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Research Article
Molecular phylogeny and taxonomy reveal two new genera and five new species in Phanerochaetaceae (Polyporales) from Yunnan, Southwest China
expand article infoYing Xu‡, Yang Yang‡, Xin Yang‡, Daxiang Chen§, Wen Zheng§, Kaize Shen‡, Sicheng Zhang‡, Changlin Zhao‡
‡ Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
§ Tongbiguan Provincial Nature Reserve, Mangshi, China

Corresponding author: Changlin Zhao ( fungichanglinz@163.com )

Academic editor: Samantha C. Karunarathna
© 2025 Ying Xu, Yang Yang, Xin Yang, Daxiang Chen, Wen Zheng, Kaize Shen, Sicheng Zhang, Changlin Zhao.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Xu Y, Yang Y, Yang X, Chen D, Zheng W, Shen K, Zhang S, Zhao C (2025) Molecular phylogeny and taxonomy reveal two new genera and five new species in Phanerochaetaceae (Polyporales) from Yunnan, Southwest China. MycoKeys 113: 263-294. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.113.140624
Open Access

Abstract

In the present study, two new genera Paradonkia, and Neodonkiella, and five new species, viz. Paradonkia farinacea, Neodonkiella yinjiangensis, Phanerochaete albocremea, Phanerochaete fissurata, and Phanerochaete punctata collected from southern China, are proposed based on a combination of morphological features and molecular evidence. Paradonkia farinacea is characterized by the resupinate, membranaceous basidiomata with pale cream to gray cream hymenial surface and a monomitic hyphal system with simple septa and clamp connections; Neodonkiella yinjiangensis is characterized by soft coriaceous basidiomata, a monomitic hyphal system and ellipsoid basidiospores (3.5–5 × 2–2.5 µm); Phanerochaete albocremea is characterized by resupinate basidiomata with white to a pale cream hymenial surface, and ellipsoid basidiospores (3.5–5 × 2–3 µm); Phanerochaete fissurata is characterized by gray-brown and cracked hymenial surface, and ellipsoid basidiospores (4–5.5 × 2–3 µm) and Phanerochaete punctata is characterized by farinaceous basidiomata, a monomitic hyphal system, and ellipsoid basidiospores. Sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and the large subunit (nLSU) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) markers of the studied samples were generated. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using the maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. The phylogram based on the ITS+nLSU rDNA gene regions, revealed that two new genera, Paradonkia and Neodonkiella, belong to the family Phanerochaetaceae, and three new species belong to the genus Phanerochaete in the family Phanerochaetaceae.

Key words:

Biodiversity, fungal classification, new taxa, wood-inhabiting fungi, Yunnan Province

Introduction

fungi, as eukaryotic microorganisms, are pivotal in ecological ecosystems, serving as decomposers and mutualists of both dead and living plants and animals. They are key players in carbon cycling in forest soils, mediating the mineral nutrition of plants, and alleviating the carbon limitations of other soil organisms (Cui et al. 2019; James et al. 2020; Liu et al. 2023; Zhao et al. 2023b). Wood-inhabiting fungi, with their distinct and diverse characteristics, form an ecologically important branch of the tree of life, further underlining their significance (Dai et al. 2021; Yang et al. 2024).

The family Phanerochaetaceae Jülich, belonging to the order Polyporales (Basidiomycota), was typified by Phanerochaete P. Karst. Twenty-five genera were placed in this family Phanerochaetaceae as Alboefibula C.C. Chen & Sheng H. Wu, Bjerkandera P. Karst., Callosus C.L. Zhao, Cremeoderma Sheng H. Wu & C.C. Chen, Crepatura C.L. Zhao, Donkia Pilát, Donkiella J.H. Dong & C.L. Zhao, Efibulella Zmitr., Gelatinofungus Sheng H. Wu, et al., Geliporus Yuan Yuan, et al., Hapalopilus P. Karst., Hyphodermella J. Erikss. & Ryvarden, Odontoefibula C.C. Chen & Sheng H. Wu, Oxychaete Miettinen, Phaeophlebiopsis Floudas & Hibbett, Phanerina Miettinen, Phanerochaete P. Karst., Phlebiopsis Jülich, Pirex Hjortstam & Ryvarden, Porostereum Pilát, Quasiphlebia C.C. Chen & Sheng H. Wu, Rhizochaete Gresl., Nakasone & Rajchenb., Riopa D.A. Reid, Roseograndinia Hjortstam & Ryvarden and Terana Adans according to recent studies (Dong et al. 2024; He et al. 2024). In Phanerochaetaceae morphology, the corticioid species are predominant, along with a few resupinate polypores and hydnaceous species (Chen et al. 2021). The hyphal system of this family is usually monomitic, rarely dimitic, and the generative hyphae are usually simple septa, rarely nodose-septate, and cystidia are often present, and basidiospores are usually thin-walled, smooth, and colorless (Justo et al. 2017; Chen et al. 2021).

The genus Phanerochaete P. Karst., belonging to the family Phanerochaetaceae (Polyporales, Basidiomycota), was typified by P. alnea (Fr.) P. Karst (Deng et al. 2024). It is characterized by the membranaceous, smooth hymenial surface (some are tuberculate, odontioid-hydnoid, or merulioid-poroid), mostly monomitic hyphal system, simple septa generative hyphae or with rare clamp connections in the subiculum, clavate basidia and ellipsoid to cylindrical, thin-walled and smooth basidiospores, which are inamyloid and non-dextrinoid (Wu et al. 2018). The colorless subiculum is present in most species, but a brownish subiculum also occurs (Chen et al. 2021). Based on the MycoBank database (http://www.MycoBank.org, accessed on 06 January 2025) and the Index Fungorum (www.indexfungorum.org; accessed on 06 January 2025), 208 names are registered in the genus Phanerochaete but 121 species have been accepted worldwide (Chen et al. 2021; Wang and Zhao 2021; Yu et al. 2023; Deng et al. 2024; Dong et al. 2024; Luo et al. 2024).

During investigations on wood-inhabiting fungi in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, China, many wood-inhabiting fungal specimens were collected. To clarify the placement and relationships of these specimens, we carried out a phylogenetic and taxonomic study based on the ITS+nLSU sequences. These specimens were assigned to the family Phanerochaetaceae. Therefore, two new genera, Paradonkia, and Neodonkiella, and five new species, Paradonkia farinacea, Neodonkiella yinjiangensis, Phanerochaete albocremea, Phanerochaete fissurata, and Phanerochaete punctata are proposed with descriptions, and illustrations, and phylogenetic analysis results.

Materials and methods

Sample collection and herbarium specimen preparation

The fresh fruiting bodies were collected on the fallen angiosperm branches and stumps and dead bamboo from Yunnan Province, China. The samples were photographed in situ, and important collection information was noted (Rathnayaka et al. 2024) and macroscopic characteristics were recorded. Photographs were recorded by a Nikon D7100 camera. All the photos were focus-stacked using Helicon Focus software. Macroscopic details were recorded and transported to a field station where the fruit body was dried on an electronic food dryer at 40 °C (Hu et al. 2022), and once dried, the specimens were sealed in an envelope and zip-lock plastic bags and labelled (Zhao et al. 2023a). The dried specimens were deposited in the Herbarium of the Southwest Forestry University (SWFC), Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.

