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Research Article
Two new species of Dendrostoma (Erythrogloeaceae, Diaporthales) associated with Castanea mollissima canker disease in China
expand article infoNing Jiang‡, Xiaojie Qi§, Baoxin Qi§, Fang Cai§, Han Xue‡, Yong Li‡
‡ Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
§ Forest Pest Control and Quarantine Station of Xining City, Xining, China

Corresponding author: Yong Li ( lylx@caf.ac.cn )

Academic editor: Thorsten Lumbsch
© 2024 Ning Jiang, Xiaojie Qi, Baoxin Qi, Fang Cai, Han Xue, Yong Li.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Jiang N, Qi X, Qi B, Cai F, Xue H, Li Y (2024) Two new species of Dendrostoma (Erythrogloeaceae, Diaporthales) associated with Castanea mollissima canker disease in China. MycoKeys 108: 337-349. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.108.128197
Open Access

Abstract

The genus Dendrostoma is known to inhabit tree barks associated with branch canker diseases in China and several countries of Europe. Previous studies indicated that species of Dendrostoma prefer inhabiting fagaceous hosts, especially species of Castanea. In the present study, we obtained four isolates from cankered branches of Chinese chestnut (C. mollissima) in Rizhao City, Shandong Province, China. Morphological comparisons and phylogenetical analyses of a combined ITS-tef1-rpb2 sequence matrix were conducted, which revealed two new species named Dendrostoma rizhaoense sp. nov. and D. tianii sp. nov. The new taxa are compared with other Dendrostoma species and comprehensive descriptions and illustrations are provided herein.

Key words

Ascomycota, Chinese chestnut, molecular phylogeny, plant disease, Sordariomycetes, taxonomy

Introduction

The genus Dendrostoma (Erythrogloeaceae, Diaporthales) was proposed by Fan et al. (2018) with D. mali from Malus spectabilis (Rosaceae) as the type species. Meanwhile, D. osmanthi from Osmanthus fragrans (Oleaceae) and D. quercinum from Quercus acutissima (Fagaceae) in China were introduced (Fan et al. 2018). Subsequently, an old species Amphiporthe leiphaemia was transferred to this genus as D. leiphaemia, which inhabited Quercus spp. in Europe (Senanayake et al. 2018).

Jiang et al. (2019) studied samples collected from Castanea mollissima and Quercus spp. (Fagaceae) based on both morphological and molecular evidence, introducing 10 additional species named D. aurorae, D. castaneae, D. castaneicola, D. chinense, D. dispersum, D. parasiticum, D. qinlingense, D. quercus, D. shaanxiense and D. shandongense. Subsequently, European species of Dendrostoma were studied, with 3 new species and a new combination were described, viz. D. atlanticum and D. castaneum from Castanea sativa, D. creticum from Quercus coccifera and D. istriacum from Q. ilex (Jaklitsch and Voglmayr 2019). Later, D. donglingense was discovered from Quercus mongolica in China (Zhu et al. 2019); D. luteum was proposed based on the collection from Castanea sativa in England (Crous et al. 2020); D. covidicola was introduced from Fagus sylvatica (Fagaceae) in China (Samarakoon et al. 2021); D. elaeocarpi was introduced from Elaeocarpus decipiens (Elaeocarpaceae) in China (Chen et al. 2022). Before the present study, 22 species of Dendrostoma were accepted. Of these, 16 species were discovered in China, and the rests in Austria, Croatia, England, France, Greece, Italy, Netherlands and Spain in Europe. Additionally, 19 species of this genus were found on the tree barks of Fagaceae, and the other three species on Elaeocarpaceae, Oleaceae and Rosaceae, respectively.

Morphologically, Dendrostoma is characterised by having multiguttulate and bicellular ascospores that are constricted at the septum and acervular or pycnidial conidiomata, with subcylindrical to ampulliform conidiogenous cells and hyaline to olivaceous, aseptate conidia (Fan et al. 2018; Jaklitsch and Voglmayr 2019; Jiang et al. 2019). However, several species share same hosts and similar sexual and asexual characters. For example, D. chinense and D. shandongense both occurred on branches and twigs of Castanea mollissima with similar conidial shape and size (Jiang et al. 2019). Hence, sequence data are necessary during species identification and distinguishment (Chen et al. 2022).

