodontea is characterized by resupinate to effused-reflexed basidiomata and ellipsoid, thin-walled and smooth basidiospores (8.5–10 × 5–6 µm). Sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and the large subunit (nLSU) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) markers of the studied samples were generated. Phylogenetic analyses performed based on the ITS+nLSU rDNA gene regions with the maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods revealed that five new species belong to the genera Conferticium, Dendrocorticiopsis, Eichleriella, Gloeohypochnicium, and Punctularia. Descriptions, illustrations, phylogenetic analysis results, and a comparison with closely related taxa of the five new species are provided.

Key words:

Biodiversity, molecular systematics, new taxa, taxonomy, wood-inhabiting fungi, Yunnan Province

Introduction

The kingdom of fungi is one of the most diverse groups of living organisms on earth; its members occur across a broad range of ecosystems, including extreme environments, with an estimated number of species in the range of 2–3 million (Bhunjun et al. 2022, 2024; Wijayawardene et al. 2022, 2024; Dong et al. 2024a; Hyde et al. 2024a, b). Based on molecular phylogenetic evidence, numerous new taxa have been discovered in the past ten years (Wang and Cai 2023; Yuan et al. 2023; Zhao et al. 2023; Deng et al. 2024b; Dong et al. 2024b; He et al. 2024; Qin et al. 2024).

The genus Conferticium Hallenb. (Stereaceae, Russulales) was erected in 1980 and typified by C. insidiosum (Bourdot & Galzin) Hallenb., which is characterized by the resupinate basidiomes with membranaceous to ceraceous, smooth to tuberculate hymenophore, a monomitic simple-septate hyphae, and the numerous cylindrical, sinuous gloeocystidia (Bernicchia and Gorjón 2010). Based on the MycoBank database (http://www.mycobank.org, accessed on 27 January 2025) and the Index Fungorum (http://www.indexfungorum.org, accessed on 27 January 2025), six specific and infraspecific names were registered in Conferticium, and it is a small genus only including five widely recognized species up to now.

The genus Dendrocorticiopsis Sheng H. Wu et al. (Punctulariaceae, Corticiales) was introduced by Sheng H. Wu, with the description of one species, D. orientalis Sheng H. Wu et al. (Wei et al. 2022). It is conventionally defined by having strictly resupinate basidiomata, an ivory hymenophore, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped hyphae, encrusted cystidia, dendrohyphidia, and ellipsoid to ovoid basidiospores (Wei et al. 2022). Based on the MycoBank database (http://www.mycobank.org, accessed on 27 January 2025) and the Index Fungorum (http://www.indexfungorum.org, accessed on 27 January 2025), Dendrocorticiopsis is a monotypic genus.

The genus Eichleriella Bres. was introduced in 1903, typified by E. incarnata Bres., and it is a species-rich genus that belongs to Auriculariaceae (Auriculariales). The genus is characterized by annual or short-living perennial, leathery to ceraceous basidiomata with smooth, pale-colored hymenophore (in some species covered by spines), a monomitic to dimitic hyphal system with clamped genitive hyphae, cystidia often present, longitudinally septate basidia with 2- or 4-celled, and colorless, cylindrical to narrowly cylindrical basidiospores (Malysheva and Spirin 2017; Li et al. 2023; Deng et al. 2024a). Based on the MycoBank database (http://www.mycobank.org, accessed on 27 January 2025) and the Index Fungorum (http://www.indexfungorum.org, accessed on 27 January 2025), the genus Eichleriella has 32 specific and registered names, with 22 species accepted worldwide (Malysheva and Spirin 2017, Liu et al. 2019, Li et al. 2023; Deng et al. 2024a).

The genus Gloeohypochnicium (Parmasto) Hjortstam (Russulales), typified by G. analogum (Bourdot & Galzin) Hjortstam (Bernicchia and Gorjón 2010), is characterized by the resupinate basidiomes with smooth to tuberculate hymenophore, a monomitic hyphal system with clamps on generative hyphae, the numerous cylindrical, sinuous gloeocystidia, and globose to ellipsoid, thick-walled, warted basidiospores (Bernicchia and Gorjón 2010). Based on the MycoBank database (http://www.mycobank.org, accessed on 27 January 2025) and the Index Fungorum (http://www.indexfungorum.org, accessed on 27 January 2025), Gloeohypochnicium has registered two specific and infraspecific names, and it is a small genus only including two widely recognized species so far (Bernicchia and Gorjón 2010; He et al. 2024).

Punctularia Patouillard (Punctulariaceae, Corticiales) was typified with P. tuberculosa (Pat.) Pat. & Lagerh. (current name P. atropurpurascens (Berk. & Broome) Petch, which is characterized by resupinate to effused-reflexed basidiomata, gelatinous when fresh, rigid upon drying, tuberculate or radial ridges hymenophore, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, yellowish to brown dendrohyphidia, and thin-walled, smooth, ellipsoid, acyanophilous basidiospores (Bernicchia and Gorjón 2010). Based on the MycoBank database (http://www.mycobank.org, accessed on 27 January 2025) and the Index Fungorum (http://www.indexfungorum.org, accessed on 27 January 2025), Punctularia has registered six specific and infraspecific names, and three species have been recognized worldwide up to now (Bernicchia and Gorjón 2010; Guan et al. 2021; He et al. 2024).

Molecular phylogenetic approaches have revolutionized the fungal taxonomy of Basidiomycota in the last decades, and these advances have greatly enhanced our knowledge of species diversity in Basidiomycota (Lücking et al. 2021; He et al. 2022; Wang et al. 2023; Dong et al. 2024a). The family Auriculariaceae is the largest and best-supported clade in the order Auriculariales and consists of a large group of wood-decaying fungi with varied basidiomes (Dong et al. 2024b; He et al. 2024). Corticioid and stereoid taxa are numerous in Auriculariaceae and are typically classified into three main genera: Eichleriella Bres., Exidiopsis (Bref.) A. Møller, and Heterochaete Pat. (Malysheva and Spirin 2017; Li et al. 2023; Deng et al. 2024a). DNA sequence-based classification and identification of the genus Eichleriella (Auriculariaceae) have reported that six species have been described from China recently (Li et al. 2023; Deng et al. 2024a). Corticiales K.H. Larss. is a small order of corticioid fungi with four families viz. Corticiaceae Herter, Dendrominiaceae Ghobad-Nejhad, Punctulariaceae Donk, and Vuilleminiaceae Maire ex Lotsy (Wei et al. 2022; He et al. 2024). Most of the previous studies of Punctulariaceae focused on European species (Bernicchia and Gorjón 2010; Gorjón and Bernicchia 2017). In China, the research on this family mainly focuses on the genera Dendrocorticiopsis and Punctularia; some new taxa have been proposed based on a combination of morphological features and molecular data (Guan et al. 2021; Wei et al. 2022; He et al. 2024). Members of the Russulales Kreisel ex P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David exhibit diverse basidiome structures, which can range from agaricoid to discoid, clavarioid, polyporoid, corticoid, and even gasteroid, and the multigene phylogenetic analyses clarify the evolutionary relationships of some small genera in the latest study (Yuan et al. 2021; He et al. 2024). According to recent research in molecular systematics, the genus Conferticium (Stereaceae, Russulales) has reported one new species, C. fissuratum Xin Yang & C.L. Zhao from Yunnan Province (Bernicchia and Gorjón 2010; Shen et al. 2024). The taxonomic status of the genus Gloeohypochnicium is unclear, and it was only placed in the order Russulales, and it is a mystery genus; no new taxa in the genus have been described for nearly a decade (He et al. 2022, 2024). However, the phylogeny of the genus Gloeohypochnicium is ambiguous due to a lack of molecular evidence and morphological data.

