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Research Article
 Stromatolinea, a new diatrypaceous fungal genus (Ascomycota, Sordariomycetes, Xylariales, Diatrypaceae) from China
expand article infoKamran Habib‡§|, Xin Zhou§, Wenyu Zeng§, Xu Zhang§, Hongmin Hu§, Qianzhen Wu§, Lili Liu§, Yan Lin‡, Xiangchun Shen§‡, Jichuan Kang, Qirui Li§‡
‡ Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
§ Guizhou Medical University, Gui’an New District, China
| Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, Pakistan
¶ Guizhou University, Guiyang, China

Corresponding author: Qirui Li ( lqrnd2008@163.com )

Academic editor: Thorsten Lumbsch
© 2024 Kamran Habib, Xin Zhou, Wenyu Zeng, Xu Zhang, Hongmin Hu, Qianzhen Wu, Lili Liu, Yan Lin, Xiangchun Shen, Jichuan Kang, Qirui Li.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Habib K, Zhou X, Zeng W, Zhang X, Hu H, Wu Q, Liu L, Lin Y, Shen X, Kang J, Li Q (2024) Stromatolinea, a new diatrypaceous fungal genus (Ascomycota, Sordariomycetes, Xylariales, Diatrypaceae) from China. MycoKeys 108: 197-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.108.126712
Open Access

Abstract

Molecular phylogeny and morphological characteristics of collections of diatrypaceous fungi from Guizhou Province, China, lead to the establishment of a new genus, Stromatolinea, and the identification of four new species and two new combinations. The taxa were found growing on the dead culms of Phyllostachys bamboo. The new genus is distinguished by its well-developed, discrete linear stromata with yellow interior tissue and allantoid subhyaline ascospores. The newly described species are Stromatolinea grisea, S. guizhouensis, S. hydei, and S. xishuiensis. Additionally, two new combinations, Stromatolinea linearis and S. phaselina, are proposed based on comparative analysis and morphology. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using ITS and TUB2 sequences. The study includes comprehensive morphological descriptions, illustrations, and a phylogenetic tree depicting the placement of the new taxa.

Key words

1 new genus, 4 new species, bambusicolous fungi, fungal systematics, Guizhou Province

Introduction

In recent years, several new genera within Diatrypaceae have been reported through a combination of morphological characteristics and multi-locus phylogeny. Currently, the family is represented by 27 genera, i.e., Allocryptovalsa, Allodiatrype, Alloeutypa, Anthostoma, Cryptosphaeria, Cryptovalsa, Diatrypasimilis, Diatrype, Diatrypella, Dothideovalsa, Echinomyces, Endoxylina, Eutypa, Eutypella, Halocryptosphaeria, Halocryptovalsa, Halodiatrype, Leptoperidia, Libertella, Monosporascus, Neoeutypella, Paraeutypella, Pedumispora, Peroneutypa, Pseudodiatrype, Quaternaria, and Rostronitschkia (Hyde et al. 2020; Konta et al. 2020; Dissanayake et al. 2021; Long et al. 2021; Samarakoon et al. 2022; Wijayawardene et al. 2022; Chen et al. 2023; Ma et al. 2023).

Diatrypaceae species are distributed worldwide and are commonly found on deadwood and the bark of various plant species. The family is characterized by black or dark brown, immersed to erumpent, pseudostromatic or eustromatic stromata, polysporous or 8-spored asci, hyaline to light brown allantoid ascospores, and a libertella-like asexual morph (Senanayake et al. 2015; Wijayawardene et al. 2017).

Bamboo, as the largest member of the grass family Poaceae, plays an important role in local economies worldwide, being distributed across diverse climates, from cold mountainous regions to hot tropical areas. China boasts plentiful bamboo resources, with its bamboo species constituting over 50% of the world’s total (Liu et al. 2018). There are more than 1300 fungal species associated with bamboo, including 150 basidiomycetes, 800 ascomycetes. The taxonomic placements of bamboo-associated ascomycetous fungi are highly diverse, comprising over 1,150 species, in 120 families and 400 genera (Dai et al. 2018; Hyde et al. 2023). Jiang et al. (2022) reported 512 bambusicolous ascomycetous taxa from China, associated with 16 bamboo genera, representing more than one-third of the known bambusicolous ascomycetes in the world.

In an investigation into the diversity of bambusicolous fungi in Guizhou, China, four previously undescribed species of diatrypaceous fungi were discovered. Morphological analyses revealed their close affinity to the genus Alloeutypa. However, phylogenetic analyses did not support their placement within this genus. Following detailed morphological examinations and comparative analyses, we propose a new genus, Stromatolinea, within the family Diatrypaceae, which includes four new species and one new combination. The findings contribute significantly to the understanding of diatrypaceous fungal diversity and taxonomy.

Materials and methods

Sample collection and morphological study

The specimens of bamboo were collected during surveys conducted in the Guizhou province, China. All related habitat information, including details about elevation, climatic conditions, and geographical features, was recorded. The photos of the collected materials were taken using a Canon G15 camera (Canon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Materials were placed in paper bags and were taken to the lab for examination. To preserve the freshness of the specimens, they were dried at room temperature. The dried specimens were carefully labeled and stored in an ultra-low freezer at –80 °C for one week to eliminate any insects and their eggs. After this preparation, the specimens were ready for both morphological and molecular studies.

Macroscopic characteristics were observed under an Olympus SZ61 stereomicroscope and photographed with a Canon 700D digital camera fitted to a light microscope (Nikon Ni). Morphological characteristics of specimens were examined, and photomicrographs were taken as described in Senanayake et al. (2020). Materials were mounted in water for anatomical examination and added Melzer’s reagent where necessary. More than 30 ascospores and 30 asci were measured using the Tarosoft image framework (v. 0.9.0.7). Images were arranged using Adobe Photoshop CS6 (Adobe Systems, USA).

Isolates were derived by single spore isolation following the method of Chomnunti et al. (2014). Germinating spores were observed with a Stereo Zoom microscope and transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA; 39 g/l distilled water, Difco potato dextrose). The cultures were incubated at 25–30 °C for 1–4 weeks, with frequent observations. Cultural characteristics, such as mycelium colour, shape, texture and growth rate, were recorded after incubating at 25 °C under normal light for a week.

Herbarium materials were deposited at the herbarium of Guizhou Medical University (GMB) and the Herbarium of Cryptogams, Herbarium of Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (KUN-HKAS), and living cultures were deposited at the Guizhou Medical University Culture Collection (GMBC).

DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and sequencing

Fungal DNA was directly extracted from the contents of stromata and perithecia using the BIOMIGA fungus genomic DNA extraction kit, following the manufacturer’s instructions. The DNA samples were stored at –20 °C. Internal transcribed spacers (ITS), and β-tubulin (TUB2), were amplified by PCR with primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990; Gardes and Bruns 1993), and T1/T22 (Glass and Donaldson 1995; O’Donnell and Cigelnik 1997), respectively. The components of a 25 μL volume PCR mixture was: 9.5 μL of double distilled water, 12.5 μL of PCR Master Mix, 1 μL of each primer and 1 μL of template DNA. Qualified PCR products were checked through 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis stained with GoldenView, and sent to Sangon Co., China, for sequencing (Xie et al. 2020).

Phylogenetic analyses

All newly generated sequences from this study were deposited in GenBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/; accessed on March 28, 2024; Table 1). These sequences were compared with each other and all the known sequences in the GenBank by using the BLAST algorithm for identification. The sequences retrieved from open databases originated from Li et al. (2023), Ma et al. (2023), and the BLASTn results of close matches and other Diatrypaceae representatives. The molecular phylogeny was inferred from a combined dataset of ITS and TUB2 sequences. Sequences were aligned using the MAFFT v.7.110 online programme (Katoh et al. 2019) with the default settings, respectively. Alignment was adjusted manually using BioEdit v.7.0.5.3 (Hall 1999) where necessary. The start and end of alignment were trimmed to nearly equal number of sites for all sequences. The combined sequence data was used to perform maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference analysis (BI). The ML analysis was implemented in RAxML v.8.2.12 using the GTRGAMMA substitution model with 1,000 bootstrap replicates (Stamatakis 2014).

Table 1.
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GenBank Accession Numbers used in this study. The newly generated sequences are marked bold. T indicates type strain.