Morphology

The macromorphological descriptions were based on field notes and photos captured in the field and lab. The color terminology follows Petersen (1996). The micromorphological data were obtained from the dried specimens after observation under a light microscope with a magnification of 10 × 100 oil (Zhao et al. 2023a). Sections were mounted in 5% potassium hydroxide (KOH) and Congo red solution, and we also used other reagents, including Cotton Blue and Melzer’s reagent, to observe micromorphology following previous studies (Moreno et al. 2017; Dong et al. 2024; Wang et al. 2024). To show the variation in spore sizes, 5% of measurements were excluded from each end of the range and shown in parentheses. At least thirty basidiospores from each specimen were measured. Stalks were excluded from basidia measurements and the hilar appendage was excluded from basidiospores measurements. The following abbreviations are used: KOH = 5% potassium hydroxide water solution, CB = Cotton Blue, CB– = acyanophilous, IKI = Melzer’s reagent, IKI– = both inamyloid and indextrinoid, L = mean spore length (arithmetic average for all spores), W = mean spore width (arithmetic average for all spores), Q = variation in the L/W ratios between the specimens studied, and n = a/b (number of spores (a) measured from a given number (b) of specimens).

Molecular phylogeny

The CTAB rapid plant genome extraction kit-DN14 (Aidlab Biotechnologies Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) was used to obtain genomic DNA from the dried specimens according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The ITS region was amplified with ITS5 and ITS4 primers (White et al. 1990). The nLSU region was amplified with the LR0R and LR7 (Vilgalys and Hester 1990). The PCR procedure for ITS was as follows: initial denaturation at 95 °C for 3 min, followed by 35 cycles at 94 °C for 40 s, 58 °C for 45 s and 72 °C for 1 min, and a final extension of 72 °C for 10 min. The PCR procedure for nLSU was as follows: initial denaturation at 94 °C for 1 min, followed by 35 cycles at 94 °C for 30 s, 48 °C for 1 min, and 72 °C for 1.5 min, and a final extension of 72 °C for 10 min. The PCR products were purified and sequenced at Kunming Tsingke Biological Technology Limited Company (Yunnan Province, P.R. China). The newly generated sequences were deposited in NCBI GenBank (Table 1).

Table 1.
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Names, voucher numbers, localities, references, and corresponding GenBank accession numbers of the taxa used in this study. [New species are shown in bold; * refers to type material].