In this paper, we presented the morphological characteristics and multigene molecular analyses with ITS and nLSU DNA markers to support the taxonomy and phylogenetic position of five new species.

Materials and methods

Sample collection and herbarium specimen preparation

Fresh basidiomata growing on angiosperm branches were collected from Dehong, Diqing, Tengchong, and Xishuangbanna of Yunnan Province, P.R. China. The samples were photographed in situ, and fresh macroscopic details were recorded. Photographs were recorded using a Jianeng 80D camera (Tokyo, Japan). Specimens were dried in an electric food dehydrator at 45 °C (Hu et al. 2022), then the specimens were sealed in an envelope and zip-lock plastic bags and labeled (Zhao et al. 2023). The dried specimens were deposited in the herbarium of the Southwest Forestry University (SWFC), Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.

Morphology

The macromorphological descriptions were based on field notes and photos captured in the field and lab. The color terminology follows Petersen (1996). The micromorphological data were obtained from the dried specimens observed under a Nikon Eclipse E100 light microscope following Zhao and Wu (2017). The following abbreviations are used: KOH = 5% potassium hydroxide water solution, CB– = acyanophilous, IKI+ = amyloid, IKI– = both inamyloid and indextrinoid, L = mean spore length (arithmetic average for all spores), W = mean spore width (arithmetic average for all spores), Q = variation in the L/W ratios between the specimens studied, and n = a/b (number of spores (a) measured from given number (b) of specimens).

DNA extraction, PCR, and sequencing

The CTAB rapid plant genome extraction kit-DN14 (Aidlab Biotechnologies Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) was used to obtain genomic DNA from the dried specimens according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified with the primer pair ITS5/ITS4 (White et al. 1990). The nuclear large subunit (nLSU) region with the primer pair LR0R/LR7 (Vilgalys and Hester 1990). The PCR procedure for ITS was as follows: initial denaturation at 95 °C for 3 min, followed by 35 cycles at 94 °C for 40 s, 58 °C for 45 s, and 72 °C for 1 min, and a final extension of 72 °C for 10 min. The PCR procedure for nLSU was as follows: initial denaturation at 94 °C for 1 min, followed by 35 cycles at 94 °C for 30 s, 48 °C for 1 min, and 72 °C for 1.5 min, and a final extension of 72 °C for 10 min. The PCR products were purified and sequenced at Kunming Tsingke Biological Technology Limited Company (Yunnan Province, P.R. China). All newly generated sequences were deposited in GenBank (Table 1).

Table 1.
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Names, voucher numbers, references, and corresponding GenBank accession numbers of the taxa used in the phylogenetic analyses. [* indicates type materials; – indicates sequence unavailability].

