Research Article |
Corresponding author: Chao Liu ( liuchao_80@163.com ) Corresponding author: Dong-Qin Dai ( cicidaidongqin@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Xinlei Fan
© 2024 Li-Su Han, Nalin N. Wijayawardene, Chao Liu, Li-Hong Han, Itthayakorn Promputtha, Qiang Li, Abdallah M. Elgorban, Salim Al-Rejaie, Kazuaki Tanaka, Dong-Qin Dai.
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Citation:
Han L-S, Wijayawardene NN, Liu C, Han L-H, Promputtha I, Li Q, Elgorban AM, Al-Rejaie S, Tanaka K, Dai D-Q (2024) Paramphibambusa bambusicola gen. et. sp. nov., Arecophila xishuangbannaensis and A. zhaotongensis spp. nov. in Cainiaceae from Yunnan, China. In: Wijayawardene N, Karunarathna S, Fan X-L, Li Q-R (Eds) Taxonomy and secondary metabolites of wood-associated fungi. MycoKeys 104: 113-132. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.104.117872
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Morphological comparisons and multi locus phylogenetic analyses (base on the combined genes of ITS, LSU, rpb2 and tub) demonstrated that three new saprobic taxa isolated from bamboo belong to Cainiaceae. These taxa comprise a novel genus Paramphibambusa (P. bambusicola sp. nov.) and two new species, Arecophila xishuangbannaensis and A. zhaotongensis. The three new taxa belong to Cainiaceae (Xylariales, Sordariomycetes) a poorly studied family, which now comprises eight genera. Paramphibambusa can be distinguished from other Cainiaceae genera in having ascomata with a neck and ascospores lacking longitudinal striation, germ slits or germ pores. The two new Arecophila species clustered in a clade with Arecophila sp. and A. bambusae. Detailed morphological descriptions, illustrations, and an updated phylogenetic tree are provided for the new taxa.
Bambusicolous fungi, multilocus phylogeny, taxonomy, Xylariales
During our continuous investigation of bambusicolous fungi in Yunnan, China, we have collected one new genus and two new Arecophila K.D. Hyde species in Cainiaceae J.C. Krug. The family Cainiaceae (Xylariales, Sordariomycetes) was established by
Members of Cainiaceae are often found in tropical and temperate regions as saprobic fungi, which are usually associated with monocotyledons (mainly grasses) and fabaceous dicotyledons. Some Cainia species have been reported as causative agents of plant diseases, e.g., C. desmazieri C. Moreau & E. Müll (
Arecophila was introduced by
According to
Bamboo culms were collected in northeastern (Zhaotong), northwestern (Shangri-La), and southwestern (Xishuangbanna) Yunnan Province, China, stored in disposable plastic Ziplock bags and brought back to the laboratory for examination and study. Morphological observation and single spore isolation were followed as described in
Fungal genomic DNA was extracted from fresh mycelium using the Biospin Fungus Genomic DNA Extraction Kit (BioFlux) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. When culture could not be obtained, fruiting bodies were used to extract genomic DNA by using E.Z.N.A. Forensic DNA Kit (BIO-TEK) followed the protocols. Genomic DNA was conducted by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Four phylogenetic markers, internal transcribed spacer (ITS), large-subunit ribosomal RNA (LSU), RNA polymerase II (rpb2), and tub, were amplified using primer pairs ITS4/ITS5 (
The newly generated reverse and forward sequences were assembled with Geneious (Restricted) 9.1.2 (https://www.geneious.com, accessed on 20 May 2023) and subjected to BLAST searches in GenBank (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/, accessed on 20 May 2023) for revealing closely matched strains (Table
Sequences used for phylogenetic analyses in this study. The newly generated sequences are in bold. Type strains or type specimens are labelled with HT (holotype), ET (epitype), IT (isotype), and PT (paratype), T (Type), “N/A” indicates no available sequences.