Species Isolate/specimen voucher Reference ITS β-tubulin
Allocryptovalsa castaneae CFCC52428T Zhu et al. 2021 MW632945 MW656393
Allocryptovalsa castaneicola CFCC52432T Zhu et al. 2021 MW632947 MW656395
Allocryptovalsa cryptovalsoidea HVFIG02 Trouillas et al. 2011 HQ692573 HQ692524
Allocryptovalsa elaeidis MFLUCC 15-0707T Konta et al. 2020 MN308410 MN340296
Allocryptovalsa elevata WA08CB Trouillas et al. 2011 HQ692619 HQ692523
Allocryptovalsa polyspora MFLUCC 17–0364T Senwanna et al. 2017 MF959500 MG334556
Allocryptovalsa rabenhorstii GMB0416 Li et al. 2023 OP935171 OP938733
Allocryptovalsa sichuanensis HKAS 107017T Samarakoon et al. 2022 MW240633 MW775592
Allocryptovalsa xishuangbanica KUMCC 21-0830 Maharachchikumbura et al. 2022 ON041128 ON081498
Allocryptovalsa xishuangbanica GMB0417 Li et al. 2023 OP935176 OP938739
Allodiatrype albelloscutata IFRD 9100 T Li et al. 2022 OK257020 NA
Allodiatrype arengae MFLUCC 15-0713T Konta et al. 2020 MN308411 MN340297
Allodiatrype elaeidicola MFLUCC 15-0737a Konta et al. 2020 MN308415 MN340299
Allodiatrype elaeidis MFLUCC 15-0708a Konta et al. 2020 MN308412 MN340298
Allodiatrype taiyangheensis IFRDCC2800T Li et al. 2022 OK257021 OK345036
Allodiatrype thailandica MFLUCC 15-3662T Li et al. 2016 NR164240 NA
Allodiatrype trigemina FCATAS 842 Peng et al. 2021 MW031919 MW371289
Alloeutypa flavovirens E48C Rolshausen et al. 2006 AJ302457 DQ006959
Alloeutypa milinensis FCATAS4309T Ma et al. 2023 OP538689 OP557595
Alloeutypa milinensis FCATAS4382 Ma et al. 2023 OP538690 OP557596
Anthostoma decipiens IPV-FW349 Unpublished AM399021 AM920693
Anthostoma decipiens JL567 Luque et al. 2012 JN975370 JN975407
Cryptosphaeria eunomia var. eunomia C1C Acero et al. 2004 AJ302417 NA
Cryptosphaeria eunomia var. fraxini C5C Acero et al. 2004 AJ302421 NA
Cryptosphaeria ligniota CBS 273.87 Acero et al. 2004 KT425233 KT425168
Cryptosphaeria pullmanensis ATCC 52655 Trouillas et al. 2015 KT425235 KT425170
Cryptosphaeria subcutanea DSUB100A Trouillas et al. 2015 KT425189 KT425124
Cryptosphaeria subcutanea CBS 240.87T Trouillas et al. 2015 KT425232 KT425167
Cryptovalsa ampelina A001 Trouillas et al. 2010 GQ293901 GQ293972
Cryptovalsa ampelina DRO101 Trouillas et al. 2010 GQ293902 GQ293982
Cryptovalsa elevata CBS 125574 Vu et al. 2019 MH863711 NA
Diatrype betulaceicola FCATAS 2725T Yang et al. 2022 OM040386 OM240966
Diatrype betulae CFCC52416T Zhu et al. 2021 MW632943 MW656391
Diatrype betulae GMB0426 Li et al. 2023 OP935181 OP938750
Diatrype bullata UCDDCh400 Rolshausen et al. 2006 DQ006946 DQ007002
Diatrype camelliae-japonicae GMB0427T Li et al. 2023 OP935172 OP938734
Diatrype camelliae-japonicae GMB0428 Li et al. 2023 OP935173 OP938735
Diatrype castaneicola CFCC52425T Zhu et al. 2021 MW632941 MW656389
Diatrype disciformis GNA14 Senanayake et al. 2015 KR605644 KY352434
Diatrype disciformis D21C Acero et al. 2004 AJ302437 NA
Diatrype enteroxantha HUEFS155114 de Almeida et al. 2016 KM396617 KT003700
Diatrype enteroxantha HUEFS155116 de Almeida et al. 2016 KM396618 KT022236
Diatrype enteroxantha GMB0433 Li et al. 2023 OP935170 OP938736
Diatrype lancangensis GMB0045T Long et al. 2021 MW797113 MW814885
Diatrype lancangensis GMB0046 Long et al. 2021 MW797114 MW814886
Diatrype larissae FCATAS 2723T Yang et al. 2022 OM040384 OM240964
Diatrype lijiangensis MFLU 19-0717T Thiyagaraja et al. 2019 MK852582 MK852583
Diatrype palmicola MFLU 15-0040T Liu et al. 2015 NR185365 NA
Diatrype palmicola MFLU 15-0041 Liu et al. 2015 KP744439 NA
Diatrype quercicola CFCC52418T Zhu et al. 2021 MW632938 MW656386
Diatrype rubi GMB0429T Li et al. 2023 OP935182 OP938740
Diatrype rubi GMB0430 Li et al. 2023 OP935183 OP938741
Diatrype spilomea D17C Acero et al. 2004 AJ302433 NA
Diatrype stigma DCASH200 Trouillas et al. 2010 GQ293947 GQ294003
Diatrype undulata D20C Acero et al. 2004 AJ302436 NA
Diatrypella atlantica HUEFS 136873 de Almeida et al. 2016 KM396614 KR259647
Diatrypella atlantica LCM 888.01 Unpublished MF495421
Diatrypella banksiae CPC 29118 T Crous et al. 2016 KY173402 NA
Diatrypella betulae CFCC52406T Zhu et al. 2021 MW632931 MW656379
Diatrypella betulicola CFCC52411T Zhu et al. 2021 MW632935 MW656383
Diatrypella delonicis MFLUCC 15-1014T Hyde et al. 2019 MH812994 MH847790
Diatrypella delonicis MFLU 16-1032 Hyde et al. 2019 MH812995 MH847791
Diatrypella elaeidis MFLUCC 15-0279T Konta et al. 2020 MN308417 MN340300
Diatrypella fatsiae-japonica GMB0422T Li et al. 2023 OP935184 OP938744
Diatrypella fatsiae-japonica GMB0423 Li et al. 2023 OP935185 OP938745
Diatrypella favacea 380 de Almeida et al. 2016 KU320616 NA
Diatrypella favacea DL26C Unpublished AJ302440 NA
Diatrypella frostii UFMGCB 1917 Vieira et al. 2011 HQ377280 NA
Diatrypella guiyangensis GMB0414T Li et al. 2023 OP935188 OP938742
Diatrypella guiyangensis GMB0415 Li et al. 2023 OP935189 OP938743
Diatrypella heveae MFLUCC 15-0274 Konta et al. 2020 MN308418 MN340301
Diatrypella heveae MFLUCC 17-0368T Senwanna et al. 2017 MF959501 MG334557
Diatrypella hubeiensis CFCC 52413T Zhu et al. 2021 MW632937 MW656385
Diatrypella iranensis KDQ18T Mehrabi et al. 2015 KM245033 KY352429
Diatrypella longiasca KUMCC 20-0021T Dissanayake et al. 2021 MW036141 MW239658
Diatrypella macrospora KDQ15 Mehrabi et al. 2016 KR605648 KY352430
Diatrypella oregonensis (Diatrype oregonensis) DPL200 Trouillas et al. 2010 GQ293940 GQ293999
Diatrypella oregonensis (Diatrype oregonensis) CA117 Trouillas et al. 2010 GQ293934 GQ293996
Diatrypella pseudooregonensis GMB0039 Long et al. 2021 MW797115 MW814888
Diatrypella pseudooregonensis GMB0041T Long et al. 2021 NR174917 MW814890
Diatrypella pulvinata H048 de Almeida et al. 2016 FR715523 FR715495
Diatrypella pulvinata DL29C Unpublished AJ302443 NA
Diatrypella tectonae MFLUCC 12-0172aT Shang et al. 2017 KY283084 NA
Diatrypella tectonae MFLUCC 12-0172bT Shang et al. 2017 KY283085 KY421043
Diatrypella verruciformis UCROK1467 Lynch et al. 2013 JX144793 JX174093
Diatrypella verruciformis UCROK754 Lynch et al. 2013 JX144783 JX174083
Diatrypella vulgaris HVFRA02 Trouillas et al. 2011 HQ692591 HQ692503
Diatrypella vulgaris HVGRF03 Trouillas et al. 2011 HQ692590 HQ692502
Diatrypella yunnanensis VT01 Zhu et al. 2021 MN653008 MN887112
Eutypa armeniacae ATCC 28120 Rolshausen et al. 2006 DQ006948 DQ006975
Eutypa astroidea CBS 292.87 Rolshausen et al. 2006 AJ302458 DQ006966
Eutypa camelliae HKAS 107022T Samarakoon et al. 2022 MW240634 MW775593
Eutypa cerasi GMB0048T Long et al. 2021 MW797104 MW814893
Eutypa cerasi GMB0049 Long et al. 2021 MW797105 MW814877
Eutypa laevata E40C CBS 291.87 Acero et al. 2004 AJ302449 NA
Eutypa lata CBS290.87 Trouillas and Gubler, 2010 HM164736 HM164770
Eutypa lata EP18 Trouillas et al. 2011 HQ692611 HQ692501
Eutypa lata RGA01 Trouillas et al. 2011 HQ692614 HQ692497
Eutypa lejoplaca CBS 248.87 Rolshausen et al. 2006 DQ006922 DQ006974
Eutypa leptoplaca CBS 287.87 Rolshausen et al. 2006 DQ006924 DQ006961
Eutypa maura CBS 219.87 Rolshausen et al. 2006 DQ006926 DQ006967
Eutypa microasca BAFC 51550 Grassi et al. 2014 KF964566 KF964572
Eutypa sparsa 3802 3b Trouillas and Gubler, 2004 AY684220 AY684201
Eutypa tetragona CBS 284.87 Rolshausen et al. 2006 DQ006923 DQ006960
Eutypella caricae EL51C Acero et al. 2004 AJ302460 NA
Eutypella cearensis HUEFS 131070 de Almeida et al. 2016 KM396639 NA
Eutypella cerviculata M68 Arhipova et al. 2012 JF340269 NA
Eutypella cerviculata EL59C Acero et al. 2004 AJ302468 NA
Eutypella leprosa EL54C Acero et al. 2004 AJ302463 NA
Eutypella leprosa 60 de Almeida et al. 2016 KU320622 NA
Eutypella microtheca BCMX01 Paolinelli-Alfonso et al. 2015 KC405563 KC405560
Eutypella motuoensis FCATAS4035 Ma et al. 2023 OP538695 NA
Eutypella motuoensis FCATAS4082T Ma et al. 2023 OP538693 OP557599
Eutypella parasitica CBS 210.39T Jurc et al. 2006 DQ118966 NA
Eutypella quercina IRANC2543CT Mehrabi et al. 2019 KX828139 KY352449
Eutypella semicircularis MP4669 Mehrabi et al. 2016 JQ517314 NA
Eutypella tamaricis MFLUCC 14-0445 Thambugala et al. 2017 KU900330 KX453302
Halocryptovalsa salicorniae MFLUCC 15-0185 Dayarathne et al. 2020b MH304410 MH370274
Halodiatrype avicenniae MFLUCC 15-0953 Dayarathne et al. 2016 KX573916 KX573931
Halodiatrype salinicola MFLUCC 15-1277 Dayarathne et al. 2016 KX573915 KX573932
Kretzschmaria deusta CBS 826.72 U’ren et al. 2016 KU683767 KU684190
Monosporascus cannonballus CMM3646 Unpublished JX971617 NA
Monosporascus cannonballus ATCC:2693T Unpublished FJ430598 NA
Neoeutypella baoshanensis HMAS:255436 Phookamsak et al. 2019 NR164038 MH822888
Paraeutypella citricola HVVIT07 Trouillas et al. 2011 HQ692579 HQ692512
Paraeutypella citricola HVGRF01 Trouillas et al. 2011 HQ692589 HQ692521
Paraeutypella guizhouensis KUMCC 20-0017 Dissanayake et al. 2021 MW036141 MW239661
Paraeutypella pseudoguizhouensis GMB0420 T Li et al. 2023 OP935186 OP938748
Paraeutypella pseudoguizhouensis GMB0421 Li et al. 2023 OP935187 OP938749
Paraeutypella vitis UCD2291AR Úrbez-Torres et al. 2012 HQ288224 HQ288303
Paraeutypella vitis UCD2428TX Úrbez-Torres et al. 2009 FJ790851 GU294726
Pedumispora rhizophorae BCC44877 Klaysuban et al. 2014 KJ888853 NA
Pedumispora rhizophorae BCC44878 Klaysuban et al. 2014 KJ888854 NA
Peroneutypa alsophila EL58C Acero et al. 2004 AJ302467 NA
Peroneutypa curvispora HUEFS 136877 de Almeida et al. 2016 KM396641 NA
Peroneutypa diminutiasca MFLUCC 17-2144T Shang et al. 2018 MG873479 MH316765
Peroneutypa diminutispora HUEFS 192196 de Almeida et al. 2016 KM396647 NA
Peroneutypa hainanensis GMB0424T Li et al. 2023 OP935179 OP938746
Peroneutypa hainanensis GMB0425 Li et al. 2023 OP935180 OP938747
Peroneutypa indica NFCCI 4393T Dayarathne et al. 2020a MN061368 MN431498
Peroneutypa kochiana EL53M Carmarán et al. 2006 AJ302462 NA
Peroneutypa kunmingensis HKAS 113189T Phukhamsakda et al. 2022 MZ475070 MZ490589
Peroneutypa leucaenae MFLU 18-0816T Samarakoon et al. 2022 MW240631 MW775591
Peroneutypa longiasca MFLU 17-1217T Senwanna et al. 2017 MF959502 MG334558
Peroneutypa mackenziei MFLUCC 16-0072T Shang et al. 2017 KY283083 KY706363
Peroneutypa mangrovei PUFD526 Phookamsak et al. 2019 MG844286 MH094409
Peroneutypa polysporae NFCCI 4392T Dayarathne et al. 2020a MN061367 MN431497
Peroneutypa qianensis GMB0431T Li et al. 2023 OP935177 NA
Peroneutypa qianensis GMB0432 Li et al. 2023 OP935178 NA
Peroneutypa rubiformis MFLUCC 17-2142T Shang et al. 2018 MG873477 MH316763
Pseudodiatrype hainanensis GMB0054T Long et al. 2021 MW797111 MW814883
Pseudodiatrype hainanensis GMB0055 Long et al. 2021 MW797112 MW814884
Quaternaria quaternata EL60C Acero et al. 2004 AJ302469 NA
Quaternaria quaternata GNF13 Mehrabi et al. 2016 KR605645 NA
Stromatolinea grisea GMB4512 This study PQ113920 PQ115208
Stromatolinea grisea GMB4508 This study PQ113921 PQ115209
Stromatolinea guizhouensis GMB4523 This study PQ113922 PQ115210
Stromatolinea guizhouensis GMB4515 This study PQ113923 PQ115211
Stromatolinea hydei GMB4509 This study PQ113924 PQ115212
Stromatolinea hydei GMB4538 This study PQ113925 PQ115213
Stromatolinea hydei GMB4521 This study PQ113926 PQ115214
Stromatolinea linearis MFLUCC 11-0503 Dai et al. 2017 KU940150 -
Stromatolinea linearis MFLUCC 15-0198 Dai et al. 2017 KU940149 MW775587
Stromatolinea xishuiensis GMB4535 This study PQ113927 PQ115215
Stromatolinea xishuiensis GMB4522 This study PQ113928 PQ115216
Stromatolinea xishuiensis GMB4514 This study PQ113929 PQ115217
Vasilyeva cinnamomi GMB0418T Li et al. 2023 OP935174 OP938737
Vasilyeva cinnamomi GMB0419 Li et al. 2023 OP935175 OP938738
Xylaria hypoxylon CBS 122620 Peršoh et al. 2009 AM993141 KX271279