Taxa Voucher no. Locality GenBank accession no. References
ITS nLSU
Acanthobasidium bambusicola He2357 China KU559343 KU574833 Tian et al. 2018
Acanthobasidium phragmitis CBS 233.86 France – AY039305 Wu et al. 2001
Acanthophysium bisporum T614 USA – AY039327 Maekawa et al. 2023
Acanthophysium lividocaeruleum FP-100292 USA – AY039319 Maekawa et al. 2023
Adustochaete punctata CLZhao 29675 China PP852052 PP849035 Dong et al. 2024b
Aleurobotrys botryosus He2712 China KX306877 KY450788 Tian et al. 2018
Aleurodiscus bambusinus He4261 China KY706207 KY706219 Tian et al. 2018
Alloexidiopsis australiensis LWZ 20180514-18 China OM801934 OM801919 Liu et al. 2022
Alloexidiopsis calcea LWZ 20180904-14 China OM801935 OM801920 Liu et al. 2022
Alloexidiopsis grandinea CLZhao 33798 China PP852058 – Dong et al. 2024b
Alloexidiopsis xantha CLZhao 25093 China PP852060 PP849040 Dong et al. 2024b
Alloexidiopsis yunnanensis CLZhao 8106 China MT215569 MT215565 Guan et al. 2020
Amphistereum leveilleanum FP-106715 USA KX262119 KX262168 Malysheva and Spirin 2017
Amphistereum schrenkii HHB 8476 USA KX262130 KX262178 Malysheva and Spirin 2017
Amylostereum chailletii NH 8031 – AF506406 AF506406 Larsson and Larsson 2003
Amylostereum laevigatum NH 12863 – AF506407 AF506407 Larsson and Larsson 2003
Aporpium caryae Miettinen 14774 Finland JX044145 – Miettinen et al. 2012
Aporpium caryae WD 2207 Japan AB871751 AB871730 Sotome et al. 2014
Artomyces niveus CLZhao 19094 China OR094479 OR461459 Dong et al. 2024a
Artomyces yunnanensis CLZhao 7118 China OR094476 OR461461 Dong et al. 2024a
Auricularia auricula-judae JT 04 UK KT152099 KT152115 Tohtirjap et al. 2023
Auricularia cornea Dai 13621 China MZ618936 MZ669905 Tohtirjap et al. 2023
Auricularia mesenterica FO 25132 Germany AF291271 AF291292 Weiß and Oberwinkler 2001
Auricularia polytricha TUFC 12920 Japan AB871752 AB871733 Sotome et al. 2014
Auricularia tibetica Dai 13336 China MZ618943 MZ669915 Tohtirjap et al. 2023
Australovuilleminia coccinea BCP5551 New Zealand HM046875 HM046930 Ghobad-Nejhad et al. 2010
Basidiodesertica hydei SQUCC 15289 Oman MW077150 MW077159 Wei et al. 2022
Bondarzewia occidentalis AFTOL-ID 452 Canada DQ200923 DQ234539 Zhou et al. 2021
Bondarzewia podocarpi Dai 9261 China KJ583207 KJ583221 Zhou et al. 2021
Conferticium albocremeum CLZhao 35693* China PQ197729 PQ783842 Present study
Conferticium albocremeum CLZhao 36343 China PQ783832 PQ783843 Present study
Conferticium albocremeum CLZhao 37176 China PQ783833 PQ783844 Present study
Conferticium albocremeum CLZhao 39238 China PQ783834 – Present study
Conferticium fissuratum CLZhao 34654 China PQ201856 – Shen et al. 2024
Conferticium fissuratum CLZhao 34662 China PQ201857 – Shen et al. 2024
Conferticium heimii CBS321.66 African AF506381 AF506381 Tian et al. 2018
Conferticium ochraceum CLZhao 21515 China ON211619 – Present study
Conferticium ochraceum G07_P24A Switzerland KT943933 – Stroheker et al. 2018
Conferticium ravum CBS:125849 Estonia MH863805 MH875269 Vu et al. 2019
Conferticium ravum NH13291 USA AF506382 AF506382 Larsson and Larsson 2003
Corticium roseum MG252 China MW805872 MW805836 Ghobad-Nejhad et al. 2021
Corticium thailandicum MG242 Tailand MW805868 MW805831 Ghobad-Nejhad et al. 2021
Cytidia salicina MG49 Finland GU590881 HM046921 Wei et al. 2022
Dendrocorticiopsis luteoalba CLZhao 30380* China PQ783828 PQ783838 Present study
Dendrocorticiopsis orientalis He 4195 China MW580926 MW580921 Wei et al. 2022
Dendrocorticiopsis orientalis WEI 20-166 China MW580922 MW580924 Wei et al. 2022
Dendrocorticium polygonioides CBS:106.56 France MH857525 MH869062 Vu et al. 2019
Dendrocorticium roseocarneum KUC20121109-32 Korea KJ668559 KJ668413 Ghobad-Nejhad and Duhem 2014
Dendrominia dryina MG159 France JX892936 JX892937 Ghobad-Nejhad and Duhem 2014
Dendrominia ericae MG162 France JX892938 JX892939 Ghobad-Nejhad and Duhem 2014
Dentipellicula austroafricana Dai 12580 Africa KJ855274 KJ855275 Zhou et al. 2021
Dentipellicula taiwaniana Dai 10867 China JQ349115 JQ349101 Zhou et al. 2021
Dentipellopsis dacrydicola Dai 12004 – JQ349104 JQ349089 Zhou and Dai 2013
Dentipellopsis dacrydicola Dai 12010 – – JQ349090 Zhou and Dai 2013
Disporotrichum dimorphosporum CBS:419.70 Netherland MH859776 MH871538 Vu et al. 2019
Disporotrichum dimorphosporum CBS:433.85 USA MH861895 MH873584 Vu et al. 2019
Eichleriella alliciens He4055b Thailand MH178244 – Li et al. 2023
Eichleriella alliciens HHB 7194 USA KX262120 KX262169 Malysheva and Spirin 2017
Eichleriella alpina He 20120916-1 China MH178245 MH178268 Li et al. 2023
Eichleriella bactriana TAAM 104431 Uzbekistan KX262138 KX262186 Malysheva and Spirin 2017
Eichleriella bambusicola Dai 6391 China MH178246 – Li et al. 2023
Eichleriella biluoxueshanensis CLZhao 34516* China PQ783827 PQ783837 Present study
Eichleriella biluoxueshanensis CLZhao 34793 China PQ787846 – Present study
Eichleriella crocata He2969 China MH178248 MH178271 Li et al. 2023
Eichleriella crocata TAAM 101077 Russia KX262100 KX262147 Malysheva and Spirin 2017
Eichleriella delicata CLZhao 25143 China PQ757163 – Present study
Eichleriella delicata He3469 China MH178250 MH178273 Li et al. 2023
Eichleriella desertorum LR 49350 Namibia KX262142 KX262190 Malysheva and Spirin 2017
Eichleriella discolor He4584 China MH178252 MH178275 Li et al. 2023
Eichleriella discolor He4763 China MH178253 MH178276 Li et al. 2023
Eichleriella flavida LR 49412 UK KX262137 KX262185 Malysheva and Spirin 2017
Eichleriella leucophaea LE 303261 Russia KX262111 KX262161 Malysheva and Spirin 2017
Eichleriella macrospora He2189 USA MH178251 MH178274 Li et al. 2023
Eichleriella ochracea SP467242 Brazil MK391514 – Alvarenga et al. 2019
Eichleriella shearii LR 23258 – KX262139 – Malysheva and Spirin 2017
Eichleriella shearii USJ 54609 Costa Rica AF291284 AF291335 Weiß et al. 2001
Eichleriella sicca OM 17349 USA KX262143 KX262191 Malysheva and Spirin 2017
Eichleriella sinensis CLZhao 29368 China PQ757164 – Present study
Eichleriella sinensis CLZhao 31647 China PQ757165 PQ757166 Present study
Eichleriella sinensis He4196 China MH178254 MH178277 Li et al. 2023
Eichleriella tenuicula CLZhao 35797 China PQ197731 – Present study
Eichleriella tenuicula He3483 China MH178256 MH178279 Li et al. 2023
Eichleriella xinpingensis CLZhao 836 China MK560879 MK560883 Liu et al. 2019
Eichleriella xinpingensis CLZhao 842 China MK560880 MK560884 Liu et al. 2019
Eichleriella yunnanensis CLZhao 31317 China PP889850 PP897009 Deng et al. 2024a
Eichleriella yunnanensis CLZhao 31350 China PP889852 PP897010 Deng et al. 2024a
Elmerina cladophora Miettinen 14314 Indonesia MG757509 MG757509 Malysheva et al. 2018
Elmerina sclerodontia Miettinen 16431 Malaysia MG757512 MG757512 Malysheva et al. 2018
Erythricium hypnophilum MG169 France MW805858 MW805823 Ghobad-Nejhad et al. 2021
Erythricium laetum MG72 – GU590875 GU590878 Ghobad-Nejhad et al. 2021
Exidia candida VS 3921 Russia KY801867 KY801892 Spirin et al. 2018
Exidia glandulosa MW 355 Germany AF291273 AF291319 Weiß et al. 2001
Exidia pithya MW 313 Germany AF291275 AF291321 Weiß et al. 2001
Exidia reflexa Dai 20833 China MN850386 MN850362 Ye et al. 2020
Exidia subglandulosa Wu 270 China MN850381 MN850357 Ye et al. 2020
Exidiopsis effusa OM 19136 Finland KX262145 KX262193 Malysheva and Spirin 2017
Gloeocystidiellum bisporum KHL11135 Norway AY048877 AY048877 Larsson and Larsson 2003
Gloeocystidiellum clavuligerum FCUG2731 Russia AF310083 AF310083 Larsson and Larsson 2003
Gloeodontia eriobotryae Dai 12080 – JQ349116 JQ349103 Zhou and Dai 2013
Gloeodontia pyramidata LR15502 – AF506446 AF506446 Larsson and Larsson 2003
Gloeohypochnicium analogum NZFS:4549 New Zealand MH409974 – Hood et al. 2018
Gloeohypochnicium analogum PDD:91626 New Zealand GQ411521 – Fukami et al. 2010
Gloeohypochnicium yunnanense CLZhao 30018 China PQ783830 PQ783840 Present study
Gloeohypochnicium yunnanense CLZhao 30049* China PQ783831 PQ783841 Present study
Gloeophyllum abietinum H 22988 Switzerland JX524619 KC782733 He et al. 2014
Hericium abietis NH 6990 Canada AF506456 AF506456 Zhou et al. 2021
Hericium coralloides NH 282 Sweden AF506459 AF506459 Zhou et al. 2021
Heterobasidion annosum Dai 20962 China ON417163 ON417213 Liu et al. 2022
Heteroradulum australiense LWZ 20180512-25 Australia MZ325255 MZ310425 Li et al. 2022
Heteroradulum degluben LE 38182 Sweden KX262112 KX262162 Malysheva and Spirin 2017
Heteroradulum kmetii He 4915 China MH178262 MH178286 Li et al. 2023
Heteroradulum labyrinthinum Yuan 1600 China KM379139 KM379140 Yuan et al. 2018
Heteroradulum mussooriense Dai 17193 China MH178265 MH178289 Li et al. 2023
Hyphoderma cremeoalbum CLZhao 17007 China OM985716 OM985753 Dong et al. 2024a
Lactarius crocatus KVP08034 Thailand HQ318243 HQ318151 Wu et al. 2020
Lactarius deceptivus AFTOL-ID 682 USA AY854089 AY631899 Wu et al. 2020
Laetisaria fuciformis CBS:182.49 Netherlands MH856485 MH868023 Vu et al. 2019
Laetisaria roseipellis CBS:299.82 – EU622846 EU622844 Vu et al. 2019
Lawreymyces palicei Palice 2509 Ecuador AY542864 AY542864 Lücking and Moncada 2017
Lawreymyces palicei Palice 4369 Ecuador AY542865 AY542865 Lücking and Moncada 2017
Lentinellus sublineolatus TENN 059307 Austria NR119505 – Dong et al. 2024a
Lentinellus vulpinus 7267 Sweden AY513230 – Kneal and Smith 2015
Marchandiomyces aurantioroseus FCUG 1166 Sweden KP864659 HM046929 Ghobad-Nejhad et al. 2021
Marchandiomyces corallinus JL128-98 – AY583327 AY583331 DePriest et al. 2005
Megalocystidium diffissum V.Spirin4244 Sweden MT477147 MT477147 Spirin et al. 2021
Megalocystidium leucoxanthum HK9808 Sweden AF506420 AF506420 Spirin et al. 2021
Mycobernardia incrustans CBS:172.36 Canada MH855759 MH867272 Vu et al. 2019
Mycobernardia incrustans Duhem 3613 France MW805860 MW805825 Ghobad-Nejhad et al. 2021
Neoaleurodiscus fujii He2921 China KU559357 KU574845 Dai et al. 2017
Neoaleurodiscus fujii Wu0807-41 Japan – FJ799924 Dai et al. 2017
Peniophora halimi CBS:864.84 France MH861845 MH873533 Vu et al. 2019
Peniophora incarnata CBS:398.50 France MH856680 MH868197 Vu et al. 2019
Protodaedalea foliacea Yuan 5691 China JQ764666 JQ764644 Zhou and Dai 2013
Protodaedalea hispida WD 548 Japan AB871768 AB871749 Sotome et al. 2014
Punctularia atropurpurascens UC 2022981 USA KP814559 – Knijn & Ferretti 2018
Punctularia atropurpurascens WEI 17-662 China MW570883 MW570888 Wei et al. 2022
Punctularia bambusicola CLZhao 4133 China MW559982 MW559984 Guan et al. 2021
Punctularia bambusicola CLZhao 9098 China MW559983 MW559985 Guan et al. 2021
Punctularia nigrodontea CLZhao 30592* China PQ783829 PQ783839 Present study
Punctularia strigosozonata AFTOL-ID 1248 – DQ398958 AF518642 Wei et al. 2022
Punctularia strigosozonata CBS:34534 – MH855559 MH867064 Vu et al. 2019
Punctulariopsis efibulata Burdsall 8824 USA KR494276 KR494277 Wei et al. 2022
Punctulariopsis obducens MG70 Ethiopia HM046918 HM046933 Ghobad-Nejhad et al. 2010
Punctulariopsis subglobispora FCUG 2535 Argentina HM046917 HM046932 Guan et al. 2021
Russula blennia 569/BB08.066 Switzerland MH545687 KU237556 Wu et al. 2020
Russula pseudociliata 545/BB08.061 Switzerland MH545688 KU237537 Wu et al. 2020
Sclerotrema griseobrunneum TN 2722 Canada KX262144 KX262192 Malysheva and Spirin 2017
Sclerotrema griseobrunneum VS 7674 Russia KX262140 KX262188 Malysheva and Spirin 2017
Scytinostroma acystidiatum Dai 24608 China OQ689127 OQ629351 Zhang et al. 2023
Scytinostroma bambusinum JXH 643 China OR510627 PP660873 Ji et al. 2024
Sistotrema brinkmannii 236 Netherlands JX535169 JX535170 Alvarenga and Gibertoni 2021
Stereodiscus pseudotrivialis SPG6799 Argentina OR506747 OR506751 Gorjón and Greslebin 2024
Stereodiscus pseudotrivialis SPG6874 Argentina OR506744 OR506746 Gorjón and Greslebin 2024
Stereum hirsutum CBS:108532 Russia MH862810 MH874407 Vu et al. 2019
Stereum sanguinolentum CBS:529.50 Canada MH856746 MH868268 Vu et al. 2019
Terrestriporia alba Dai 18546 Malaysia MT068562 MT068558 Wu et al. 2020
Terrestriporia alba Dai 18547 Malaysia MT068563 MT068559 Wu et al. 2020
Tremellochaete atlantica URM90199 Brazil MG594381 MG594383 Alvarenga et al. 2019
Tremellochaete cilliata SP467241 Brazil MK391523 MK391529 Alvarenga et al. 2019
Tremellochaete japonica LE 303446 Russia KX262110 KX262160 Malysheva and Spirin 2017
Vararia fissurata CLZhao 8171 China OQ025219 OR539503 Deng et al. 2024b
Vararia tropica CBS:704.81 France MH861447 MH873189 Vu et al. 2019
Vuilleminia comedens AFTOL-ID 1247 – DQ398959 AF518666 Wei et al. 2022
Vuilleminia coryli MG136 Turkmenistan JN387996 JN388005 Ghobad-Nejhad and Ginns 2012
Vuilleminia cystidiata KUC20131022-26 Korea KJ668433 KJ668285 Wei et al. 2022
Vuilleminia erastii MG97 Canada JN387998 JN388007 Ghobad-Nejhad and Ginns 2012
Vuilleminia macrospora MG167 France JX892940 JX892941 Ghobad-Nejhad and Duhem 2014
Vuilleminia nilsii MG171 France JX892947 JX892948 Ghobad-Nejhad and Duhem 2014
Vuilleminia pseudocystidiata MG69 France HM046888 HM046928 Ghobad-Nejhad et al. 2010
Waitea circinata CBS:472.82 USA MH861518 MH873265 Vu et al. 2019
Waitea guianensis GUY13-110 Guiana MW449090 MW449101 Wei et al. 2022
Xylobolus frustulatus He2231 USA KU881905 KU574825 Tian et al. 2018
Xylobolus subpileatus FP-106735 USA – AY039309 Tian et al. 2018