Species Name Sample No. GenBank Accession No. References
ITS nLSU Country
Alboefibula bambusicola Chen 2304 MZ636926 MZ637091 China Chen et al. (2021)
Alboefibula gracilis Wu 1809-106 MZ636929 MZ637094 China Chen et al. (2021)
Artomyces niveus CLZhao 19094 OR094479 OR461459 China Dong et al. (2024)
Bjerkandera adusta HHB-12826-Sp KP134983 KP135198 USA Floudas and Hibbett (2015)
Bjerkandera centroamericana L-13104-sp KY948791 KY948855 Costa Rica Justo et al. (2017)
Callosus wenshanensis CLZhao 16017 MW553934 MW553936 China Chen et al. (2022)
Callosus wenshanensis CLZhao 16034 MW553935 MW553937 China Chen et al. (2022)
Cremeoderma unicum Wu 1707-94 MZ636939 MZ637102 China Chen et al. (2021)
Cremeoderma unicum Wu 1707-100 MZ636938 MZ637101 China Chen et al. (2021)
Crepatura ellipsospora CLZhao 1265 MK343692 MK343696 China Ma and Zhao (2019)
Crepatura ellipsospora CLZhao 1260 MK343693 MK343697 China Ma and Zhao (2019)
Crepatura ellipsospora CLZhao 126 MK343692 MK343696 China Ma and Zhao (2019)
Donkia pulcherrima GC 1707-11 LC378994 LC379152 China Chen et al. (2018)
Donkia pulcherrima Gothenburg-2022 KX752591 KX752591 Austria Miettinen et al. (2016)
Donkiella yunnanensis CLZhao 3931 OR094482 OR461467 China Dong et al. (2024)
Donkiella yunnanensis CLZhao 18292 OR094483 OR461468 China Dong et al. (2024)
Efibulella deflectens FCUG 1568 AF141619 AF141619 Sweden Parmasto and Hallenberg (2000)
Gelatinofungus brunneus GC 1703-31 LC387339 LC387344 China Chen et al. (2018)
Gelatinofungus brunneus Wu 1207-162 MZ636978 MZ637139 China Chen et al. (2021)
Geliporus exilisporus Dai 2172 KU598211 KU598216 China Yuan et al. (2017)
Geliporus exilisporus GC 1702-15 LC378995 LC379153 China Chen et al. (2018)
Hapalopilus percoctus H 7008581 KX752597 KX752597 Botswana Miettinen et al. (2016)
Hapalopilus rutilans FP-102473-Sp MZ636981 MZ637142 USA Chen et al. (2021)
Hyphodermella corrugata MA-fungi 24238 FN600378 JN939586 Portugal Telleria et al. (2010)
Hyphodermella rosae GC 1604-113 MZ636986 MZ637147 China Chen et al. (2021)
Odontoefibula orientalis Wu 0910-57 LC363490 LC363495 China Chen et al. (2018)
Odontoefibula orientalis GC 1703-76 LC379004 LC379156 China Chen et al. (2018)
Oxychaete cervinogilva GC 1501-16 MZ422783 MZ637173 China Chen et al. (2021)
Oxychaete cervinogilva Dmitry Schigel 5216 KX752596 KX752596 Australia Chen et al. (2021)
Paradonkia farinacea CLZhao 27184* PQ527890 PQ527887 China Present study
Paradonkia farinacea CLZhao 27221 PQ527891 PQ527888 China Present study
Neodonkiella yinjiangensis CLZhao 30585* PQ527892 PQ527889 China Present study
Phaeophlebiopsis caribbeana HHB-6990 KP135415 KP135243 USA Floudas and Hibbett (2015)
Phaeophlebiopsis peniophoroides FP-150577 KP135417 KP135273 USA Floudas and Hibbett (2015)
Phanerina mellea Wu 1010-34 MZ422784 MZ637176 China Chen et al. (2021)
Phanerina mellea WEI 17-224 LC387333 LC387340 China Chen et al. (2018)
Phanerochaete aculeata Wu 1809-278 MZ422786 MZ637178 China Chen et al. (2021)
Phanerochaete aculeata GC 1703-117 MZ422785 MZ637177 China Chen et al. (2021)
Phanerochaete albida WEI 18-365 MZ422789 MZ637180 China Chen et al. (2021)
Phanerochaete albida GC 1407-14 MZ422788 MZ637179 China Chen et al. (2021)
Phanerochaete albocremea CLZhao 31998 PQ454009 PQ454675 China Present study
Phanerochaete albocremea CLZhao 32032 PQ454010 PQ454676 China Present study
Phanerochaete albocremea CLZhao 32035 PQ454011 PQ454677 China Present study
Phanerochaete albocremea CLZhao 32235* PQ454012 — China Present study
Phanerochaete alnea Larsson 12054 KX538924 — Norway Spirin et al. (2017)
Phanerochaete alpina Wu 1308-61 MZ422790 MZ637182 China Chen et al. (2021)
Phanerochaete alpina Wu 1308-77 MZ422791 MZ637183 China Chen et al. (2021)
Phanerochaete arizonica RLG-10248-Sp KP135170 KP135239 USA Floudas and Hibbett (2015)
Phanerochaete australis He 6013 MT235656 MT248136 China Phookamsak et al. (2019)
Phanerochaete australis HHB-7105-Sp KP135081 KP135240 USA Floudas and Hibbett (2015)
Phanerochaete australosanguinea MA:fungi:91308 MH233925 MH233928 Chile Phookamsak et al. (2019)
Phanerochaete australosanguinea MA:fungi:91309 MH233926 MH233929 Chile Phookamsak et al. (2019)
Phanerochaete bambusicola He 3606 MT235657 MT248137 China Xu et al. (2020)
Phanerochaete bambusicola Wu 0707-2 MF399404 MF399395 China Wu et al. (2017)
Phanerochaete brunnea He 4192 MT235658 MT248138 China Xu et al. (2020)
Phanerochaete burdsallii He 2066 MT235690 MT248177 USA Xu et al. (2020)
Phanerochaete burtii HHB-4618-Sp KP135117 KP135241 USA Floudas and Hibbett (2015)
Phanerochaete burtii FD-171 KP135116 — USA Floudas and Hibbett (2015)
Phanerochaete calotricha Vanhanen382 KP135107 — Finland Floudas and Hibbett (2015)
Phanerochaete canobrunnea He 5726 MT235659 MT248139 SriLanka Wu et al. (2017)
Phanerochaete canobrunnea CHWC1506-66 LC412095 LC412104 China Xu et al. (2020)
Phanerochaete carnosa He 5172 MT235660 MT248140 China Xu et al. (2020)
Phanerochaete carnosa HHB-9195 KP135129 KP135242 USA Floudas and Hibbett (2015)
Phanerochaete chrysosporium He 5778 MT235661 MT248141 SriLanka Xu et al. (2020)
Phanerochaete chrysosporium HHB-6251-Sp KP135094 KP135246 USA Floudas and Hibbett (2015)
Phanerochaete cinerea He 5998 — MT248171 China: Xu et al. (2020)
Phanerochaete cinerea He 6003 — MT248172 China Xu et al. (2020)
Phanerochaete citrinosanguinea FP-105385-Sp KP135100 — USA Floudas and Hibbett (2015)
Phanerochaete citrinosanguinea FD-287 KP135095 — USA Floudas and Hibbett (2015)
Phanerochaete concrescens He 4657 MT235662 MT248142 China Chen et al. (2021)
Phanerochaete concrescens Spirin 7322 KP994380 KP994382 Russia Volobuev et al. (2015)
Phanerochaete crystallina Chen 3823 MZ422802 — China Chen et al. (2021)
Phanerochaete crystallina Chen 3576 MZ422801 — China Chen et al. (2021)
Phanerochaete cumulodentata He 2995 MT235664 MT248144 China Phookamsak et al. (2019)
Phanerochaete cumulodentata LE<RUS>:298935 KP994359 KP994386 Russia Volobuev et al. (2015)
Phanerochaete cystidiata He 4224 MT235665 MT248145 China Xu et al. (2020)
Phanerochaete cystidiata Wu 1708-326 LC412097 LC412100 China Wu et al. (2018)
Phanerochaete ericina HHB-2288 KP135167 KP135247 USA Floudas and Hibbett (2015)
Phanerochaete ericina He 4285 MT235666 MT248146 China Xu et al. (2020)
Phanerochaete fissurata CLZhao 35311* PQ454013 PQ454678 China Present study
Phanerochaete fissurata CLZhao 35321 PQ454014 PQ454679 China Present study
Phanerochaete fusca Wu1409-163 LC412099 LC412106 China Wu et al. (2018)
Phanerochaete fusca Wu 1409-161 LC412098 LC412105 China: Wu et al. (2018)
Phanerochaete granulata Chen 2835 MZ422808 MZ637194 China Chen et al. (2021)
Phanerochaete granulata GC 1703-5 MZ422809 MZ637195 China Chen et al. (2021)
Phanerochaete granulata Wu 9210-57 MZ422810 MZ637196 China Chen et al. (2021)
Phanerochaete guangdongensis Wu 1809-348 MZ422813 MZ637199 China Chen et al. (2021)
Phanerochaete guangdongensis Wu 1809-319 MZ422811 MZ637197 China Chen et al. (2021)
Phanerochaete hainanensis He 3562 MT235692 MT248179 China Boonmee et al. (2021)
Phanerochaete hymenochaetoides He 5988 — MT248173 China Xu et al. (2020)
Phanerochaete incarnata He 20120728-1 MT235669 MT248149 China Xu et al. (2020)
Phanerochaete incarnata WEI 16-075 MF399406 MF399397 China Wu et al. (2017)
Phanerochaete laevis He 20120917-8 MT235670 MT248150 China Xu et al. (2020)
Phanerochaete laevis HHB-15519 KP135149 KP135249 USA Floudas and Hibbett (2015)
Phanerochaete leptocystidiata He 5853 MT235685 MT248168 China Xu et al. (2020)
Phanerochaete leptocystidiata Dai 10468 MT235684 MT248167 China Xu et al. (2020)
Phanerochaete livescens He 5010 MT235671 MT248151 China Xu et al. (2020)
Phanerochaete metuloidea He 2766 MT235682 MT248164 China Xu et al. (2020)
Phanerochaete minor He 3988 MT235686 MT248170 China Xu et al. (2020)
Phanerochaete mopanshanensis CLZhao 2357 OR096190 OR461450 China Dong et al. (2024)
Phanerochaete parmastoi He 4570 MT235673 MT248153 China Xu et al. (2020)
Phanerochaete parmastoi Wu 880313-6 MZ422823 GQ470654 China Chen et al. (2021)
Phanerochaete porostereoides He 1902 KX212217 KX212221 China Liu and He (2016)
Phanerochaete porostereoides He 1908 KX212218 KX212222 China Liu and He (2016)
Phanerochaete pruinosa CLZhao 7112 MZ435346 MZ435350 China Wang and Zhao (2021)
Phanerochaete pruinosa CLZhao 7113 MZ435347 MZ435351 China Wang and Zhao (2021)
Phanerochaete pseudosanguinea FD-244 KP135098 KP135251 USA Floudas and Hibbett (2015)
Phanerochaete punctata CLZhao 30365 PQ454015 PQ454680 China Present study
Phanerochaete punctata CLZhao 30512* PQ454016 PQ454681 China Present study
Phanerochaete rhizomorpha GC 1708-335 MZ422824 MZ637208 China Chen et al. (2021)
Phanerochaete rhizomorpha GC 1708-354 MZ422825 MZ637209 China Chen et al. (2021)
Phanerochaete rhodella FD-18 KP135187 KP135258 USA Floudas and Hibbett (2015)
Phanerochaete robusta Wu 1109-69 MF399409 MF399400 China Wu et al. (2018)
Phanerochaete robusta MG265 KP127068 KP127069 China Ghobad-Nejhad et al. (2015)
Phanerochaete sanguineocarnosa FD-359 KP135122 KP135245 USA Floudas and Hibbett (2015)
Phanerochaete sanguineocarnosa FD-528 KP135121 — USA Floudas and Hibbett (2015)
Phanerochaete sinensis He 4660 MT235688 MT248175 China Xu et al. (2020)
Phanerochaete sinensis GC1809-56 MT235689 MT248176 China Xu et al. (2020)
Phanerochaete sordida FD-241 KP135136 KP135252 USA Floudas and Hibbett (2015)
Phanerochaete spadicea Wu 0504-15 MZ422837 MZ637219 China Chen et al. (2021)
Phanerochaete spadicea Wu 0504-11 MZ422836 — China Chen et al. (2021)
Phanerochaete stereoides He 5824 MT235677 MT248158 SriLanka Xu et al. (2020)
Phanerochaete stereoides He 2309 KX212219 KX212223 China Liu and He (2016)
Phanerochaete subcarnosa Wu 9310-3 MZ422841 GQ470642 China Chen et al. (2021)
Phanerochaete subcarnosa GC 1809-90 MZ422840 MZ637222 China Chen et al. (2021)
Phanerochaete subceracea FP-105974-R KP135162 KP135255 USA Floudas and Hibbett (2015)
Phanerochaete subceracea HHB-9434 KP135163 — USA Floudas and Hibbett (2015)
Phanerochaete subrosea He 2421 MT235687 MT248174 China Xu et al. (2020)
Phanerochaete subsanguinea CLZhao 10470 MZ435348 MZ435352 China Wang and Zhao (2021)
Phanerochaete subsanguinea CLZhao 10477 MZ435349 MZ435353 China Wang and Zhao (2021)
Phanerochaete subtropica CLZhao F8716 OP605486 OQ195089 China Yu et al. (2023)
Phanerochaete subtropica CLZhao F2763 OP605518 OQ195090 China Yu et al. (2023)
Phanerochaete subtuberculata CLZhaoF5130 OP605484 OQ195088 China Yu et al. (2023)
Phanerochaete subtuberculata CLZhaoF6838 OP605485 OQ195087 China Yu et al. (2023)
Phanerochaete taiwaniana He 5269 MT235680 MT248161 Vietnam Xu et al. (2020)
Phanerochaete taiwaniana Wu 0112-13 MF399412 MF399403 China Chen et al. (2021)
Phanerochaete tongbiguanensis CLZhao 30606 OR917875 OR921222 China Deng et al. (2024)
Phanerochaete velutina He 3079 MT235681 MT248162 China Xu et al. (2020)
Phanerochaete velutina Kotiranta 25567 KP994354 KP994387 Russia Volobuev et al. (2015)
Phanerochaete yunnanensis He 2719 MT235683 MT248166 China Xu et al. (2020)
Phanerochaete yunnanensis He 2697 — MT248165 China Xu et al. (2020)
Phlebiopsis gigantea FP-70857 KP135390 KP135272 USA Floudas and Hibbett (2015)
Phlebiopsis crassa KKN-86 KP135394 KP135215 USA Floudas and Hibbett (2015)
Phlebiopsis galochroa FP-102937 KP135391 KP135270 USA Justo et al. 2017
Pirex concentricus Kropp160Bup6-R KP134985 — USA Floudas and Hibbett (2015)
Pirex concentricus OSC-41587 KP134984 KP135275 USA Floudas and Hibbett (2015)
Porostereum fulvum LY:18491 MG649452 MG649454 France Unpublished
Porostereum spadiceum Wu 9508-139 MZ637062 MZ637263 China Chen et al. (2021)
Quasiphlebia densa WEI 17-057 MZ637066 MZ637265 USA Chen et al. (2021)
Quasiphlebia densa Wu 9304-33 MZ637067 MZ637266 China Chen et al. (2021)
Rhizochaete filamentosa HHB-3169 KP135410 KP135278 USA Floudas and Hibbett (2015)
Rhizochaete radicata FD-123 KP135407 KP135279 USA Floudas and Hibbett (2015)
Riopa metamorphosa Spirin 2395 KX752601 KX75260 Russia Miettinen et al. (2016)
Riopa pudens Dai 19241 OL470307 OL462822 China Unpublished
Roseograndinia jilinensis Wu 1307-137 MZ637077 MZ637275 China Chen et al. (2021)
Roseograndinia minispora WEI 18-511 MZ637079 MZ637277 China Chen et al. (2021)
Terana caerulea FP-104073 KP134980 KP135276 USA Floudas and Hibbett (2015)
Terana caerulea GC 1507-2 MZ637090 MZ637287 China Chen et al. (2021)