The Bayesian inference analysis was performed in MrBayes v. 3.2.1 (Ronquist et al. 2012). The model of evolution was estimated by MrModeltest 2.2 (Nylander 2004). The Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling in MrBayes v.3.2.2 (Ronquist et al. 2012) was used to determine the posterior probabilities (PP). Six simultaneous Markov chains were run for 1,000,000 generations, and trees were sampled every 1000th generation. The phylogenetic tree was visualized in FIGTREE v.1.4.3 (Rambaut 2012). All analyses were run on the CIPRES Science Gateway v 3.3 web portal (Miller et al. 2010).

Results

Phylogenetic analyses

After the exclusion of ambiguously aligned regions and long gaps, the final combined data matrix contained 1,450 characters. Kretzschmaria deusta (CBS 826.72) and Xylaria hypoxylon (CBS 122620) were added as the outgroup. The tree topology derived from Maximum Likelihood (ML) analysis closely resembled that of Bayesian Inference (BI) analysis. The best-scoring RAxML tree is shown in Fig. 1. The topology of the phylogenetic tree is similar to those in previous studies (Li et al. 2023; Ma et al. 2023). The new genus Stromatolinea, including four species, formed a distinct clade that represents its monophyletic status. The strains ZHKUCC 21-0114 and S21 clustered in the clade of the new genus, are deposited in NCBI under the name Diatrypella sp., but remain unpublished. The details provided in NCBI for these two strains (ZHKUCC 21-0114 and S21) were searched, but no records were found.