Molecular phylogeny

The sequences were aligned in MAFFT version 7 using the G-INS-i strategy (Katoh et al. 2019). The alignment was adjusted manually using AliView version 1.27 (Larsson 2014). (1) Hyphoderma cremeoalbum (Höhn. & Litsch.) Jülich was assigned as an outgroup to root trees in the ITS+nLSU analysis (Fig. 1) (Dong et al. 2024a); (2) Vararia fissurata Y.L. Deng & C.L. Zhao were assigned as an outgroup to root trees following the ITS+nLSU analysis (Fig. 2) (Deng et al. 2024b); (3) Gloeophyllum abietinum (Bull.) P. Karst. was assigned as an outgroup to root trees following the ITS+nLSU analysis (Fig. 3) (He et al. 2014); (4) Sistotrema brinkmannii (Bres.) J. Erikss. was assigned as an outgroup to root trees following the ITS+nLSU analysis (Fig. 4) (Alvarenga and Gibertoni 2021); (5) Adustochaete punctata J.H. Dong & C.L. Zhao were assigned as an outgroup to root trees following the ITS+nLSU analysis (Fig. 5) (Dong et al. 2024b).

Figure 1. 

Maximum parsimony strict consensus tree illustrating the phylogeny of Conferticium and Gloeohypochnicium and related genera in the order Russulales, based on ITS+nLSU sequences; branches are labeled with maximum likelihood bootstrap value ≥ 70%, parsimony bootstrap value ≥ 50%, and Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95.

Figure 2. 

Maximum parsimony strict consensus tree illustrating the phylogeny of Conferticium and related genus in the family Stereaceae, based on ITS+nLSU sequences; branches are labeled with maximum likelihood bootstrap value ≥ 70%, parsimony bootstrap value ≥ 50%, and Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95.

Figure 3. 

Maximum parsimony strict consensus tree illustrating the phylogeny of Dendrocorticiopsis and Punctularia and related genera in the order Corticiales, based on ITS+nLSU sequences; branches are labeled with maximum likelihood bootstrap value ≥ 70%, parsimony bootstrap value ≥ 50%, and Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95.