Species | Strain/voucher No. | Status | GenBank accession numbers | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ITS | LSU | rpb2 | tub | |||
Amphibambusa bambusicola | MFLUCC 11-0617 | HT | KP744433 | KP744474 | NA | NA |
Amphibambusa hongheensis | KUN-HKAS 112723 | HT | MW892971 | MW892969 | NA | NA |
Amphibambusa hongheensis | KUMCC 20-0334 | HT | MW892972 | MW892970 | NA | NA |
Amphirosellinia fushanensis | HAST 91111209 | HT | GU339496 | NA | GQ848339 | GQ495950 |
Amphirosellinia nigrospora | HAST 91092308 | HT | GU322457 | NA | GQ848340 | GQ495951 |
Annulohypoxylon atroroseum | ATCC 76081 | – | AJ390397 | KY610422 | KY624233 | DQ840083 |
Annulohypoxylon stygium | MUCL 54601 | – | KY610409 | KY610475 | KY624292 | KX271263 |
Apiospora arundinis | CBS 464.83 | – | KF144888 | KF144933 | NA | KF144979 |
Apiospora hysteriana | ICMP 6889 | – | NA | DQ368630 | DQ368649 | DQ368621 |
Apiospora kogelbergense | CBS 117206 | – | KF144895 | KF144941 | NA | KF144987 |
Apiospora setosa | ATCC 58184 | – | NA | AY346259 | NA | NA |
Arecophila australis | GZUCC0112 | HT | MT742126 | MT742133 | NA | MT741734 |
Arecophila australis | GZUCC0124 | PT | MT742125 | MT742132 | NA | NA |
Arecophila bambusae | HKUCC 4794 | – | NA | AF452038 | NA | NA |
Arecophila clypeata | GZUCC0110 | HT | MT742129 | MT742136 | MT741732 | NA |
Arecophila clypeata | GZUCC0127 | PT | MT742128 | MT742135 | NA | NA |
Arecophila miscanthi | GZUCC0122 | – | MT742127 | MT742134 | NA | NA |
Arecophila miscanthi | MFLU 19-2333 | HT | NR_171235 | MK503827 | NA | NA |
Arecophila sp. | HKUCC 6487 | – | NA | AF452039 | NA | NA |
Arecophila xishuangbannaensis | ZHKU 23-0280 | – | OR995737 | OR995744 | NA | NA |
Arecophila xishuangbannaensis | GMB-W1283 | HT | OR995736 | OR995743 | NA | NA |
Arecophila zhaotongensis | GMBCC1145 | HT | OR995740 | OR995747 | OR995741 | NA |
Arecophila zhaotongensis | ZHKU 23-0260 | – | OR995738 | OR995745 | NA | NA |
Arecophila zhaotongensis | ZHKU 23-0259 | IT | OR995735 | OR995742 | NA | NA |
Astrocystis concavispora | MFLUCC 14-0174 | HT | KP297404 | KP340545 | KP340532 | KP406615 |
Atrotorquata lineata | HKUCC 3263 | – | AF009807 | NA | NA | NA |
Atrotorquata spartii | MFLUCC 13-0444 | HT | NA | KP325443 | NA | NA |
Barrmaelia rappazii | CBS 142771 | HT | MF488989 | MF488989 | MF488998 | MF489017 |
Barrmaelia rhamnicola | CBS 142772 | ET | MF488990 | MF488990 | MF488999 | MF489018 |
Cainia anthoxanthis | MFLUCC 15-0539 | HT | NR_138407 | KR092777 | NA | NA |
Cainia desmazieri | CAI | – | KT949896 | KT949896 | NA | NA |
Cainia desmazieri | CBS 137.62 | – | MH858124 | MH869702 | NA | NA |
Cainia globosa | MFLUCC 13-0663 | HT | NR_171724 | KX822123 | NA | NA |
Cainia graminis | CBS 136.62 | – | MH858123 | AF431949 | NA | NA |
Cainia graminis | MFLUCC 15-0540 | – | KR092793 | KR092781 | NA | NA |
Cainia sp. | LSU0560 | – | MT000421 | MT000513 | NA | NA |