The sequences were aligned in MAFFT v. 7 using the G-INS-i strategy (Katoh et al. 2019). The alignment was adjusted manually using AliView v. 1.27 (Larsson 2014). The dataset was aligned first, and then the sequences of ITS+nLSU were combined with Mesquite v. 3.51. The combined ITS+nLSU sequences were used to infer the position of the new species and closely related species. The sequence of Artomyces niveus J.H. Dong & C.L. Zhao obtained from GenBank was used as an outgroup to root trees in the ITS+nLSU analysis (Fig. 1) in the family Phanerochaetaceae (Dong et al. 2024). The sequence of Crepatura ellipsospora C.L. Zhao obtained from GenBank was used as an outgroup to root trees in the ITS+nLSU analysis (Fig. 2) in the genus Phanerochaete (Ma and Zhao 2019).

Figure 1. 

Maximum parsimony strict consensus tree illustrating the phylogeny of Paradonkia and Neodonkiella and related genera in the family Phanerochaetaceae based on ITS+nLSU sequences. Branches are labelled with maximum likelihood bootstrap value ≥ 70%, parsimony bootstrap value ≥ 50%, and Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95. Colored bars represent different genera.

Figure 2. 

Maximum parsimony strict consensus tree illustrating the phylogeny of three new species and related genera in the genus Phanerochaete based on ITS+nLSU sequences. Branches are labelled with maximum likelihood bootstrap value ≥ 70%, parsimony bootstrap value ≥ 50%, and Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95.