Figure 1. 

A–C. Phylogenetic tree generated from maximum likelihood analysis (RAxML) based on combined ITS and TUB2 sequences data. Bootstrap support values for maximum likelihood (ML) greater than 70% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) greater than 0.90 are displayed above or below the respective branches (ML/BPP). The species obtained in this study are in red and ex-type taxa are in bold.

Taxonomy

Stromatolinea K. Habib & Q.R. Li, gen. nov.

MycoBank No: 853267

Etymology

Referring to linear characteristics of the stromata.

Type species

Stromatolinea hydei K. Habib & Q.R. Li, sp. nov.

Description

Saprobic on dead bamboo culms, forming black parallel elongate ascostromata on the host, surrounded by grey or black patches like pseudostromata. Pseudostromata grey or black, spreading between stromata and across the host surface. Sexual morph: Stromata parallel elongate, linear, consistent to inconsistent in thickness, fusiform, high, solitary to confluent, slit to non-slit, black or grey on its sides, exposing black ostioles. Upper cells of stromata near the perithecial ostiole black, thick-walled. Stromatic tissue completely yellow or yellow above and white between/below perithecia, compact. Ascomata perithecial, few to frequent, immersed in stromata, globose to subglobose, ostiolate centrally, with a neck, opening to outer surface, slight erumpent over stromata, appearing as black shinny spots. Peridium composed of elongate cell, texture angularis, outer thick layer, dark brown, inner hyaline, surrounded by yellow or white and yellow stromatic tissue. Hamathecium paraphyses, filiform, hyaline, long. Asci 8-spored, clavate, with a long and thin pedicel, apically rounded to truncate, J- apical ring. Ascospores allantoid, aseptate, straight to slightly curved, rounded at both ends, subhyaline, with oil droplets in both ends. Asexual morph: undetermined.

Notes

Phylogenetically, Eutypa is polyphyletic (Fig. 1), a species distributed in different clades. Ma et al. (2023) proposed a new genus, Alloeutypa, which exhibits close affinity to Eutypa. However, based on the presence of Diatrype-like discrete stromata with yellowish-green interior tissue characteristics and forming separate monophyletic clades, they proposed Alloeutypa as a new genus to accommodate Alloeutypa milinensis and A. flavovirens (Ma et al. 2023).

Morphologically, Stromatolinea is similar to Alloeutypa, as both possess yellowish-green interior tissue. However, the new genus is distinguished from Alloeutypa by its linear stromata and phylogenetically, they are clustered very distantly. The strains of Stromatolinea form a monophyletic clade representing its distinct position. Thus, based on morphological evidence and phylogenetic analyses, we accommodate Stromatolinea as a new genus with Stromatolinea hydei designated as the type species.

Stromatolinea grisea K. Habib & Q.R. Li, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 853270
Fig. 2

Type

• China, Guizhou Province, Xishui Country, Changjian Gully, (28°19'58″N, 106°11'50″E), altitude: 1,180 m, subtropical forest, on dead culms of Phyllostachys sp., 27 December 2023, Xin Zhou, R-17, (Holotype, GMB4512; ex-type, GMBC4512; isotype, KUN-HKAS133213).

Figure 2. 

Stromatolinea grisea (GMB4512) a habitat of a type material b–e appearance of stromata and pseudostromata on bamboo host f peridium of ascoma g horizontal section of ascostromata h, i asci j vertical sections of ascomata in stroma k ascospores. Scale bars: 1 mm (b); 3 mm (c–e); 30 μm (f); 0.4 mm (g, j); 20 μm (h, i); 10 μm (k).

Etymology

The epithet “grisea” refers to the grey color of pseudostromata.

Description

Saprobic on dead culms of Phyllostachys sp., forming black parallel elongate ascostromata on the host, surrounded by grey patches like pseudostromata. Pseudostromata grey, spreading between stromata and across the host surface. Sexual morph: Stromata 2–15 mm long, 400–800 μm wide, 400–600 μm high, parallel elongate, inconsistent in thickness, thin in between, fusiform, solitary to confluent, non-slit, black, exposing black ostioles. Upper cells of stromata near the perithecial ostiole black, thick-walled. Stromatic tissue yellow above and white between/below perithecia, compact. Ascomata 250–420 μm wide, 260–450 μm high, perithecial, 2–5 per stromata, usually 2 or 3 per stromata, immersed in stromata, globose to subglobose, ostiolate centrally, with a neck, opening to outer surface, 80–100 × 35–60 μm, slight erumpent over stromata, appearing as black shinny spots. Peridium 15–30 μm thick, cell elongate, texture angularis, outer thick layer dark brown, inner hyaline, surrounded by yellow stromatic tissue. Hamathecium paraphyses, filiform hyaline, 50–73 × 1–3.2 μm. Asci 50–95 × 5.5–9.8 μm (x̄ = 73 × 6.2 μm, n = 30), 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate, with a long and thin pedicel, apically rounded to truncate, J- apical ring. Ascospores 5.8–8.2 × 1.4–2 μm (x̄ = 7.5 × 1.6 μm, n = 30), allantoid, aseptate, straight to slightly curved, rounded at both ends, subhyaline, single oil droplets in both ends. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Culture characteristics

Ascospores germinating on PDA within 24 hours, colonies on PDA, white when young, became pale, thinning toward the edge, white from above, reverse pale, no pigmentation, and no sporulation produced on the PDA medium.

Addition material examined

• China, Guizhou Province, Xishui Country, Changjian Gully, (28°19'56″N, 106°11'48″E), altitude: 1,180 m, subtropical forest, on dead culms of Phyllostachys sp., 2 January 2024, Lili Liu & Yan Lin, R-200 (GMB4508).

Notes

It is morphologically similar to Stromatolinea hydei and S. xishuiensis but can be easily distinguished by the appearance of stromata and pseudostromata color. The pseudostromata of the latter two species are black, whereas grey in S. grisea. The stromata of S. hydei and S. xishuiensis are consistent in thickness and possess frequent ascomata, whereas the stromata of S. grisea are inconsistent in thickness, thin in between, and possess usually 2 or 3 ascomata. Moreover, stromatic tissue is yellow above and white between or below perithecia in S. grisea, while it is completely yellow in S. hydei and S. xishuiensis. The comparison of ITS sequences revealed 94% and 98% similarity to S. hydei and S. xishuiensis, respectively, while TUB2 sequences displayed 93% and 94% similarity to S. hydei and S. xishuiensis, respectively. Differentiation from other known species of the genus is discussed in the note section of the below described species.