Camillea obularia | ATCC 28093 | – | KY610384 | KY610429 | KY624238 | KX271243 |
Camillea tinctor | YMJ 363 | – | JX507806 | NA | JX507790 | JX507795 |
Collodiscula bambusae | GZ 62 | – | KP054279 | KP054280 | KP276675 | KP276674 |
Collodiscula fangjingshanensis | GZUH 0109 | HT | KR002590 | KR002591 | KR002592 | KR002589 |
Coniocessia maxima | CBS 593.74 | HT | NR_137751 | MH878275 | NA | NA |
Coniocessia nodulisporioides | CBS 281.77 | IT | MH861061 | AJ875224 | NA | NA |
Creosphaeria sassafras | STMA 14087 | – | KY610411 | KY610468 | KY624265 | KX271258 |
Daldinia bambusicola | CBS 122872 | HT | KY610385 | KY610431 | KY624241 | AY951688 |
Daldinia concentrica | CBS 113277 | – | AY616683 | KT281895 | KY624243 | KC977274 |
Endocalyx cinctus | NBRC 31306 | – | MZ313191 | MZ313152 | NA | NA |
Endocalyx cinctus | JCM 7946 | – | LC228648 | LC228704 | NA | NA |
Endocalyx grossus | JCM 5164 | HT | MZ313160 | MZ313138 | NA | NA |
Endocalyx grossus | JCM 5165 | – | MZ313159 | MZ313158 | NA | NA |
Endocalyx grossus | JCM 5166 | – | MZ313179 | MZ313171 | NA | NA |
Endocalyx indumentum | JCM 5171 | HT | MZ313153 | MZ313161 | NA | NA |
Endocalyx indumentum | JCM 8042 | – | MZ313162 | MZ313157 | NA | NA |
Endocalyx melanoxanthus | CBS147393 | – | MW718204 | MW718204 | NA | NA |
Endocalyx melanoxanthus | CBS147394 | – | MW718203 | MW718203 | NA | NA |
Endocalyx ptychospermatis | ZHKUCC 21-0008 | HT | MZ493352 | OK513439 | NA | NA |
Endocalyx ptychospermatis | ZHKUCC 21-0009 | HT | MZ493353 | OK513440 | NA | NA |
Endocalyx ptychospermatis | ZHKUCC 21-0010 | HT | MZ493354 | OK513441 | NA | NA |
Entoleuca mammata | JDR 100 | – | GU300072 | NA | GQ844782 | GQ470230 |
Entonaema liquescens | ATCC 46302 | – | KY610389 | KY610443 | KY624253 | KX271248 |
Entosordaria perfidiosa | CBS 142773 | ET | MF488993 | MF488993 | MF489003 | MF489021 |
Entosordaria quercina | RQ/CBS 142774 | HT | MF488994 | MF488994 | MF489004 | MF489022 |
Graphostroma platystomum | CBS 270.87 | HT | JX658535 | AY083827 | KY624296 | HG934108 |
Hypocopra rostrata | NRRL 66178 | – | KM067909 | KM067909 | NA | NA |
Hypocrea gelatinosa | NBRC 104900 | ET | JN943358 | JN941453 | NA | NA |
Hypomontagnella barbarensis | STMA 14081 | HT | MK131720 | MK131718 | MK135891 | MK135893 |
Hypomontagnella monticulosa | MUCL 54604 | ET | KY610404 | KY610487 | KY624305 | KX271273 |
Hypoxylon fragiforme | MUCL51264 | ET | KM186294 | KM186295 | KM186296 | KX271282 |
Hypoxylon investiens | CBS 118185 | – | KC968924 | KY610451 | KY624260 | KC977269 |
Jackrogersella multiformis | CBS 119016 | ET | KC477234 | KT281893 | KY624290 | KX271262 |
Kretzschmaria deusta | CBS 163.93 | – | KC477237 | KY610458 | KY624227 | KX271251 |
Leiosphaerella chromolaenae | CBS 125586 | – | JF440976 | JF440976 | ||
Longiappendispora chromolaenae | MFLUCC 17-1485 | HT | NR_169723 | NG_068714 | NA | NA |