Maximum Parsimony (MP), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Bayesian Inference (BI) analyses were applied to the combined three datasets following a previous study (Zhao and Wu 2017) and the tree construction procedure was performed in PAUP* v. 4.0b10 (Swofford 2002). All characters were equally weighted, and gaps were treated as missing data. Trees were inferred using the heuristic search option with TBR branch swapping and 1000 random sequence additions. Max trees were set to 5000, branches of zero length were collapsed, and all parsimonious trees were saved. Clade robustness was assessed using bootstrap (BT) analysis with 1000 replicates (Felsenstein 1985). Descriptive tree statistics, tree length (TL), consistency index (CI), retention index (RI), rescaled consistency index (RC), and homoplasy index (HI) were calculated for each maximum parsimonious tree generated. The multiple sequence alignment was also analyzed using Maximum Likelihood (ML) in RAxML-HPC2 on XSEDE v. 8.2.8 with default parameters (Miller et al. 2012). Branch support (BS) for ML analysis was determined by 1000 bootstrap replicates.

jModelTest v. 2 (Darriba et al. 2012) was used to determine the best-fit evolution model for each dataset for the purposes of Bayesian Inference (BI), which was performed using MrBayes 3.2.7a with a GTR+I+G model of DNA substitution and a gamma distribution rate variation across sites (Ronquist et al. 2012). The first one-quarter of all the generations were discarded as burn-in. The majority-rule consensus tree of all the remaining trees was calculated. Branches were considered significantly supported if they received a Maximum Likelihood bootstrap value (BS) of ≥ 70%, a Maximum Parsimony bootstrap value (BT) of ≥ 50%, or Bayesian Posterior Probabilities (BPP) of ≥ 0.95.

Results

Molecular phylogeny

The Phanerochaetaceae aligned dataset comprised 54 specimens representing 28 species. Four Markov chains were run for two runs from random starting trees, each for three million generations for the combined ITS+nLSU (Fig. 1) dataset with trees and parameters sampled every 1,000 generations. The dataset had an aligned length of 2,205 characters, of which 1,536 characters are constant, 191 are variable and parsimony uninformative, and 478 are parsimony informative. Maximum Parsimony analysis yielded one equally parsimonious tree (TL = 2,599, CI = 0.4055, HI = 0.5945, RI = 0.5984 and RC = 0.2427). The best model for the ITS+nLSU dataset, estimated and applied in the Bayesian analysis, was GTR+I+G. Both Bayesian analysis and ML analysis resulted in a similar topology to MP analysis with an average standard deviation of split frequencies = 0.006800 (BI), and the effective sample size (ESS) for Bayesian analysis across the two runs is double the average ESS (avg. ESS) = 294.

The Phanerochaete aligned dataset comprised 107 specimens representing 59 species. Four Markov chains were run for two runs from random starting trees, each for 8.5 million generations for the ITS+nLSU (Fig. 2) dataset, with trees and parameters sampled every 1,000 generations. The dataset had an aligned length of 2,333 characters, of which 1,578 characters are constant, 255 are variable, parsimony uninformative, and 500 are informative. Maximum Parsimony analysis yielded one equally parsimonious tree (TL = 2,872, CI = 0.3729, HI = 0.6271, RI = 0.5891 and RC = 0.2197). The best model for the ITS dataset, estimated and applied in the Bayesian analysis, was GTR+I+G. Both Bayesian analysis and ML analysis resulted in a similar topology to MP analysis with an average standard deviation of split frequencies = 0.012119 (BI), and the effective sample size (ESS) for Bayesian analysis across the two runs is double the average ESS (avg. ESS) = 256.

The phylogram, based on the combined ITS+nLSU sequences (Fig. 1) analysis, showed that two new genera, Paradonkia and Neodonkiella were assigned to the family Phanerochaetaceae. The phylogenetic tree, based on ITS+nLSU sequences (Fig. 2), revealed that Phanerochaete albocremea formed a monophyletic lineage and was closely related to Phanerochaete porostereoides S.L. Liu & S.H. He and Phanerochaete fusca Sheng H. Wu et al. The new species Phanerochaete fissurata was retrieved as a sister to Phanerochaete cinerea Y.L. Xu & S.H. He. The new taxon Phanerochaete punctata was sister to Phanerochaete hainanensis S.H. He & Y.C. Dai.

Taxonomy

Phanerochaetaceae Jülich

Type genus.

Phanerochaete P. Karst.

Description.

Mostly corticioid species, along with a few resupinate or pileate polypores (Wu et al. 2022a; Zhao et al. 2024), and hydnaceous species; hyphal system usually monomitic, rarely dimitic; hyphae usually simple septate, rarely nodose septate; basidiospores thin-walled, smooth, colorless; cystidia often present. Producing a white rot (Chen et al. 2021).

Accepted genera. Alboefibula, Bjerkandera, Callosus, Cremeoderma, Crepatura, Donkia, Donkiella, Efibulella, Gelatinofungus, Geliporus, Hapalopilus, Hyphodermella, Odontoefibula, Oxychaete, Paradonkia, Neodonkiella, Phanerina, Phanerochaete, Phaeophlebiopsis, Phlebiopsis, Pirex, Porostereum, Quasiphlebia, Rhizochaete, Riopa, Roseograndinia, and Terana.

Notes.

The family Phanerochaetaceae was established by Jülich with the genus Phanerochaete as the type genus. This family belongs to the phlebioid clade within the order Polyporales and causes white rot (Larsson 2007; Binder et al. 2013; Miettinen et al. 2016; Justo et al. 2017). In the current study, twenty-seven genera are accepted in Phanerochaetaceae, including two new genera of the present study of Paradonkia and Neodonkiella.

Paradonkia Y. Xu & C.L. Zhao, gen. nov.

MycoBank No: 856347

Type species.

Paradonkia farinacea Y. Xu & C.L. Zhao.

Etymology.

paradonkia (Lat.): “para” and “donkia” refer to a close phylogenetic relationship with the genus Donkia.

Description.

Basidiomata annual, resupinate, adnate. Hymenial surface farinaceous, pale cream to gray cream. Hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae with both simple septa (more frequent) and clamp connections, colorless. Subicular hyphae colorless, thick-walled. Crystals abundant, crowded at hymenial layer and subiculum. Cystidia and cystidioles absent. Basidia clavate, thin-walled, 4-sterigmate. Basidiospores ellipsoid, colorless, thin-walled, smooth, IKI–, CB–.

Notes.

In our phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 1), Paradonkia is identified as a monophyletic group typified by P. farinacea. The new genus Paradonkia falls within the family Phanerochaetaceae (Polyporales) and is closely related to Donkia. The genus Donkia is distinguished from Paradonkia by its pileate basidiomata with a white to cream context, and cinnamon to orange-brown, odontoid to hydnoid hymenophore (Nakasone 1990; Chen et al. 2021).

Paradonkia farinacea Y. Xu & C.L. Zhao, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 856348
Figs 3, 4

Diagnosis.

Differs from other species by the farinaceous basidiomata with the pale cream to gray cream hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system, cystidia and cystidioles absent, narrowly clavate basidia, ellipsoid basidiospores.

Holotype.

China • Yunnan Province, Qujing, Zhanyi District, Lingjiao Town, Xiajia Village, 25°58'N, 103°47'E, altitude 2000 m, on the fallen angiosperm branch, leg. C.L. Zhao, 6 March 2023, CLZhao 27184 (SWFC).

Etymology.

farinacea (Lat.): refers to the holotype having a farinaceous hymenial surface.

Fruiting body.