Stromatolinea guizhouensis K. Habib & Q.R. Li, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 853272
Fig. 3

Type

• China, Guizhou Province, Anshun City, Pingba County (26°15'11″N, 105°56'51″E), altitude: 1,102 m, subtropical forest, on dead culms of Phyllostachys sp., 25 August 2023, JWS-28 (Holotype, GMB4523; ex-type, GMBC4523; isotype, KUN-HKAS133214).

Figure 3. 

Stromatolinea guizhouensis (GMB4523) a habitat of material b, c appearance of stromata on host d erumpent ostiole e horizontal section of ascostromata f vertical sections of ascomata in stroma g-i asci j apical ring of ascus k ascospores. Scale bars: 3 mm (b, c); 1 mm (d–f); 20 μm (g–j); 10 μm (k).

Etymology

The epithet “guizhouensis” refers to the locality of the collection, Guizhou province.

Description

Saprobic on dead culms of Phyllostachys sp., forming black parallel elongate ascostromata on the host. Pseudostromata absent. Sexual morph: Stromata 2–8.5 mm long, 350–800 μm wide, 400–600 μm high, parallel elongate, consistent in thickness, linear, long fusiform, solitary, sometime confluent, non-slit, distinctly gray at sides, often overlain by white crystalline, black at center, exposing black ostioles. Upper cells of stromata near the perithecial ostiole black, thick-walled. Stromatic tissue yellow between and beneath perithecia, compact. Ascomata 150–250 μm wide, 250–420 μm high, perithecial, frequent, 10–25 per stromata, immersed, linearly arranged, obpyriform, ostiolate centrally, with a neck, opening to outer surface, 70–90 × 35–60 μm, slight erumpent over stromata, appearing as black spots, slight shinny. Peridium 5–10 μm thick, cell elongate, texture angularis, outer thick layer dark brown, inner hyaline, surrounded by yellow stromatic tissue. Hamathecium paraphyses, filiform, hyaline, 54–70 × 1–3.2 μm. Asci 55–100 × 5.5–8 μm (x̄ = 67.2 × 6.8 μm, n = 30), 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate, with a long and thin pedicel, apically rounded to truncate, J- apical ring. Ascospores 5.8–9 × 1–2 μm (x̄ = 7.6 × 1.5 μm, n = 30), allantoid, aseptate, straight to slightly curved, rounded at both ends, subhyaline, smooth-walled, single oil droplets in both ends. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Culture characteristics

Ascospores germinating on PDA within 24 hours, colonies on PDA, white when young, became pale, dense at centre, thinning toward the edge, reverse white at the margin, pale at the centre, no pigmentation, and no sporulation produced on the PDA medium.

Additional material examined

• China, Guizhou Province, Huaxi District, Xiaohe Village, China (26°29'29″N, 106°42'09″E), altitude: 1,097 m, subtropical forest, on dead culms of Phyllostachys sp., 2 January 2024, Xin Zhou & W.Y. Zeng, H-8 (GMB4515).

Notes

Morphologically, Stromatolinea guizhouensis is similar to Stromatolinea linearis (= Diatrype phaselinoides Rappaz; Eutypa linearis Rehm), both exhibiting parallel elongate fusiform stromata with yellow stromatic tissue. However, it differs from S. linearis in having non-slit stromata, distinctly grey at sides, overlain by white crystalline material (Fig. 3b, c) and slightly larger ascospores (5.8–9 μm, x̄ = 7.6 μm), compared to S. linearis with longitudinally slit stromata when mature and smaller ascospores (5–7 μm, x̄ = 6.1 μm) (Rehm 1907; Dai et al. 2017). From the other newly described species, it lacks pseudostromata and exhibits grey stromata overlain by white crystalline material.

Another morphologically similar species, Alloeutypa milinensis also features yellow stromatic tissue but can be easily differentiated by its stromata morphology. Alloeutypa milinensis exhibits scattered oblong to strip-shaped stromata measuring 0.9–2.2 mm in width and with larger ascospores (6.6–10.1 × 1.7–2.6 μm, x̄ = 8.5 × 2.1 μm) (Ma et al. 2023).

Stromatolinea hydei K. Habib & Q.R. Li, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 853274
Fig. 4

Type

• China, Guizhou Province, Anlong County Suburban (25°05'56″N, 105°26'34″E), altitude: 856 m, subtropical forest, on dead culms of Phyllostachys sp., 23 September 2023, Youpeng Wu, JWS-8 (Holotype, GMB4509; ex-type, GMBC4509; isotype, KUN-HKAS133215).

Figure 4. 

Stromatolinea hydei (GMB4509) a habitat of material b, c appearance of stromata on host d vertical section of ascomata in stroma e horizontal section of ascostromata f vertical section of ascoma g–j asci k–m ascospores. Scale bars: 3 mm (b, c); 0.5 mm (d, e); 100 μm (f); 15 μm (g–j); 5 μm (k–m).

Etymology

The epithet “hydei” pays tribute to the renowned mycologist, Prof. Kevin David Hyde, in recognition of his valuable contributions to the field of mycology.

Description

Saprobic on dead culms of Phyllostachys sp., forming black parallel elongate ascostromata on the host, surrounded by black patches like pseudostromata. Pseudostromata black, spreading between stromata and across the host surface forming the darkened region. Sexual morph: Stromata 2–10 mm long, 400–800 μm wide, 400–620 μm high, parallel elongate, straight, long fusiform, solitary, sometime confluent, slit when mature, black, above plane, exposing black ostioles. Upper cells of stromata near the perithecial ostiole black, thick-walled. Stromatic tissue yellow between and beneath perithecia, compact. Ascomata 150–270 μm wide, 260–440 μm high, perithecial, frequent, 10–25 per stromata, immersed in stromata, linearly arranged, obpyriform, ostiolate centrally, with a neck, opening to outer surface, 80–100 × 35–60 μm, slight erumpent over stromata, appearing as black spots, slight shinny. Peridium 5–10 μm thick, cell elongate, texture angularis, outer thick layer dark brown, inner hyaline, surrounded by yellow stromatic tissue. Hamathecium paraphyses, filiform. hyaline, 50–68 × 1–3.5 μm. Asci 50–80 × 5.5–8 μm (x̄ = 64 × 6.5 μm, n = 15), 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate, with a long and thin pedicel, apically rounded to truncate, a J- apical ring. Ascospores 5.8–10 × 1.4–2.5 μm (x̄ = 8 × 1.8 μm, n = 20), allantoid, aseptate, straight to slightly curved, rounded at both ends, subhyaline, single oil droplets in both ends. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Culture characteristics

Ascospores germinating on PDA within 24 hours, colonies on PDA, white when young, became pale, dense at centre, thinning toward the edge, reverse pale-white, no pigmentation, and no sporulation produced on the PDA medium.