Additional sample collections of Dendrostoma were conducted in consideration of rich species diversity of this genus on the host Castanea mollissima in China. In this study, we collected diseased branches of Chinese chestnut and obtained fungal isolates. Species identification was conducted following the approaches described in Chen et al. (2022).

Materials and methods

Sample collection, morphology and isolation

In 2022 and 2023, investigations to collect Dendrostoma samples were conducted in Shandong Province, China. Cankered branches with or without fungal fruiting bodies were collected and packed in paper bags. Then samples were returned to observed for fungal isolation in three days.

Diseased branches with fruiting bodies were isolated by removing spore masses from ascomata or conidiomata on clean PDA (PDA, 200 g potatoes, 20 g dextrose, 20 g agar per L) plates and incubating at 25 °C until spores germinated. Single germinated spores were further transferred to the new PDA plates and incubated at 25 °C in the dark. Diseased branches without fruiting bodies were isolated by the following steps. Firstly, discolored barks were surface- sterilized for 5 min in 75% ethanol, rinsed for 1 min in distilled water and blotted on dry sterile filter paper. Secondly, diseased tissues were cut into 0.5 cm × 0.5 cm pieces using a double-edge blade, and transferred on the surface of PDA, which were incubated at 25 °C to obtain cultures. Thirdly, hyphal tips of the cultures growing from the diseased tissues were transferred to new PDA plates under a dissecting stereomicroscope using sterile needles. The cultures were deposited in China Forestry Culture Collection Center (CFCC, http://cfcc.caf.ac.cn/; accessed), and the specimens in the herbarium of the Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF, http://museum.caf.ac.cn/).

Observation and description of new Dendrostoma species was based on fruiting bodies naturally formed on the host barks and PDA plates. Ascostromata and conidiomata were hand sectioned using a double-edged blade under a dissecting microscope. At least 10 conidiomata/ascostromata, 10 asci and 50 conidia/ascospores were measured to calculate the mean size and standard deviation. Measurements are reported as maximum and minimum in parentheses and the range representing the mean plus and minus the standard deviation and the number of measurements is given in parentheses. Microscopy photographs were captured with a Nikon Eclipse 80i compound microscope equipped with a Nikon digital sight DS-Ri2 high definition colour camera, using differential interference contrast illumination.

DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and sequencing

The total DNA was obtained from fresh mycelia growing on PDA following Doyle and Doyle (1990). Three loci including the internal transcribed spacer region rDNA (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2) were amplified using primers and conditions listed in Table 1. The Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) products were assayed via electrophoresis in 2% agarose gels. DNA sequencing was performed using an ABI PRISM 3730XL DNA Analyser with a BigDye Terminator Kit v.3.1 (Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, USA) at the Shanghai Invitrogen Biological Technology Company Limited (Beijing, China).

Table 1.
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Primers and PCR protocols.

Gene Regions Primers PCR conditions References
ITS ITS5/ITS4 95 °C for 4 min, 35 cycles of 94 °C for 45 s, 48 °C for 1 min, and 72 °C for 2 min, 72 °C for 10 min White et al. (1990)
rpb2 fRPB2-5f/fRPB2-7cR 95 °C for 5 min, 35 cycles of 95 °C for 1 min, 55 °C for 75 s, and 72 °C for 2 min, 72 °C for 10 min Liu et al. (1999)
tef1 728F/986R 94 °C for 3 min, 35 cycles of 94 °C for 30 s, 54 °C for 50 s, and 72 °C for 2 min, 72 °C for 10 min Carbone and Kohn (1999)

Sequence alignment and Phylogenetic analyses

The obtained sequences of ITS, tef1 and rpb2 were assembled using SeqMan software version 7.1.0 (DNASTAR Inc., WI) and subjected to BLASTn search against the GenBank nucleotide database at National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) to identify closely related sequences. Sequences data of related taxa were obtained from previous publications (Fan et al. 2018; Jaklitsch and Voglmayr 2019; Jiang et al. 2019; Zhu et al. 2019; Crous et al. 2020; Samarakoon et al. 2021; Chen et al. 2022) and downloaded from the GenBank database (Table 2). The sequences were aligned using MAFFT v.7 online web server (http://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/server/index.html, Katoh et al. 2019) under default settings. The maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenic analysis was run in the CIPRES Science Gateway platform (Miller et al. 2010), using RAxMLHPC2 on the XSEDE (v. 8.2.10) tool under the GTR substitution model and 1000 non-parametric bootstrap replicates. Bayesian analysis was performed using MrBayes v. 3.2.6 on XSEDE at the CIPRES with four simultaneous Markov Chain runs for 1000000 generations. The resulting trees were visualised in FigTree v. 1.4.1 (Rambaut 2012).