Basidiomata annual, resupinate, adnate, without odor or taste when fresh, farinaceous, upon drying, up to 6.5 cm long, 1.3 cm wide, 110–180 μm thick. Hymenial surface smooth, white to cream when fresh, pale cream to gray cream when dry, unchanged in KOH. Sterile margin narrow, gray cream, 1 mm wide.

Figure 3. 

Basidiomata of Paradonkia farinacea in general and detailed views (CLZhao 27184, holotype). Scale bars: 1 cm (A); 1 mm (B).

Hyphal system.

Monomitic, generative hyphae with simple septa and clamp connections, IKI–, CB–; tissues unchanged in KOH. Subicular hyphae mainly horizontal, colorless, thick-walled, slightly flexuous, rarely branched, interwoven, 6.0–7.5 μm in diameter. Crystals abundant, crowded. Subhymenium indistinct, hyphae in this layer similar to subicular hyphae.

Figure 4. 

Microscopic structures of Paradonkia farinacea (holotype, CLZhao 27184) A basidiospores B basidia C basidioles D a section of the fruit body. Scale bars: 5 µm (A); 10 µm (B–D); 10 × 100 Oil.

Hymenial layer.

Generative hyphae short-celled, colorless, 3–4 μm in diameter, thin- to slightly thick-walled. Crystals abundant, crowded. Cystidia and cystidioles absent. Basidia narrowly clavate, slightly flexuous, thin-walled, with four sterigmata and a simple septum, 25–29 × 4.5–6.5 μm. Basidioles similar to basidia in shape, but slightly smaller.

Basidiospores.

Ellipsoid, colorless, thin-walled, smooth, occasionally with oil drops, IKI–, CB–, 4–6(–6.5) × (2.5–)3–4(–4.5) μm, L = 4.87 μm, W = 3.37 μm, Q = 1.45 (n = 30/1).

Additional specimen examined

(paratype). • Yunnan Province, Qujing, Zhanyi District, Lingjiao Town, Xiajia Village, 25°58'N, 103°47'E, altitude 2000 m, on the fallen angiosperm branch, leg. C.L. Zhao, 6 March 2023, CLZhao 27221 (SWFC).

Neodonkiella Y. Xu & C.L. Zhao, gen. nov.

MycoBank No: 856349

Type species.

Neodonkiella yinjiangensis Y. Xu & C.L. Zhao.

Etymology.

Neodonkiella (Lat.): “Neo” and “donkiella” refer to the new genus’s molecular systematic similarity to the genus Donkiella.

Description.

Basidiomata annual, resupinate, adnate, soft coriaceous. Hymenial surface smooth, white to pale cream. Hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae with both simple septa and clamp connections, colorless. Subicular hyphae colorless, thick-walled. Crystals abundant, crowded at hymenial layer and subiculum. Leptocystidia numerous in the hymenium. Cystidioles absent. Basidia clavate, thin-walled, 4-sterigmate. Basidiospores ellipsoid, colorless, thin-walled, smooth, IKI–, CB–.

Notes.

In our phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 1), the new genus Neodonkiella was identified as a monophyletic group typified by P. yinjiangensis. The new taxon Neodonkiella falls within the family Phanerochaetaceae (Polyporales) and is closely related to the genus Donkiella. Donkiella is distinguished from Neodonkiella by its generative hyphae with simple septa only (Dong et al. 2024).

Neodonkiella yinjiangensis Y. Xu & C.L. Zhao, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 856350
Figs 5, 6

Diagnosis.

Differs from other species by pale white to pale cream hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system, slightly flexuous leptocystidia, narrowly clavate basidia, and ellipsoid basidiospores.

Holotype.

China • Yunnan Province, Dehong, Yingjiang County, Tongbiguan Provincial Nature Reserve, 23°48'N, 97°38'E, altitude 1500 m, on the fallen angiosperm branch, leg. C.L. Zhao, 19 July 2023, CLZhao 30585 (SWFC).

Etymology.

yingjiangensis (Lat.): refers to the locality (Yingjiang County) of the type specimen.

Fruiting body.

Basidiomata annual, resupinate, slightly adnate, without odor or taste when fresh, soft coriaceous upon drying, up to 3.5 cm long, 0.7 cm wide, 50–100 μm thick. Hymenial surface smooth, white when fresh, white to pale cream when dry, unchanged in KOH. Sterile margin narrow, white, up to 0.5 mm wide.

Hyphal system.

Monomitic; generative hyphae with simple septa and clamp connections, IKI–, CB–; tissues unchanged in KOH. Subicular hyphae colorless, thick-walled, straight, slightly branched, interwoven, 3–4 μm in diameter. Crystals abundant, crowded. Subhymenium indistinct, hyphae in this layer similar to subicular hyphae.

Figure 5. 

Basidiomata of Neodonkiella yinjiangensis in general and detailed views (CLZhao 30585, holotype). Scale bars: 1 cm (A); 1 mm (B).

Hymenial layer.

Generative hyphae vertical, short-celled, colorless, thin-walled, 2–3 μm in diameter. Crystal abundant, crowded. Leptocystidia colorless, thin-walled, slightly flexuous, smooth, sometimes with small oil drops, numerous in the hymenium, 25–32 × 2.5–4 μm. Basidia narrowly clavate, slightly flexuous, thin-walled, with four sterigmata and a simple septum, 18–23 × 4–5 μm. Basidioles similar to basidia in shape, but slightly smaller.

Figure 6. 

Microscopic structures of Neodonkiella yinjiangensis (holotype, CLZhao 30585) A basidiospores B basidia & basidioles C leptocystidia D a section of the fruit body. Scale bars: 5 µm (A); 10 µm (B–D); 10 × 100 Oil.

Basidiospores.

Ellipsoid, colorless, thin-walled, smooth, occasionally with small oil drops, IKI–, CB–, (3–)3.5–5 × (1.5–)2–2.5 μm, L = 4.1 μm, W = 2.2 μm, Q = 1.89 (n = 30/1).

Phanerochaete P. Karst.

Type species.

Phanerochaete alnea (Fr.) P. Karst.

Notes.

In our phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 2), Phanerochaete was recovered as a monophyletic with strong support of 59 species, including the three new species (Phanerochaete albocremea, P. fissurata, and P. punctata) presented here. The basidiomata of Phanerochaete s.s. are typically membranaceous, in which the hymenophore is usually smooth, but tuberculate, grandinioid, odontioid to hydnoid or even poroid hymenophore occur in some species. Microscopically, Phanerochaete is characterized by having mostly a monomitic hyphal system with ordinarily simple septa hyphae and clavate basidia. Cystidia present in many species, which may be naked or encrusted, and often with thin walls. The colorless subiculum is present in most species, but a brownish subiculum also occurs (Chen et al. 2021; Deng et al. 2024).

Phanerochaete albocremea Y. Xu & C.L. Zhao, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 856147
Figs 7, 8

Diagnosis.

Differs from other species in the soft coriaceous basidiomata and white to pale cream hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system, clavate basidia, and narrowly ellipsoid basidiospores.

Holotype.

China • Yunnan Province, Zhaotong, Wumengshan National Nature Reserve, 28°03'N, 104°20'E, altitude 1500 m, on the fallen angiosperm branch, leg. C.L. Zhao, 28 August 2023, CLZhao 32235 (SWFC).