Addition material examined

China • Guizhou Province, Xishui Country, Changjian Gully, (28°19'57″N, 106°11'32″E), altitude: 1,180 m, subtropical forest, on dead culms of Phyllostachys sp., 2 January 2024, Lili Liu & Yan Lin, R-27 (GMB4538) • China, Guizhou Province, Xishui Country, Changjian Gully, (28°19'51″N, 106°11'49″E), altitude: 1,185 m, subtropical forest, on dead culms of Phyllostachys sp., 2 January 2024, Xin Zhou, R-4 (GMB4521).

Notes

Stromatolinea hydei is morphologically similar to S. linearis (=Diatrype phaselinoides; Eutypa linearis), both displaying parallel elongate fusiform stromata with yellow stromatic tissue and slit mature stromata. However, S. hydei is distinguishable by its stromata, which are surrounded by black patches resembling pseudostromata, which spread between stromata and across the host surface, forming a darkened region. Additionally, S. hydei has larger ascospores 5.8–10 × 1.4–2.5 μm (with an average of 8 × 1.8 μm), compared to S. linearis, whose ascospores range from 5–7 × 1–2 μm, with an average of 6.1 × 1.4 μm (Dai et al. 2017).

Stromatolinea xishuiensis K. Habib & Q.R. Li, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 853275
Fig. 5

Type

• China, Guizhou Province, Xishui Country, Changjian Gully, (28°19'58″N, 106°11'50″E), altitude: 1,180 m, subtropical forest, on dead culms of Phyllostachys sp., 27 December 2023, Xin Zhou, R-7 (Holotype, GMB4535; ex-type, GMBC4535; isotype, KUN-HKAS133216).

Figure 5. 

Stromatolinea xishuiensis (GMB4535) a habitat of material b–d appearance of stromata on host e vertical section of ascomata in stroma f horizontal section of ascostromata g, h asci i ascospores. Scale bars: 3 mm (b, c); 1 mm (d); 0.5 mm (e, f); 20 μm (g, h); 10 μm (i).

Etymology

The epithet “xishuiensis” refers to the locality of the collection, Xishui County.

Description

Saprobic on dead bamboo culms, forming black parallel elongate ascostromata on the host, surrounded by black patches like pseudostromata. Pseudostromata black, spreading between stromata and across the host surface forming the darkened region. Sexual morph: Stromata 2–10 mm long, 350–600 μm wide, 400–550 μm high, parallel elongate, consistent in thickness, straight, long fusiform, solitary to confluent, non-slit, black, exposing black ostioles. Upper cells of stromata near the perithecial ostiole black, thick-walled. Stromatic tissue yellow between and beneath perithecia, compact. Ascomata perithecial, 150–220 μm wide, 240–300 μm high, frequent, 10–28 per stromata, immersed in stromata, obpyriform, irregular arranged, ostiolate centrally, with a neck, opening to outer surface, slight erumpent over stromata, appearing as black spots. Peridium 5–15 μm thick, cell elongate, texture angularis, outer thick layer dark brown, inner hyaline, surrounded by yellow stromatic tissue. Hamathecium paraphyses, hyaline, 50–70 × 1–3.6 μm, filiform. Asci 60–90 × 5.5–8 μm (x̄ = 70 × 7 μm, n = 15), 8-spored, clavate, with a long and thin pedicel, apically rounded to truncate, J- apical ring. Ascospores 5.8–8.2 × 1–2.2 μm (x̄ = 7.1 × 1.4 μm, n = 20), allantoid, aseptate, straight to slightly curved, rounded at both ends, subhyaline, 1–2 oil droplets in both ends. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Culture characteristics

Ascospores germinating on PDA within 24 hours, colonies on PDA, white when young, pale and dense at centre, thinning toward the edge, reverse pale-white, no pigmentation, and no sporulation produced on the PDA medium.

Additional material examined

• China, Guizhou Province, Zunyi City, Suiyang Country, Kuankuoshui National Nature Reserve (28°29'33.64"N, 107°9'23.66"E), altitude: 1,634 m, subtropical forest, on dead culms of Phyllostachys sp., 23 September 2023, Qirui Li, K3N (GMB4522) • China, Guizhou Province, Zunyi City, Xishui Country, Changjian Gully, (28°19'58″N, 106°11'54″E), altitude: 1,180 m, on dead culms of Phyllostachys sp., 27 December 2023, Xin Zhou, R-5, (GMB4514).

Notes

Stromatolinea xishuiensis can be distinguished from S. guizhouensis and S. linearis by its stromata surrounded by black patches spread between the stromata and across the host surface, forming a darkened region. Moreover, its ascomata are irregularly arranged in stroma. Morphologically, it is most similar to S. hydei, which also exhibits black patches spreading between stromata and across the host surface. However, S. hydei has slightly wider stromata, measuring 400–800 μm wide and 400–620 μm high, linearly arranged larger ascomata, measuring 150–270 μm wide and 260–440 μm high, and bigger ascospores, measuring 5.8–10 × 1.4–2.5 μm (average 8 × 1.8 μm). The ITS and β-tubulin sequence data of S. xishuiensis and S. hydei demonstrates 94% and 95% similarity, respectively.

Stromatolinea linearis (Rehm) K. Habib & Q. R. Li, comb. nov.

MycoBank No: 853282

Eutypa linearis Rehm, Annls mycol. 5(6): 523 (1907) (Basionym). Synonym

= Diatrype phaselinoides Rappaz, Mycol. helv. 2(3): 442 (1987). Synonym

Description

See Dai et al. (2017).

Notes

The fungus was originally documented by Rehm (1907) from a specimen collected in Brazil, Eutypa linearis underwent a taxonomic revision by Rappaz (1987), who reclassified it as Diatrype phaselinoides (non Diatrype linearis Ellis & Everh. 1897). Dai et al. (2017) provided molecular data and a reference specimen of this taxon. It is characterized by well-developed linear stromata with yellow-green interior tissue, long-stipitate asci, with hyaline to subhyaline allantoid ascospores, measuring 5–7 × 1.5–1.8 μm (Rappaz 1987; Dai et al. 2017). Phylogenetically, it clusters together with other Stromatolinea species in a distinct clade. The morphological character of this taxon also aligns with those of Stromatolinea, providing compelling support for its placement within the Stromatolinea taxonomic framework.