Table 2.
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GenBank accession numbers of Dendrostoma species.

Species Isolates GenBank accession numbers References
ITS tef1 rpb2
Dendrostoma atlanticum CBS 145804* MN447223 MN432167 MN432160 Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2019)
Dendrostoma aurorae CFCC 52753* MH542498 MH545447 MH545405 Jiang et al. (2019)
Dendrostoma aurorae CFCC 52754 MH542499 MH545448 MH545406 Jiang et al. (2019)
Dendrostoma castaneae CFCC 52745* MH542488 MH545437 MH545395 Jiang et al. (2019)
Dendrostoma castaneae CFCC 52746 MH542489 MH545438 MH545396 Jiang et al. (2019)
Dendrostoma castaneicola CFCC 52743* MH542496 MH545445 MH545403 Jiang et al. (2019)
Dendrostoma castaneicola CFCC 52744 MH542497 MH545446 MH545404 Jiang et al. (2019)
Dendrostoma castaneum CBS 145803* MN447225 MN432169 MN432162 Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2019)
Dendrostoma chinense CFCC 52755* MH542500 MH545449 MH545407 Jiang et al. (2019)
Dendrostoma chinense CFCC 52756 MH542501 MH545450 MH545408 Jiang et al. (2019)
Dendrostoma covidicola GZCC 20-0355* MW261327 MW262894 MW262892 Samarakoon et al. (2021)
Dendrostoma creticum CBS 145802* MN447228 MN432171 MN432163 Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2019)
Dendrostoma dispersum CFCC 52730 MH542467 MH545416 MH545374 Jiang et al. (2019)
Dendrostoma dispersum CFCC 52728* MH542469 MH545418 MH545376 Jiang et al. (2019)
Dendrostoma donglingense CFCC 53148* MN266206 MN315480 MN315491 Zhu et al. (2019)
Dendrostoma donglingense CFCC 53149 MN266207 MN315481 MN315492 Zhu et al. (2019)
Dendrostoma elaeocarpi CFCC 53113* MK432638 MK578114 MK578096 Chen et al. (2022)
Dendrostoma elaeocarpi CFCC 53114 MK432639 MK578115 MK578097 Chen et al. (2022)
Dendrostoma istriacum CBS 145801* MN447229 MN432172 MN432164 Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2019)
Dendrostoma leiphaemia CFCC 54038* MN545571 MN551288 MN551291 Chen et al. (2022)
Dendrostoma leiphaemia CFCC 54039 MN545572 MN551289 MN551292 Chen et al. (2022)
Dendrostoma leiphaemia CFCC 54040 MN545573 MN551290 MN551293 Chen et al. (2022)
Dendrostoma leiphaemia CBS 145800 MN447230 MN432173 MN432165 Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2019)
Dendrostoma luteum IMI506898* MN648726 MN812768 NA Crous et al. (2020)
Dendrostoma mali CFCC 52102* MG682072 MG682052 MG682032 Fan et al. (2018)
Dendrostoma osmanthi CFCC 52106* MG682073 MG682053 MG682033 Fan et al. (2018)
Dendrostoma osmanthi CFCC 52108 MG682074 MG682054 MG682034 Fan et al. (2018)
Dendrostoma parasiticum CFCC 52762* MH542482 MH545431 MH545389 Jiang et al. (2019)
Dendrostoma parasiticum CFCC 52764 MH542483 MH545432 MH545390 Jiang et al. (2019)
Dendrostoma qinlingense CFCC 52732* MH542471 MH545420 MH545378 Jiang et al. (2019)
Dendrostoma qinlingense CFCC 52733 MH542472 MH545421 MH545379 Jiang et al. (2019)
Dendrostoma quercinum CFCC 52103* MG682077 MG682057 MG682037 Fan et al. (2018)
Dendrostoma quercinum CFCC 52104 MG682078 MG682058 MG682038 Fan et al. (2018)
Dendrostoma quercus CFCC 52739* MH542476 MH545425 MH545383 Jiang et al. (2019)
Dendrostoma quercus CFCC 52738 MH542477 MH545426 MH545384 Jiang et al. (2019)
Dendrostoma rizhaoense CFCC 57559* PP965514 PP957893 PP957897 Present study
Dendrostoma rizhaoense CFCC 57560 PP965515 PP957894 PP957898 Present study
Dendrostoma shaanxiense CFCC 52741* MH542486 MH545435 MH545393 Jiang et al. (2019)
Dendrostoma shaanxiense CFCC 52742 MH542487 MH545436 MH545394 Jiang et al. (2019)
Dendrostoma shandongense CFCC 52759* MH542504 MH545453 MH545411 Jiang et al. (2019)
Dendrostoma shandongense CFCC 52760 MH542505 MH545454 MH545412 Jiang et al. (2019)
Dendrostoma tianii CFCC 58140* PP965516 PP957895 NA Present study
Dendrostoma tianii CFCC 58141 PP965517 PP957896 NA Present study