Figure 4. 

Maximum parsimony strict consensus tree illustrating the phylogeny of Eichleriella and related genera in the family Auriculariaceae, based on ITS+nLSU sequences; branches are labeled with maximum likelihood bootstrap value ≥ 70%, parsimony bootstrap value ≥ 50%, and Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95.

Figure 5. 

Maximum parsimony strict consensus tree illustrating the phylogeny of Eichleriella and related species in the genus Eichleriella, based on ITS+nLSU sequences; branches are labeled with maximum likelihood bootstrap value ≥ 70%, parsimony bootstrap value ≥ 50%, and Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95.

Maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML), and Bayesian inference (BI) analyses were applied to the combined datasets following a previous study (Wu et al. 2022; Dong et al. 2024a), and the tree construction procedure was performed in PAUP* version 4.0b10 (Swofford 2002). All characters were equally weighted, and gaps were treated as missing data. Trees were inferred using the heuristic search option with TBR branch swapping and 1,000 random sequence additions. Max trees were set to 5000, branches of zero length were collapsed, and all parsimonious trees were saved. Clade robustness was assessed using bootstrap (BT) analysis with 1000 replicates (Felsenstein 1985). Descriptive tree statistics, tree length (TL), consistency index (CI), retention index (RI), rescaled consistency index (RC), and homoplasy index (HI) were calculated for each maximum parsimonious tree generated. The multiple sequence alignment was also analyzed using maximum likelihood (ML) in RAxML-HPC2 (Miller et al. 2012). Branch support (BS) for ML analysis was determined by 1000 bootstrap replicates.

MrModeltest 2.3 (Nylander 2004) was used to determine the best-fit evolution model for each dataset for Bayesian inference (BI), which was performed using MrBayes 3.2.7a with a general time reversible model of DNA substitution and a gamma distribution rate variation across sites (Ronquist et al. 2012). Four Markov chains were run twice from a random starting tree for 0.4 million generations of the datasets (Fig. 1), 0.4 million generations of the datasets (Fig. 2), 1.6 million generations of the datasets (Fig. 3), 0.8 million generations of the datasets (Fig. 4), and for 0.6 million generations of the datasets (Fig. 5), and the tree was sampled every 1000 generations. The first one-fourth of all generations were discarded as burn-in. The majority rule consensus tree of all remaining trees was calculated. Branches were considered as significantly supported if they received a maximum likelihood bootstrap value (BS) ≥70%, maximum parsimony bootstrap value (BT) ≥50%, or Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) ≥0.95.

Results

The phylogeny of Conferticium

The datasets based on ITS+nLSU (Fig. 1) comprise sequences from 44 fungal specimens representing 39 species. The datasets had an aligned length of 2,270 characters, of which 1,183 characters are constant, 293 are variable and parsimony-uninformative, and 794 are parsimony-informative. Maximum parsimony analysis yielded 1 equally parsimonious tree (TL = 4447, CI = 0.4160, H = 0.5840, RI = 0.5275, RC = 0.2194). Bayesian analysis and ML analysis resulted in a similar topology as MP analysis with an average standard deviation of split frequencies of 0.008678 (BI), and the effective sample size (ESS) across the two runs is double the average ESS (avg ESS) = 144.5. The phylogenetic tree (Fig. 1) inferred from ITS+nLSU sequences revealed that the new species Conferticium albocremeum grouped into the genus Conferticium and clustered into the family Stereaceae (Russulales), in which it was retrieved as a sister to C. heimii (Boidin) Sheng H. Wu.

The datasets based on ITS+nLSU (Fig. 2) comprise sequences from 31 fungal specimens representing 23 species. The datasets had an aligned length of 2,136 characters, of which 1,456 characters are constant, 298 are variable and parsimony-uninformative, and 382 are parsimony-informative. Maximum parsimony analysis yielded 1 equally parsimonious tree (TL = 1491, CI = 0.6237, HI = 0.3763, RI = 0.5681, RC = 0.3544). Bayesian analysis and ML analysis resulted in a similar topology as MP analysis with an average standard deviation of split frequencies of 0.013157 (BI), and the effective sample size (ESS) across the two runs is double the average ESS (avg ESS) = 265.5. The phylogenetic tree (Fig. 2) inferred from ITS+nLSU sequences revealed that Conferticium albocremeum grouped into the genus Conferticium and clustered into the family Stereaceae, in which it was closely related to C. heimii.

The phylogeny of Dendrocorticiopsis

The datasets based on ITS+nLSU (Fig. 3) comprise sequences from 44 fungal specimens representing 37 species. The datasets had an aligned length of 2,181 characters, of which 1,313 characters are constant, 232 are variable and parsimony-uninformative, and 736 are parsimony-informative. Maximum parsimony analysis yielded 1 equally parsimonious tree (TL = 3423, CI = 0.4368, HI = 0.5632, RI = 0.5695, RC = 0.2488). Bayesian analysis and ML analysis resulted in a similar topology as MP analysis with an average standard deviation of split frequencies of 0.013154 (BI), and the effective sample size (ESS) across the two runs is double the average ESS (avg ESS) = 658. The phylogenetic tree (Fig. 1) inferred from ITS+nLSU sequences revealed that the new species Dendrocorticiopsis luteoalba grouped into the genus Dendrocorticiopsis and clustered into the family Punctulariaceae (Corticiales), in which it was retrieved as a sister to D. orientalis Sheng H. Wu et al.

The phylogeny of Eichleriella

The datasets based on ITS+nLSU (Fig. 4) comprise sequences from 45 fungal specimens representing 43 species. The datasets had an aligned length of 2,104 characters, of which 1,516 characters are constant, 254 are variable and parsimony-uninformative, and 334 are parsimony-informative. Maximum parsimony analysis yielded 1 equally parsimonious tree (TL = 1783 CI = 0.4773, HI = 0.5227, RI = 0.5633, RC = 0.2688). Bayesian analysis and ML analysis resulted in a similar topology as MP analysis with an average standard deviation of split frequencies of 0.0024569 (BI), and the effective sample size (ESS) across the two runs is double the average ESS (avg ESS) = 361.5. The phylogenetic tree (Fig. 4) inferred from ITS+nLSU sequences revealed that Eichleriella biluoxueshanensis grouped into the genus Eichleriella and clustered into the family Auriculariaceae, in which it was retrieved as a sister to E. sinensis (Teng) S.H. He & Nakasone.

The datasets based on ITS+nLSU (Fig. 5) comprise sequences from 31 fungal specimens representing 24 species. The datasets had an aligned length of 1,905 characters, of which 1,687 characters are constant, 101 are variable and parsimony-uninformative, and 117 are parsimony-informative. Maximum parsimony analysis yielded 1 equally parsimonious tree (TL = 402, CI = 0.6542, HI = 0.3458, RI = 0.7495, RC = 0.4094). Bayesian analysis and ML analysis resulted in a similar topology as MP analysis with an average standard deviation of split frequencies of 0.009368 (BI), and the effective sample size (ESS) across the two runs is double the average ESS (avg ESS) = 264.5. The phylogenetic tree (Fig. 5) inferred from ITS+nLSU sequences revealed that Eichleriella biluoxueshanensis grouped into the genus Eichleriella, in which it was grouped with the clade comprising E. sinensis (Teng) S.H. He & Nakasone.