Etymology.

albocremea (Lat.): refers to the holotype having a white to pale cream hymenial surface.

Fruiting body.

Basidiomata annual, resupinate, adnate, without odor or taste when fresh, soft coriaceous upon drying, up to 5.2 cm long, 1.1 cm wide, 100–150 μm thick. Hymenial surface smooth, white when fresh, white to pale cream when dry, unchanged in KOH. Sterile margin white, fibrous, up to 2 mm wide.

Figure 7. 

Basidiomata of Phanerochaete albocremea in general and detailed views (CLZhao 32235, holotype). Scale bars: 1 cm (A); 1 mm (B).

Hyphal system.

Monomitic; generative hyphae simple septa, IKI–, CB–; tissues unchanged in KOH. Subicular hyphae colorless, thin- to thick-walled, straight, interwoven, usually encrusted with crystals, 6.5–9.5 μm in diameter. Crystals abundant, crowded. Subhymenium indistinct, hyphae in this layer similar to subicular hyphae.

Figure 8. 

Microscopic structures of Phanerochaete albocremea (holotype, CLZhao 32235) A basidiospores B basidia & basidioles C a section of the fruit body. Scale bars: 5 µm (A); 10 µm (B–C); 10 × 100 Oil.

Hymenial layer.

Generative hyphae vertical, short-celled, colorless, 3–5 μm in diameter, thin- to slightly thick-walled. Crystals abundant, crowded. Cystidia and cystidioles absent. Basidia clavate, slightly flexuous, thin-walled, with four sterigmata and a simple septum, 16–21 × 4–5.5 μm. Basidioles similar to basidia in shape, but slightly smaller.

Basidiospores.

Narrowly ellipsoid, colorless, thin-walled, smooth, occasionally with small oil drops, IKI–, CB–, 3.5–5 × 2–3(–3.5) μm, L = 4.30 μm, W = 2.69 μm, Q = 1.59 (n = 120/4).

Additional specimens examined

(paratypes). • Yunnan Province, Zhaotong, Wumengshan National Nature Reserve, 28°03'N, 104°20'E, altitude 1500 m, on the dead bamboo, leg. C.L. Zhao, 27 August 2023, CLZhao 31998; on the angiosperm stump, leg. C.L. Zhao, 27 August 2023, CLZhao 32032, CLZhao 32035 (SWFC).

Phanerochaete fissurata Y. Xu & C.L. Zhao, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 856149
Figs 9, 10

Diagnosis.

Differs from other species by the gray-brown and cracked hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with brownish subicular hyphae, narrowly clavate basidia, and ellipsoid basidiospores.

Holotype.

China • Yunnan Province, Zhaotong, Daguan County, Wumengshan National Nature Reserve, 28°08'N, 103°58'E, altitude 1800 m, on the fallen angiosperm branch, leg. C.L. Zhao, 17 October 2023, CLZhao 35311 (SWFC).

Etymology.

fissurata (Lat.) refers to the holotype having a cracked hymenial surface.

Fruiting body.

Basidiomata annual, resupinate, slightly adnate, without odor or taste when fresh, soft coriaceous when fresh, hard coriaceous upon drying, up to 7.7 cm long, 1.8 cm wide, 50–120 μm thick. Hymenial surface smooth, pale cream when fresh, gray-brown when dry, unchanged in KOH, cracked. Sterile margin narrow, gray brown, up to 1.5 mm wide.

Figure 9. 

Basidiomata of Phanerochaete fissurata in general and detailed views (CLZhao 35311, holotype). Scale bars: 1 cm (A); 1 mm (B).

Hyphal system.

Monomitic; generative hyphae with simple septa, IKI–, CB–; tissues unchanged in KOH. Subicular hyphae brownish, thick-walled, slightly branched, interwoven, slightly flexuous, 3.5–5.5 μm in diameter. Subhymenium indistinct, hyphae in this layer similar to subicular hyphae.

Figure 10. 

Microscopic structures of Phanerochaete fissurata (holotype, CLZhao 35311) A basidiospores B basidia & basidioles C a section of the fruit body. Scale bars: 5 µm (A); 10 µm (B–C); 10 × 100 Oil.

Hymenial layer.

Generative hyphae vertical, short-celled, colorless, 3–4.5 μm in diameter, thin- to slightly thick-walled. Cystidia and cystidioles absent. Basidia narrowly clavate, thin-walled, with four sterigmata and a simple septum, 17.5–21.5 × 3.5–5.5 μm. Basidioles in shape are similar to basidia, but slightly smaller.

Basidiospores.

Ellipsoid, colorless, thin-walled, smooth, occasionally with small oil drops, IKI–, CB–, 4–5.5(–6) × 2–3(–3.5) μm, L = 4.70 μm, W = 2.43 μm, Q = 1.85–2.02 (n = 60/2).

Additional specimen examined

(paratype). • Yunnan Province, Zhaotong, Daguan County, Wumengshan National Nature Reserve, 28°08'N, 103°58'E, altitude 1800 m, on the fallen angiosperm branch, leg. C.L. Zhao, 17 October 2023, CLZhao 35321 (SWFC).

Phanerochaete punctata Y. Xu & C.L. Zhao, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 856148
Figs 11, 12

Diagnosis.

Differs from other species in thin basidiomata and white to pale buff hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system, cylindrical to subfusiform leptocystidia, clavate basidia, and ellipsoid basidiospores.

Holotype.

China • Yunnan Province, Dehong, Yingjiang County, Tongbiguan Provincial Nature Reserve, 23°48'N, 97°38'E, altitude 1500 m, on the fallen angiosperm branch, leg. C.L. Zhao, 19 July 2023, CLZhao 30512 (SWFC).

Etymology.

punctata (Lat.) refers to the holotype having punctate basidiomata.

Fruiting body.

Basidiomata annual, resupinate, adnate, without odor or taste when fresh, membranaceous upon drying, up to 6.3 cm long, 1.7 cm wide, 40–100 μm thick. Hymenial surface thin, white when fresh, white to pale buff when dry, unchanged in KOH. Sterile margin narrow, fibrous, white, up to 0.5 mm wide.

Figure 11. 

Basidiomata of Phanerochaete punctata in general and detailed views (CLZhao 30512, holotype). Scale bars: 1 cm (A); 1 mm (B).

Hyphal system.

Monomitic; generative hyphae mostly simple septate, rarely with single or double clamp connections, IKI–, CB–; tissues unchanged in KOH. Subicular hyphae colorless, thick-walled, straight, interwoven, 5.5–8.5 μm in diameter, presence of double clamp connections. Crystals abundant, crowded. Subhymenium indistinct, hyphae in this layer similar to subicular hyphae.

Figure 12. 

Microscopic structures of Phanerochaete punctata (holotype, CLZhao 30512) A basidiospores B basidia & basidioles C leptocystidia D a section of the fruit body. Scale bars: 5 µm (A); 10 µm (B–D); 10 × 100 Oil.

Hymenial layer.