Note. Ex-type strains are indicated with * after the collection number; “NA” indicates unavailable sequences; sequences produced in the current study are in bold.

Results

Phylogenetic analyses

The combined ITS, tef1 and rpb2 dataset consisted of 44 strains, with Disculoides eucalypti (CPC 17650) as the outgroup taxon (Table 2). The final alignment comprised 2018 characters (ITS: 509, tef1: 434, rpb2: 1075), including gaps. The final ML optimisation likelihood value of the best RAxML tree was -8904.92, and the matrix had 636 distinct alignment patterns, with 10.07% undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows: A = 0.238059, C = 0.283419, G = 0.251935, T = 0.226587; substitution rates AC = 1.976244, AG = 3.303507, AT = 1.131972, CG = 0.925964, CT = 7.189207, GT = 1.0; gamma distribution shape parameter α = 0.238059. The RAxML and Bayesian analyses yielded a similar tree topology. The topology of our phylogenetic tree is nearly identical to previous publications (Samarakoon et al. 2021; Chen et al. 2022). Isolates CFCC 57559 and CFCC 57560 formed a new clade distinct from any known species; and CFCC 58140 and CFCC 58141 formed a new clade sister to Dendrostoma shaanxiense shown in the phylogram (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. 

Maximum likelihood tree generated from combined ITS, tef1 and rpb2 sequence data. Bootstrap support values ≥ 50% and Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.90 are demonstrated at the branches. Isolates from the present study are indicated in blue, and ex-type strains are marked with *.

Taxonomy

Dendrostoma rizhaoense Ning Jiang, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 854073
Fig. 2

Etymology

Named after the collection site of the type specimen, Rizhao City.

Holotype

CAF800092.

Description

Sexual morph : Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata formed on PDA, pycnidial, ostiolated, conical to pulvinate, occurring separately, brown, 150–350 μm high, 200–450 μm diam.; wall of several layers of faint yellow textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells lining the inner walls of the cavity, hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical to ampulliform, 8–27.5 × 3–5.5 μm. Conidia hyaline, aseptate, smooth, multiguttulate, thin-walled, ellipsoid to fusoid, straight, (5.6–)6.4–8.8(–10.7) × (2.4–)2.7–3.8(–4.5) μm, l/w = (1.5–)1.8–3.1(–3.8) (n = 50).

Figure 2. 

Dendrostoma rizhaoense (CAF800092, holotype) A colony on the PDA plate B, C conidiomata formed on the PDA plate after 28 days D, E conidiogenous cells with attached conidia F–I conidia. Scale bars: 200 µm (B); 100 µm (C); 10 µm (D–I).

Culture characteristics

Colonies on PDA flat, initially white, becoming dark orange after 2 weeks, texture uniform, producing conidiomata after 4 weeks.

Materials examined

China • Shandong Province, Rizhao City, Lanshan District, Huangdun Town, on cankered barks of Castanea mollissima, 16 October 2022, Jiang Ning (CAF800092, holotype); ex-type cultures CFCC 57559 and CFCC 57560.