The phylogeny of Gloeohypochnicium

The datasets based on ITS+nLSU (Fig. 1) comprise sequences from 44 fungal specimens representing 39 species. The datasets had an aligned length of 2,270 characters, of which 1,183 characters are constant, 293 are variable and parsimony-uninformative, and 794 are parsimony-informative. Maximum parsimony analysis yielded 1 equally parsimonious tree (TL = 4447, CI = 0.4160, HI = 0.5840, RI = 0.5275, RC = 0.2194). Bayesian analysis and ML analysis resulted in a similar topology as MP analysis with an average standard deviation of split frequencies of 0.008678 (BI), and the effective sample size (ESS) across the two runs is double the average ESS (avg ESS) = 144.5. The phylogenetic tree (Fig. 1) inferred from ITS+nLSU sequences revealed that Gloeohypochnicium yunnanense grouped into the genus Gloeohypochnicium and clustered into the order Russulales, in which it was closely related to G. analogum (Bourdot & Galzin) Hjortstam.

The phylogeny of Punctularia

The datasets based on ITS+nLSU (Fig. 3) comprise sequences from 44 fungal specimens representing 37 species. The datasets had an aligned length of 2,181 characters, of which 1,313 characters are constant, 232 are variable and parsimony-uninformative, and 736 are parsimony-informative. Maximum parsimony analysis yielded 1 equally parsimonious tree (TL = 3423, CI = 0.4368, HI = 0.5632, RI = 0.5695, RC = 0.2488). Bayesian analysis and ML analysis resulted in a similar topology as MP analysis with an average standard deviation of split frequencies of 0.013154 (BI), and the effective sample size (ESS) across the two runs is double the average ESS (avg ESS) = 658. The phylogenetic tree (Fig. 1) inferred from ITS+nLSU sequences revealed that Punctularia nigrodontea grouped into the genus Punctularia and clustered into the family Punctulariaceae (Corticiales), in which it was grouped with the clade comprising P. atropurpurascens (Berk. & Broome) Petch, P. bambusicola C.L. Zhao and P. strigosozonata (Schwein.) P.H.B. Talbot.

Taxonomy

Conferticium albocremeum L. Wang & C.L. Zhao, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 856958
Figs 6, 7, 8

Typification.

China. Yunnan Province • Xishuangbanna, Wild Elephant Valley, GPS coordinates: 22°10′N, 100°51′E, altitude: 900 m asl., on the fallen angiosperm branch, leg. C.L. Zhao, 25 January 2024 CLZhao 35693 (SWFC!).

Etymology.

Albocremeum (Lat.) refers to the new species having white to cream hymenophore.

Basidiomata.

Annual, resupinate, closely adnate, membranaceous, without odor or taste when fresh, up to 10 cm long, 2 cm wide, and 700 μm thick. Hymenophore smooth, white (60) to cream (4A2/3) when fresh, cream (4A2/3) upon drying. Sterile margin narrow, cream (4A2/3), up to 1 mm.

Figure 6. 

Basidiomata of Conferticium albocremeum (holotype CLZhao 35693). Scale bars: 1 cm (A); 1 mm (B).

Hyphal system.

Monomitic; generative hyphae with simple-septa, colorless, thin-walled, smooth, rarely branched, interwoven, IKI+, CB–, 2–3 µm in diameter; tissues unchanged in KOH.

Figure 7. 

Microscopic structures of Conferticium albocremeum (holotype CLZhao 35693): basidiospores (A); basidia and basidioles (B); gloeocystidia (C); a section of the hymenium (D). Scale bars: 10 µm (A–D).

Hymenium.

Gloeocystidia subclavate, flexuous, colorless, mostly constricted in the middle, thin-walled, smooth, 33–47.5 × 5–8 µm. Basidia subcylindrical to subclavate, slightly flexuous, with a basal simple septum and four sterigmata, 22–36 × 4.5–7 µm; basidioles numerous, in shape similar to basidia.

Figure 8. 

Sections of hymenium of Conferticium albocremeum (holotype CLZhao 35693): basidiospores (A); basidia (B); basidioles (C); gloeocystidia (D); a section of the generative hyphae (E). Scale bars: 10 µm (A–E); 10 × 100.

Spores.

Basidiospores ellipsoid with a distinct apiculus, colorless, thin-walled, finely verrucose but appearing smooth by light microscope, IKI+, CB–, 9–11 × 5–7 µm, L = 9.82 µm, W = 5.84 µm, Q = 1.36–1.68 (n = 90/3).

Additional specimens examined (paratypes).

China. Yunnan Province • Dehong, Mang City, Mengga Town, Tongbiguan Provincial Nature Reserve, GPS coordinates: 24°46′N, 97°34′E, altitude: 1300 m asl., on the fallen angiosperm branch, leg. C.L. Zhao, 29 June 2024, CLZhao 36343 • Dehong, Yingjiang County, Tongbiguan Provincial Nature Reserve, GPS coordinates: 25°50′N, 97°36′E, altitude: 1000 m asl., on the fallen angiosperm branch, leg. C.L. Zhao, 2 July 2024, CLZhao 37176 • Tengchong, Tuantian Town, Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve, GPS coordinates: 25°27′N, 98°46′E, altitude: 2500 m asl., on the fallen angiosperm branch, leg. C.L. Zhao, 7 July 2024, CLZhao 39283 (SWFC!).

Dendrocorticiopsis luteoalba L. Wang & C.L. Zhao, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 856959
Figs 9, 10, 11

Typification.

China. Yunnan Province • Dehong, Yingjiang County, Tongbiguan Provincial Nature Reserve, GPS coordinates: 25°50′N, 97°36′E, altitude: 1000 m asl., on the fallen angiosperm branch, leg. C.L. Zhao, 19 July 2023, CLZhao 30380 (SWFC!).

Etymology.

Luteoalba (Lat.) refers to the new species having a white to buff hymenophore.

Basidiomata.

Annual, resupinate, closely adnate, membranaceous, without odor or taste when fresh, up to 6 cm long, 2 cm wide, and 300 μm thick. Hymenophore smooth, white (60) when fresh, white (60) to buff (4A4) upon drying. Sterile margin narrow, white (60) to buff (4A4), up to 1 mm.

Figure 9. 

Basidiomata of Dendrocorticiopsis luteoalba (holotype CLZhao 30380). Scale bars: 1 cm (A); 1 mm (B).

Hyphal system.

Monomitic; generative hyphae with clamp connections, colorless, thin- to slightly thick-walled, smooth, branched, interwoven, usually with crystal masses, IKI–, CB–, 2.5–4 µm in diameter; tissues unchanged in KOH.

Figure 10. 

Microscopic structures of Dendrocorticiopsis luteoalba (holotype CLZhao 30380): basidiospores (A); basidia and basidioles (B); dendrohyphidia (C); cystidia (D); gloeocystidia (E); a section of the hymenium (F). Scale bars: 10 µm (A–F).

Hymenium.

Cystidia are of two types: (1) capitate, apically with resinous materials, gradually dissolving in KOH, colorless, thin-walled, smooth, 8.5–14 × 6.5–8.5 µm; (2) gloeocystidia, clavate to subulate, slightly flexuous, colorless, thin-walled, smooth, 68.5–90 × 8–10 µm. Dendrohyphidia numerous, thick-walled toward base, colorless, 16–19 × 2.5–3.5 µm. Basidia subclavate to clavate, flexuous, with a basal clamp connection and four sterigmata, 15.5–28.5 × 4–5.5 µm; basidioles numerous, in shape similar to basidia.

Figure 11. 

Sections of hymenium of Dendrocorticiopsis luteoalba (holotype CLZhao 30380): basidiospores (A); basidia and basidioles (B); dendrohyphidia (C); gloeocystidia (D); cystidia (E); a section of generative hyphae (F). Scale bars: 10 µm (A–F); 10 × 100.