Lopadostoma americanum | LG8 | HT | KC774568 | KC774568 | KC774525 | NA |
Lopadostoma dryophilum | LG21 | ET | KC774570 | KC774570 | KC774526 | MF489023 |
Lopadostoma fagi | LF1 | HT | KC774575 | KC774574 | KC774531 | NA |
Lopadostoma quercicola | LG27 | HT | KC774610 | KC774610 | KC774558 | NA |
Lopadostoma turgidum | LT2 | ET | KC774618 | KC774618 | KC774563 | MF489024 |
Monographella nivalis | UPSC 3273 | – | NA | AF452030 | NA | NA |
Nemania abortiva | BISH 467 | HT | GU292816 | NA | GQ844768 | GQ470219 |
Nemania bipapillata | HAST 90080610 | – | GU292818 | NA | GQ844771 | GQ470221 |
Nemania maritima | HAST 89120401 | ET | GU292822 | NA | GQ844775 | GQ470225 |
Nemania primolutea | HAST 91102001 | HT | EF026121 | NA | GQ844767 | EF025607 |
Obolarina dryophila | MUCL 49882 | – | GQ428316 | GQ428316 | KY624284 | GQ428322 |
Oxydothis frondicola | HKUCC 1001 | – | NA | AY083835 | NA | NA |
Paramphibambusa bambusicola | GMBCC1142 | HT | OR995739 | OR995746 | OR995740 | NA |
Paramphibambusa bambusicola | ZHKUCC 23-0976 | – | OR995741 | OR995748 | OR995739 | NA |
Paraxylaria xylostei | MFLU 17-1636 | – | MW240640 | MW240570 | NA | MW820914 |
Paraxylaria xylostei | MFLU 17-1645 | – | MW240641 | MW240571 | NA | MW820915 |
Phylacia sagrana | CBS 119992 | – | AM749919 | NA | NA | NA |
Podosordaria mexicana | WSP 176 | – | GU324762 | NA | GQ853039 | GQ844840 |
Podosordaria muli | WSP 167 | HT | GU324761 | NA | GQ853038 | GQ844839 |
Poronia pileiformis | WSP 88113001 | ET | GU324760 | NA | GQ853037 | GQ502720 |
Poronia punctata | CBS 656.78 | HT | KT281904 | KY610496 | KY624278 | KX271281 |
Pyrenopolyporus nicaraguensis | CBS 117739 | – | AM749922 | KY610489 | KY624307 | KC977272 |
Rhopalostroma angolense | CBS 126414 | – | KY610420 | KY610459 | KY624228 | KX271277 |
Rosellinia aquila | MUCL 51703 | – | KY610392 | KY610460 | KY624285 | KX271253 |
Rosellinia corticium | MUCL 51693 | – | KY610393 | KY610461 | KY624229 | KX271254 |
Rostrohypoxylon terebratum | CBS 119137 | HT | DQ631943 | DQ840069 | DQ631954 | DQ840097 |
Ruwenzoria pseudoannulata | MUCL 51394 | HT | KY610406 | KY610494 | KY624286 | KX271278 |
Sarcoxylon compunctum | CBS 359.61 | – | KT281903 | KY610462 | KY624230 | KX271255 |
Seynesia erumpens | SMH 1291 | – | NA | AF279410 | AY641073 | NA |
Stilbohypoxylon quisquiliarum | YMJ 172 | – | EF026119 | NA | GQ853020 | EF025605 |
Thamnomyces dendroideus | CBS 123578 | – | FN428831 | KY610467 | KY624232 | KY624313 |
Vialaea mangiferae | MFLUCC 12-0808 | HT | KF724974 | KF724975 | NA | NA |
Vialaea minutella | BRIP 56959 | – | KC181926 | KC181924 | NA | NA |
Xylaria hypoxylon | CBS 122620 | ET | KY610407 | KY610495 | KY624231 | KX271279 |
Zygosporium oscheoides | MFLUCC 14-0402 | – | MF621585 | MF621589 | NA | NA |
Maximum likelihood (ML) analysis was performed by RAxML-HPC2 on XSEDE (8.2.12) (
The combined dataset comprised 107 strains (Table
The final RAxML tree (Fig.