Notes

Two isolates of Dendrostoma rizhaoense from Castanea mollissima formed a distinct clade in the phylogram of this genus based on the combined sequence of ITS, tef1 and rpb2 (Fig. 1). With two new species proposed in the present study, nine species of Dendrostoma were recorded from the host Castanea mollissima, viz. D. aurorae, D. castaneae, D. castaneicola, D. chinense, D. parasiticum, D. rizhaoense, D. shaanxiense, D. shandongense and D. tianii (Jiang et al. 2019). Morphologically, D. rizhaoense (6.4–8.8 μm) has shorter conidia than D. castaneae (10.4–12.3 μm), D. castaneicola (10.5–12.8 μm), D. parasiticum (9.3–11.7 μm), D. shaanxiense (9.5–11.1 μm) and D. tianii (9.5–11.1 μm); D. rizhaoense (2.7–3.8 μm) has wider conidia than D. aurorae (2.3–2.6 μm), but narrower conidia than D. shandongense (3.8–4.3 μm) (Jiang et al. 2019). In addition, D. rizhaoense is similar to D. chinense in conidial size, but differs in the phylogenetical position.

Dendrostoma tianii Ning Jiang, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 854074
Fig. 3

Etymology

Named after the Chinese taxonomist Prof. Dr. Tian Chengming.

Holotype

CAF800093.

Description

Sexual morph : Pseudostromata erumpent, consisting of an inconspicuous ectostromatic disc, semi-immersed, causing a pustulate bark surface, 800–1750 µm diam. Ectostromatic disc flat or concave, brown, sometimes concealed by ostioles, surrounded by bark flaps, 350–750 µm diam.; central column yellowish to brownish. Stromatic zones lacking. Perithecia conspicuous, umber to fuscous black, 300–450 µm diam. Ostioles 4–9 per disc, flat in the disc or sometimes slightly projecting, cylindrical, covered by an orange, umber to fuscous black crust, 55–80 µm diam. Paraphyses slightly deliquescent. Asci fusoid to slightly fusiform, 8-spored, ascospores regularly disposed, with an apical ring, 55–75 × 13–16.5 µm. Ascospores hyaline, fusoid to cylindrical, smooth, straight, bicellular, (17.5–)18.7–22.1(–23.8) × (4.6–)5.4–6.8(–7) μm, l/w = (2.8–)3–3.7(–4.1) (n = 50), with a hyaline, subconical to filiform appendage 5.5–8.5 × 2–2.5 μm at each end. Asexual morph: Conidiomata formed on host barks acervular, conical to pulvinate, occurring separately, pale brown, immersed to semi-immersed, 300–400 μm high, 250–350 μm diam.; wall of several layers of faint yellow textura angularis; central column beneath the disc, yellow. Conidiogenous cells lining the inner walls of the cavity, hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical, 6.5–10.5 × 2.5–5 μm. Conidia hyaline, aseptate, smooth, multiguttulate, thin-walled, ellipsoid, straight or slightly curved, (8.1–)9.5–11.1(–12.2) × (2.5–)2.6–3.2(–3.4) μm, l/w = (3–)3.2–4.1(–4.6) (n = 50).

Figure 3. 

Dendrostoma tianii (CAF800093, holotype) A a diseased Chinese chestnut tree B habit of psedostromata C transverse section through the pseudostroma D habit of a conidioma E transverse section through the conidioma F colony on the PDA plate G conidiomata formed on the PDA after 28 days H, I ascus J–L ascospores M conidiogenous cells with attached conidia N conidia. Scale bars: 1000 µm (B, C); 200 µm (D); 300 µm (E); 500 µm (G); 10 µm (H–N).

Culture characteristics

Colonies on PDA flat, initially white, becoming pale brown after 2 weeks, texture uniform, producing conidiomata after 4 weeks.

Materials examined

China • Shandong Province, Rizhao City, Wulian County, Songbai Town, on cankered branches of Castanea mollissima, 15 July 2023, Jiang Ning (CAF800093, holotype); ex-type culture CFCC 58140 • Shandong Province, Rizhao City, Wulian County, Shichang Town, on cankered branches of C. mollissima, 15 July 2023, Jiang Ning (BL013); culture CFCC 58141.

Notes

Dendrostoma tianii is phylogenetically close to D. shaanxiense (Fig. 1). These two species share the same host Castanea mollissima, and are both distributed in China; D. tianii in Shandong Province, while D. shaanxiense in Shaanxi Province. In addition, they have similar conidia in shape and size. However, they are distinguished by sequence data (nucleotide differences in the ITS: 25/400 (6.25%), 7 insertion; in tef1: 9/400 (2.25%), 7 insertion) (Jiang et al. 2019).