Spores.

Basidiospores ellipsoid, colorless, thin-walled, smooth, IKI–, CB–, (6.5–)7–8 × (4–)4.5–5.5 µm, L = 7.29 µm, W = 4.97µm, Q = 1.47 (n = 30/1).

Eichleriella biluoxueshanensis L. Wang & C.L. Zhao, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 856960
Figs 12, 13, 14

Typification.

China. Yunnan Province • Diqing, Weixi County, Weideng, Songpo, GPS coordinates: 27°05′N, 99°13′E, altitude: 1400 m asl., on the fallen angiosperm branch, leg. C.L., 13 November 2023, CLZhao 34516 (SWFC!).

Etymology.

Biluoxueshanensis (Lat.) refers to the locality (Biluoxueshan) of the holotype specimen.

Basidiomata.

Annual, resupinate, closely adnate, coriaceous, without odor or taste when fresh, up to 8 cm long, 2 cm wide, and 700 μm thick. Hymenophore grandinioid, cream (4A2/3) to buff (4A4) when fresh, buff (4A4) to cinnamon-buff (4/5B4) upon drying. Sterile margin narrow, white (60) to cream (4A2/3), up to 1 mm.

Figure 12. 

Basidiomata of Eichleriella biluoxueshanensis (holotype CLZhao 34516). Scale bars: 1 cm (A); 1 mm (B).

Hyphal system.

Dimitic; generative hyphae simple-septate, colorless, thin-walled, smooth, rarely branched, interwoven, 3–4 µm in diameter; skeletal hyphae distinctly thick-walled, smooth, unbranched, interwoven, IKI–, CB–, 3–4 µm in diameter; tissues unchanged in KOH.

Figure 13. 

Microscopic structures of Eichleriella biluoxueshanensis (holotype CLZhao 34516): basidiospores (A); basidia and basidioles (B); cystidia (C); hyphidia (D); a section of the hymenium (E). Scale bars: 10 µm (A–E).

Hymenium.

Cystidia subclavate, flexuous, colorless, thin-walled, smooth, 40–45.5 × 6–9.5 µm. Basidia narrowly ovoid to ellipsoid, longitudinally septate, four-celled, 21–29 × 11.5–15 µm; basidioles numerous, in shape similar to basidia but smaller. Hyphidia arising from generative hyphae, nodulose, branched, colorless, thin-walled, 58–72.5 × 2.5–4 µm in diameter.

Figure 14. 

Sections of hymenium of Eichleriella biluoxueshanensis (holotype CLZhao 34516): basidiospores (A); basidia (B); basidioles (C); cystidia (D); hyphidia (E); a section of the hymenium (F). Scale bars: 10 µm (A–F); 10 × 100.

Spores.

Basidiospores allantoid, colorless, thin-walled, smooth, usually with one or more oil drops, IKI–, CB–, (12–)13.5–17.5(–18) × (6.5–)7–9(–9.5) µm, L = 15.57 µm, W = 7.99 µm, Q = 1.95–2.06 (n = 60/2).

Additional specimen examined (paratype).

China. Yunnan Province • Diqing, Weixi County, Zhonglu, Lagaluo, GPS coordinates: 27°9′N, 99°8′E, altitude: 1710 m asl., on the fallen angiosperm branch, leg. C.L. Zhao, 10 October 2023, CLZhao 34793 (SWFC!).

Gloeohypochnicium yunnanense L. Wang & C.L. Zhao, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 856961
Figs 15, 16, 17

Typification.

China. Yunnan Province • Dehong, Yingjiang County, Tongbiguan Provincial Nature Reserve, GPS coordinates: 25°50′N, 97°36′E, altitude: 1000 m asl., on the dead bamboo, leg. C.L. Zhao, 18 July 2023, CLZhao 30049 (SWFC!).

Etymology.

Yunnanense (Lat.) refers to the locality “Yunnan Province” of the holotype specimen.

Basidiomata.

Annual, resupinate, closely adnate, coriaceous, without odor or taste when fresh, up to 5 cm long, 3 cm wide, and 600 μm thick. Hymenophore smooth, slightly buff (4A4) when fresh, buff (4A4) to cream (4A2/3) upon drying. Sterile margin narrow, white (60) to buff (4A4), up to 1 mm.

Figure 15. 

Basidiomata of Gloeohypochnicium yunnanense (holotype CLZhao 30049). Scale bars: 1 cm (A); 1 mm (B).

Hyphal system.

Monomitic; generative hyphae with clamp connections, colorless, thick-walled, smooth, branched, interwoven, 1.5–4 µm in diameter; IKI–, CB–, tissues unchanged in KOH.

Figure 16. 

Microscopic structures of Gloeohypochnicium yunnanense (holotype CLZhao 30049): basidiospores (A); basidia and basidioles (B); cystidia (C); a section of the hymenium (D). Scale bars: 10 µm (A–D).

Hymenium.

Cystidia subcylindrical to subulate, flexuous, thin-walled, encrusted with whitish to yellowish crystals, 75–115.5 × 11.5–15 µm. Basidia subcylindrical to clavate, slightly flexuous, a basal clamp connection and four sterigmata, 55.5–70 × 9.5–11 µm; basidioles numerous, in shape similar to basidia but smaller.

Figure 17. 

Sections of hymenium of Gloeohypochnicium yunnanense (holotype CLZhao 30049): basidiospores (A); basidia (B); basidioles (C); gloeocystidia (D). Scale bars: 20 µm (A–D); 10 × 100.

Spores.

Basidiospores globose, colorless, thick-walled, warted, IKI–, CB–, (9.5–)10–12 × (9.5–)10–11.5 µm, L = 10.91 µm, W = 10.45 µm, Q = 1.04–1.05 (n = 60/2).

Additional specimen examined (paratype).

China. Yunnan Province • Dehong, Yingjiang County, Tongbiguan Provincial Nature Reserve, GPS coordinates: 27°52′N, 97°38′E, altitude: 1000 m asl., on dead bamboo, leg. C.L. Zhao, 18 July 2023, CLZhao 30018 (SWFC!).

Punctularia nigrodontea L. Wang & C.L. Zhao, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 856962
Figs 18, 19, 20

Typification.

China. Yunnan Province • Dehong, Yingjiang County, Tongbiguan Provincial Nature Reserve, GPS coordinates: 25°50′N, 97°36′E, altitude: 1000 m asl., on the angiosperm trunk, leg. C.L. Zhao, 20 July 2023, CLZhao 30592 (SWFC!).

Etymology.

Nigrodontea (Lat.) refers to the new species having black basidiomata.

Basidiomata.

Annual, resupinate to effused-reflexed, adnate but easily separable, gelatinous, without odor or taste when fresh, up to 7 cm long, 3 cm wide, and 600 μm thick. Pileal surface smooth, rigid, fuscous (5/6F5) when fresh, fuscous (5/6F5) to black (51) upon drying; pileal back cushion-shaped grandinioid, rigid, black (51) when fresh, black (51) upon drying. Sterile margin narrow, black (51), up to 1 mm.

Figure 18. 

Basidiomata of Punctularia nigrodontea (holotype CLZhao 30592). Scale bars: 1 cm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D).

Hyphal system.

Monomitic; generative hyphae clamp connections, colorless, thin to thick-walled, smooth, rarely branched, interwoven, 3–7 µm in diameter; IKI–, CB–, tissues unchanged in KOH.

Figure 19. 