Generative hyphae vertical, short-celled, colorless, 3–4.5 μm in diameter, thin- to slightly thick-walled. Crystals abundant, crowded. Leptocystidia cylindrical to subfusiform, colorless, thin-walled, smooth, sometimes slightly flexuous, numerous, 30–37.5 × 4.5–7 μm. Basidia clavate, slightly flexuous, thin-walled, with four sterigmata and a simple septum, 18–22 × 5–7 μm. Basidioles similar to basidia in shape, but slightly smaller.

Basidiospores.

Ellipsoid, colorless, thin-walled, smooth; IKI–, CB–; 3.5–5(–5.5) × 2–3.5 μm, L = 4.29 μm, W = 2.79 μm, Q = 1.53 (n = 30/1).

Additional specimen examined

(paratype). China • Yunnan Province, Dehong, Yingjiang County, Tongbiguan Provincial Nature Reserve, 23°48'N, 97°38'E, altitude 1500 m, on the fallen angiosperm branch, leg. C.L. Zhao, 19 July 2023, CLZhao 30365 (SWFC).

Discussion

In the present study, two new genera, Paradonkia and Neodonkiella, and five new species, Paradonkia farinacea, Neodonkiella yinjiangensis, Phanerochaete albocremea, Phanerochaete fissurata and Phanerochaete punctata are described based on phylogenetic analyses and morphological characteristics.

Phanerochaete is widely distributed in the world and has extremely important research value. It was the 13th most-cited fungus in 2011–2021, and it is the highest-cited fungus in basidiomycetes (Bhunjun et al. 2024). Phylogenetically, based on the combined ITS+nLSU sequence data (Figs 1, 2), it demonstrated that two new genera and the five new species were all nested in the family Phanerochaetaceae, in which P. albocremea, P. fissurata and P. punctata were nested in the genera Phanerochaete within the family Phanerochaetaceae of the order Polyporales (Basidiomycota).

Based on ITS+nLSU topology tree (Fig. 1), Paradonkia farinacea was retrieved as a sister to Donkia pulcherrima (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Pilát, and the species Neodonkiella yinjiangensis was sister to Donkiella yunnanensis. However, Donkia pulcherrima differs from Paradonkia farinacea by its pileate basidiomata with white to cream context, cream to white with orange tones hymenial surface, and the presence of the multiple clamp connections on the context hyphae (Chen et al. 2021). Donkiella yunnanensis J.H. Dong & C.L. Zhao is distinguished from Neodonkiella yinjiangensis by its membranous basidiomata, generative hyphae with simple septa, and wider basidiospores (4.2–6 × 2.5–3.2 µm vs. 3.5–5 × 2–2.5 µm; Dong et al. 2024).

Based on ITS+nLSU topology tree (Fig. 2), Phanerochaete albocremea formed a monophyletic lineage and was closely related to P. porostereoides and P. fusca. P. fissurata was retrieved as a sister to P. cinerea, and P. punctata was sister to P. hainanensis. However, P. porostereoides differs from P. albocremea by its brown to dark brown hymenial surface, brown subicular hyphae, and longer basidia (23–35 × 4–5.3 µm vs. 16–21 × 4–5.5 μm; Liu and He 2016). Phanerochaete fusca differs from P. albocremea by its dark brown hymenial surface, brown subicular hyphae, longer basidia (22–50 × 5–6 µm vs. 16–21 × 4–5.5 μm) and bigger basidiospores (5.7–7.3 × 3–3.5 μm vs. 3.5–5 × 2–3 μm; Wu et al. 2018). Phanerochaete cinerea differs from P. fissurata by its gray to grayish brown hymenial surface and with many small patches (Xu et al. 2020). Phanerochaete hainanensis is distinguished from P. punctata by its orange hymenophore, all generative hyphae without clamp connections, longer subulate to subcylindrical cystidia (35–70 × 3–7 μm vs. 30–37.5 × 4.5–7 μm; Boonmee et al. 2021).

Morphologically, Phanerochaete albocremea resembles P. rhizomorpha by having a cream hymenial surface. However, P. rhizomorpha differs from P. albocremea by its membranous basidiomata, and longer basidia (25–28 × 4–5 μm vs. 16–21 × 4–5.5 μm; Chen et al. 2021). Phanerochaete fissurata is similar to P. thailandica by having brown subicular hyphae, but the latter having both bigger basidia (25–38 × 5–7 μm vs. 17.5–21.5 × 3.5–5.5 μm) and basidiospores (7–8 × 4–4.5 µm vs. 4–5.5 × 2–3 μm; Sádlíková and Kout 2017). Phanerochaete punctata resembles P. sinensis by having clavate basidia. However, P. sinensis is distinguished from P. punctata by its white to orange hymenophore and longer leptocystidia (35–50 × 4–6 µm vs. 30–37.5 × 4.5–7 μm; Xu et al. 2020).

Corticioid fungi are a large group of wood-inhabiting fungi with simpler basidiomata and fewer distinguishing morphological features when compared with polypores and mushrooms, but its species and phylogenetic diversity are even higher than polypores but less intensively studied (Larsson et al. 2004; Binder et al. 2005; Bernicchia and Gorjón 2010; Dai 2011; Sun et al. 2020). A large amount of corticioid taxa have not been discovered and descSunribed worldwide, especially in the subtropical and tropical areas (Yang et al. 2023; Zhou et al. 2024). As shown in this study and earlier ones (Volobuev et al. 2015; Chen et al. 2018; Ordynets et al. 2018; Wu et al. 2022b; Wang et al. 2023), DNA sequence data are very useful in exploring cryptic taxa and diversity of corticioid fungi. Thus, in order to understand the diversity, phylogeny, and evolution of fungi, future taxonomic and phylogenetic work should focus more on the corticioid group by using both molecular and morphological characters (Xu et al. 2020).

Additional information

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Ethical statement

No ethical statement was reported.

Funding

The research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project Nos. 32170004, U2102220), the Yunnan Province College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program (Project Nos. S202410677019, S202410677097), High-level Talents Program of Yunnan Province (YNQR-QNRC-2018-111), and the Research Project of Yunnan Key Laboratory of Gastrodia and Fungal Symbiotic Biology (TMKF2023A03).

Author contributions

Conceptualization, C.Z.; methodology, C.Z. and Y.X.; software, C.Z., X.Y. and Y.X.; validation, C.Z.; formal analysis, C.Z., Y.X. and Y.Y.; investigation, D.C., C.Z., K.S., S.Z., W.Z., Y.X., and Y.Y.; resources, D.C., C.Z., K.S., and W.Z.; writing—original draft preparation, C.Z. and Y.X.; writing—review and editing, C.Z., Y.X. and Y.Y.; visualization, C.Z. and Y.X.; supervision, C.Z.; project administration, C.Z.; funding acquisition, C.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Author ORCIDs

Ying Xu https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1599-0630

Yang Yang https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8054-948X

Xin Yang https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7755-0581

Daxiang Chen https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2309-1991

Wen Zheng https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9996-4284

Kaize Shen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0441-4257

Sicheng Zhang https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6287-9823

Data availability

All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.

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