Discussion

Dendrostoma rizhaoense sp. nov. and D. tianii sp. nov. are proposed in the present study, which increase the species number of this genus from 22 to 24 (http://www.indexfungorum.org/, accessed on 20 May 2024). All these species of Dendrostoma are studied in both morphology and sequence data. However, all the species are discovered in east Asia and Europe (Fan et al. 2018; Jaklitsch and Voglmayr 2019; Jiang et al. 2019; Zhu et al. 2019; Crous et al. 2020; Samarakoon et al. 2021; Chen et al. 2022), many potential new species remain to be found from tree hosts in the other areas, such as Africa, America and Australia in the future.

Species of Dendrostoma are potentially canker pathogens to their hosts, according to the symptoms recorded in Jiang et al. (2019) and Crous et al. (2020), as well as in this study. D. castaneum causes canker disease symptoms on Castanea sativa in artificial inoculation (Défago 1937), and is considered as a weak wound pathogen to the host (Phillips and Burdekin 1982); Dendrostoma sp. (as Cryptodiaporthe castanea) shows pathogenicity ability in Japanese chestnut (Kobayashi 1970). However, Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2019) did not observe obvious disease symptoms exhibited by Castanea and Quercus hosts infected by species of Dendrostoma. Future pathogenicity tests based on Koch’s postulates are needed to be conducted to confirm pathogenicity ability of Dendrostoma to their hosts.

Currently, 21 species of this genus were discovered from the plant family Fagaceae, of which nine species from Chinese chestnut (Table 3), three species from European chestnut, and the other from Fagus and Quercus hosts (Fan et al. 2018; Jaklitsch and Voglmayr 2019; Jiang et al. 2019; Zhu et al. 2019; Crous et al. 2020; Samarakoon et al. 2021; Chen et al. 2022). In China, there are more than 320 Fagaceae species, which indicates rich cryptic species diversity of Dendrostoma to be discovered in China in the future.

Table 3.
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Morphology of Dendrostoma species from Castanea mollissima.

Species Conidial length (μm) Conidial width (μm) Length/width ratio
D. aurorae 8.1–9.8 2.3–2.6 3.2–4.1
D. castaneae 10.4–12.3 2.2–2.7 4.2–5.2
D. castaneicola 10.5–12.8 3.2–3.8 3–4
D. chinense 7.7–9.1 3.4–3.7 2.2–2.6
D. parasiticum 9.3–11.7 2.8–3.3 3–3.9
D. rizhaoense 6.4–8.8 2.7–3.8 1.8–3.1
D. shaanxiense 9.5–11.1 2.5–3.1 3.3–4.2
D. shandongense 8.1–8.8 3.8–4.3 1.9–2.3
D. tianii 9.5–11.1 2.6–3.2 3.2–4.1

Morphological identification for Dendrostoma becomes difficult and host and geographical data are obvious unuseful because most species are host-overlapped. Besides, most species are only known in asexual morph. Hence, DNA sequence data are necessary during species identification. LSU is proposed as the genus DNA barcode, and ITS, tef1 and rpb2 as the species DNA barcode (Chen et al. 2022).

Dendrostoma is a young diaporthalean genus established recently, with typical characters of Diaporthales (Castlebury et al. 2002; Senanayake et al. 2017; Fan et al. 2018; Jiang et al. 2020). For example, D. atlanticum and D. quercus have dimorphic conidia like Diaporthe (Yang et al. 2018, 2021); most species of this genus have central column beneath the conidiomata like Melanconis (Voglmayr et al. 2012; Jiang et al. 2018, 2021). Hence, D. leiphaemia was classified in Amphiporthe and D. castaneum in Valsa (Senanayake et al. 2018; Jaklitsch and Voglmayr 2019). Recent studies of Dendrostoma largely improved the understandings of genus and family concepts in Diaporthales.

Additional information

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Ethical statement

No ethical statement was reported.

Funding

This study was supported by Fundamental Research Funds of CAF (CAFYBB2023PA002), and the National Microbial Resource Center of the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China (NMRC-2023-7).

Author contributions

Conceptualization: XQ, YL, NJ. Methodology: BQ, YZ. Formal analysis: FC, HX. Investigation: NJ. Data Curation: YL, HX. Writing - Original draft: NJ. Writing - Review and Editing: YL. Visualization: NJ.

Author ORCIDs

Ning Jiang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9656-8500

Han Xue https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0414-6237

Yong Li https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4406-1329

Data availability

All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.

References

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