Microscopic structures of Punctularia nigrodontea (holotype CLZhao 30592): basidiospores (A); basidia and basidioles (B); a section of the hymenium (C). Scale bars: 10 µm (A–C).

Hymenium.

Cystidia absent. Basidia clavate, flexuous, with a basal clamp connection and four sterigmata, 16–25 × 3–4.5 µm; basidioles numerous, in shape similar to basidia but smaller.

Figure 20. 

Sections of hymenium of Punctularia nigrodontea (holotype CLZhao 30592): basidiospores (A); basidia and basidioles (B); a section of thin-walled generative hyphae (C); a section of thick-walled generative hyphae (D). Scale bars: 10 µm (A–D); 10 × 100.

Spores.

Basidiospores ellipsoid, colorless, thin-walled, smooth, IKI–, CB–, 8.5–10(–10.5) × (4.5–)5–6(–6.5) µm, L = 9.24 µm, W = 5.47 µm, Q = 1.69 (n = 30/1).

Discussion

For fungal groups that are difficult to identify based on their morphological features, it is believed (and in most cases also proved) that the application of DNA sequences is able to delimit/recognize species much more easily and unequivocally (Wu et al. 2020; Bhunjun et al. 2024; He et al. 2022, 2024; Hyde et al. 2024a, b; Zhao et al. 2024; Zhou et al. 2024). Over time, understanding different aspects of fungi (i.e., taxonomy, diversity, species number) has improved rapidly by incorporating molecular and bioinformatics tools with traditional approaches (Cui et al. 2019; Wang et al. 2021; Hyde et al. 2023; Zhou et al. 2023; Dong et al. 2024a; Wang et al. 2024a; Wijayawardene et al. 2024).

Phylogenetically, the phylogenetic tree (Figs 1, 2) inferred from ITS+nLSU sequences revealed that the new species Conferticium albocremeum was nested into the family Stereaceae within the order Russulales, in which it was retrieved as a sister to C. heimii. However, C. heimii is distinguished from C. albocremeum by having a grayish orange hymenial surface and smaller basidiospores (5.3–6.2 × 3.5–4.2 µm; Wu 1996). Morphologically, C. fissuratum and C. ravum are similar to C. albocremeum by having finely verrucose, ellipsoid, and thin-walled basidiospores (Bernicchia and Gorjón 2010; Shen et al. 2024). However, C. fissuratum differs in its tuberculate, rough, white to cream, and cracking hymenial surface and longer subcylindrical cystidia (37–54.5 × 4–8 µm; Shen et al. 2024), and C. ravum differs in its smooth, brownish orange to grayish orange hymenial surface and bigger gloeocystidia (30–60 × 6–15 µm; Bernicchia and Gorjón 2010).

Phylogenetically, the multiple genes with ITS+nLSU analysis (Fig. 3) showed that the new species Dendrocorticiopsis luteoalba was nested into the family Punctulariaceae within the order Corticiales, and it is closely related with D. orientalis. Morphologically, D. luteoalba is similar to D. orientalis by having clavate apically with resinous cystidia and clavate to subclavate basidia (Wei et al. 2022). However, D. orientalis is delimited from D. luteoalba by its finely cracked, grayish ivory hymenial surface and smaller, ellipsoid to ovoid basidiospores (5–7 × 3.2–5.2 µm; Wei et al. 2022).

The phylogenetic tree (Figs 4, 5) inferred from ITS+nLSU sequences revealed that Eichleriella biluoxueshanensis grouped into the genus Eichleriella and clustered into the family Auriculariaceae, in which it was grouped with the clade comprising E. sinensis. However, E. sinensis is distinguished from E. biluoxueshanensis by having narrower basidiospores (10.5–16 × 5.5–7 µm; Li et al. 2023). Morphologically, E. xinpingensis C.L. Zhao and E. yunnanensis Y.L. Deng & C.L. Zhao are similar to E. biluoxueshanensis by all having subcylindrical to allantoid, thin-walled, and smooth basidiospores (Liu et al. 2019; Deng et al. 2024a). However, E. xinpingensis differs in its soft, leathery to ceraceous, flesh-pink to clay-pink, and covered by blunt-pointed spines hymenial surface and shorter basidia (15–28 × 5–9 µm; Liu et al. 2019), and E. yunnanensis differs in its cream to flesh-pink hymenial surface and smaller basidiospores (7.5–11.5 × 3.5–5 µm; Deng et al. 2024a).

The phylogenetic tree (Fig. 1) inferred from ITS+nLSU sequences revealed that Gloeohypochnicium yunnanense grouped into the genus Gloeohypochnicium and clustered into the order Russulales, in which it was closely related to G. analogum. Morphologically, G. yunnanense is similar to G. analogum in that it has subglobose, thick-walled, and warted basidiospores (Bernicchia and Gorjón 2010). However, G. analogum is delimited from G. yunnanense by its coriaceous, cream to ochraceous hymenial surface with a fibrillose margin and smaller gloeocystidia (40–60 × 6–10 µm; Bernicchia and Gorjón 2010).

Based on the ITS+nLSU sequence data (Fig. 3), Punctularia nigrodontea was nested into the family Punctulariaceae within the order Corticiales and grouped with the clade comprising P. atropurpurascens, P. bambusicola, and P. strigosozonata. Morphologically, P. nigrodontea is similar to P. atropurpurascens, P. bambusicola, and P. strigosozonata by having smooth, thin-walled, and ellipsoid basidiospores (Bernicchia and Gorjón 2010; Guan et al. 2021). However, P. atropurpurascens is delimited from P. nigrodontea by having the effuse-reflexed and reddish-brown to dark purplish-brown or bluish hymenial surface and larger basidia (40–65 × 5–6 µm; Guan et al. 2021). Punctularia bambusicola differs in its resupinate, tuberculate with rose tints, pink to purple hymenial surface, and smaller basidiospores (6.5–8.5 × 3.5–5 µm; Guan et al. 2021). Punctularia strigosozonata differs in its resupinate to effuse-reflexed basidiomata with a brown, velutinous margin and longer basidia (40–60 × 4–5 µm; Bernicchia and Gorjón 2010).

Fungi are an ancient, diverse, and heterogeneous group of organisms; they can be found in a wide range of habitats, and play key roles in ecosystems as decomposers, mutualists, and pathogens (Dai et al. 2015, 2021; Cui et al. 2023; Wei 2021; Bhunjun et al. 2022). The Yunnan Province is rich in woody plant species, providing excellent substrates for wood-inhabiting fungi (Dong et al. 2023, 2024a; Wang and Cai 2023; Deng et al. 2024b; Wang et al. 2024b; Zhu et al. 2024). Our study is helpful to further understand the species diversity of wood-inhabiting fungal groups in Yunnan and explore their evolutionary relationships.

Additional information

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Ethical statement

No ethical statement was reported.

Funding

The research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project Nos. 32170004) and the High-level Talents Program of Yunnan Province (YNQR-QNRC-2018-111).

Author contributions

Conceptualization, CZ, AY, and LW; methodology, CZ and LW; software, CZ, YJ, and LW; validation, CZ, SG, and HY; formal analysis, CZ, YJ, and LW; investigation, CZ and LW; resources, CZ; writing – original draft preparation, CZ, AY, LW, and JY; writing – review and editing, CZ and LW; visualization, CZ and LW; supervision, CZ; project administration, CZ; funding acquisition, CZ. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Author ORCIDs

Lu Wang https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6274-5953

Changlin Zhao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8668-1075

Data availability

All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.

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Ali Yang and Lu Wang contributed equally to this work.
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