Stromatolinea phaselina (Mont.) K. Habib & Q. R. Li, comb. nov.

MycoBank No: 855036

Sphaeria phaselina Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 4 3: 129 (1855) (Basionym). Synonym.

= Diatrype phaselina (Mont.) Rappaz, Mycol. Helv. 2(3): 442 (1987). Synonym.1

Notes

Stromatolinea phaselina was first described and illustrated by Montagne in 1855 based on a collection from Guyana. Rappaz (1987) conducted a detailed analysis of various species that had been reported under different names (given above as synonyms). He reviewed their descriptions and type materials, though some of type material were lost. Rappaz (1987) synonymized E. kusanoi and E. bambusina with Eutypa hypoxantha and grouped these along with Sphaeria phaselina and Eutypella hypoxantha under the broader name Diatrype phaselina (Mont.) Rappaz. The morphological character of this taxon also aligns with those of Stromatolinea, providing compelling support for its placement within the Stromatolinea taxonomic framework.

Morphologically, Stromatolinea phaselina resembles S. grisea in having yellow entostromatic tissue above and white tissue between or below the perithecia. However, there are no reports of pseudostromata presence, detailed stromata morphology, or the number of perithecia per stromata in the published description of Diatrype phaselina (Rappaz 1987). Furthermore, descriptions and synonymized accounts of this species report very short asci sizes, measuring 25–35 × 5–7 μm. This is problematic because the family is known to typically possess long asci. This gap in detailed morphological data limits our ability to fully understand and differentiate Diatrype phaselina from other species. Without a detailed description and access to type material or DNA data, we cannot definitively classify it within the key of the genus.

The synonyms of this species are not updated in Index Fungorum and Mycobank, where they are still listed as separate species. Given Rappaz (1987) thorough analysis of historical descriptions and most of the original materials, we consider his classification/synonyms of the species to be well-founded and reliable.

Discussion

The generic concepts of Diatrypaceae have been unstable; several new genera within the family have been reported through a combination of morphological characteristics and multi-locus phylogeny. Early classification systems of Diatrypaceae were mainly based on stromatal features including the degree of stromatal development, structure of perithecial necks, and type of host tissue (Glawe and Jacobs 1987; Rappaz 1987). However, the morphological variability of stromata has caused significant confusion within Diatrypaceae. Many genera, including Neoeutypella, Allodiatrype, Diatrype, Diatrypella, Allocryptovalsa, Cryptovalsa, Eutypella, and Paraeutypella, exhibit similar stromatal characteristics, limiting their utility for species identification (Li et al. 2023). This confusion has led to polyphyletic genera, where species have often been transferred between genera (Shang et al. 2017, 2018; Phookamsak et al. 2019; Konta et al. 2020; Ma et al. 2023). In this study, we introduce a new genus that phylogenetically forms a well-supported distinct clade and morphologically distinguished by its linear stromata and yellow interior tissue. This new genus includes four new species namely S. grisea, S. guizhouensis, S. hydei, and S. xishuiensis. Additionally, Stromatolinea linearis and S. phaselina are proposed for Eutypa linearis and D. phaselina, respectively, based on morphological characteristics and comparative analysis.

Species within Stromatolinea can be differentiated by key morphological features, including the presence or absence and color of pseudostromata; stromata size, color, slit presence, and interior tissue color; ascomata number, arrangement, and measurements; and ascospores dimensions. Furthermore, significant phylogenetic distances in the ITS and TUB2 regions also serve as valuable tools for species discrimination. Notably, all Stromatolinea species have been reported as saprobes on dead bamboo, implying a potential host specificity confined to bamboo.

Key to species

1 Pseudostromata absent 2
– Pseudostromata well-developed 3
2 non-slit stromata, distinctly grey at sides, ascospores 5.8–9 μm long, averaging = 7.6 μm S. guizhouensis
– stromata slit when mature, color black, ascospores 5–7 μm long, averaging = 6.1 μm S. linearis
3 grey pseudostromata, stromata inconsistent in thickness, possess few ascomata, interior tissue yellow above and white between or below perithecia, ascospores 5.8–8.2 × 1.4–2 μm, averaging = 7.5 × 1.6 μm S. grisea
– black pseudostromata, stromata consistent in thickness 4
4 stromata 400–800 μm wide, slit when mature, ascomata linearly arranged, 150–270 μm wide and 260–440 μm high, ascospores 5.8–10 × 1.4–2.5 μm, averaging = 8 × 1.8 μm S. hydei
– stromata 350–600 μm wide, non-slit, ascomata irregularly arranged, 150–220 μm wide and 240–300 μm high, ascospores 5.8–8.2 × 1–2.2 μm, averaging = 7.1 × 1.4 μm S. xishuiensis

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by Guizhou Medical University High level Talent Launch Fund Project (No. [2023] 058); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31960005, 32170019 and 31960716); the Guizhou Provincial Scientific and Technologic Innovation Base (No. [2023] 003); the High-level Innovation Talents of Guizhou (No. GCC [2023] 048); National Natural Science Foundation of China (12132006); the Guizhou Provincial Natural Science Foundation for High-Level Innovative Talents and Teams (2016-5676, 2015-4021).

Additional information

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Ethical statement

No ethical statement was reported.

Funding

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Author contributions

Conceptualization: Kamran Habib, Jichuan Kang, Qirui Li. Collection and morphological examinations: Xin Zhou, Wenyu Zen, Xu Zhang, Lili Liu, Yan Lin and Hongmin Hu. Molecular sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses: Hongmin Hu, Kamran Habib and Qianzhen Wu. Specimen identification: Kamran Habib, Qirui Li. Original draft preparation: Kamran Habib, Qirui Li. Review and editing, supervision: Xiangchun Shen and Jichuan Kang. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Author ORCIDs

Kamran Habib https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2572-0306

Hongmin Hu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3894-3269

Qianzhen Wu https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9992-8404

Jichuan Kang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6294-5793

Qirui Li https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8735-2890

Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available in the MycoBank repository (included in the manuscript), and GenBank (included in Table 1). And also, the datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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1 See Rappaz (1987) for other synonyms and description.

Supplementary material

Supplementary material 1 

Alignment file

Kamran Habib, Xin Zhou, Wenyu Zeng, Xu Zhang, Hongmin Hu, Qianzhen Wu, Lili Liu, Yan Lin, Xiangchun Shen, Jichuan Kang, Qirui Li

Data type: fasta

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
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