The RAxML tree was generated based on the combined ITS, LSU, rpb2, and tub sequence data. Bootstrap support values for ML equal to or greater than 60%, and Bayesian posterior probabilities (BYPP) equal to or higher than 0.90 are indicated above the nodes as ML/PP. Type materials are indicated by superscript “T”, while the newly generated sequences are shown in red.
In reference to a new genus is morphologically similar to Amphibambusa, but phylogenetically distinct.
Saprobic on bamboo culms. Sexual morph: Ascomata deeply immersed beneath poorly developed clypeus, solitary, scattered, black, globose to subglobose, ostiolate, with a long neck. Peridium composed of several layers, thick-walled, hyaline to pale brown cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses hyaline, numerous, filiform to cylindrical, guttulate, branched, septate, tapering towards the apex. Asci 8-spored, rarely 6-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, short pedicellate, straight or slightly curved, rounded at the apex, with an elliptical to trapezoidal, J+ sub-apical ring. Ascospores uniseriate or overlapping uniseriate, hyaline to golden brown, ellipsoidal, guttulate, 2–3-celled, tapering at the ends, slightly constricted at the septum, smooth-walled, surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Paramphibambusa bambusicola L.S. Han & D.Q. Dai
A monotypic genus Paramphibambusa is introduced based on its different morphological characteristics and the support of phylogenetic affinity with the other members in Cainiaceae. The morphological characteristics of Paramphibambusa resemble Amphibambusa in having dark clypeus, immersed, globose to subglobose ascomata, unitunicate, short pedicellate asci with a J+, and sub-apical ring, and 1-septate ascospores, surrounded by a thick mucilaginous sheath (
With reference to its occurrence on host bamboo.
GMB-W1350.
Saprobic on dead culms of bamboo. Sexual morph: Ascomata 430–580 × 500–550 µm (x– = 474 × 519 µm, n = 20), deeply immersed beneath blackened poorly developed clypeus, solitary, scattered, black, globose to subglobose, ostiolate, with a long neck, 50–125 µm diam., 240–260 µm long. Peridium 15–25 µm thick, composed of several layers, thick-walled, hyaline to pale brown cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses 2–5.5 µm wide, hyaline, numerous, filiform to cylindrical, guttulate, branched, septate, tapering towards the apex. Asci 200–240 × 10–13.5 µm (x– = 215 × 11.5 µm, n = 20), 8-spored, rarely 6-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, short pedicellate, straight or slightly curved, rounded at the apex, with a 3–4 µm wide, 1.5–2 µm high (x– = 3.6 × 1.7 µm, n = 20), elliptical to trapezoidal, J+, sub-apical ring. Ascospores 24–35 × 6–7.5 µm (x– = 27 × 6.6 µm, n = 20), uniseriate or overlapping uniseriate, hyaline to golden brown, ellipsoidal, 2–3-celled, tapering at the ends, slightly constricted at the septum, smooth-walled, surrounded by a 9–12 µm mucilaginous sheath. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Ascospores germinating within 24 h. Colonies reaching 45 mm diam. in 20 days under dark and at 28 °C conditions, circular, flocculent, yellowish from above and below.
Paramphibambusa bambusicola (GMB-W1350, holotype) a bamboo specimen b black ostioles at the host surface c transverse section of ascomata d, e vertical section of ascomata with long necks and black clypeus f cells of peridium g paraphyses h–k asci l asci with J+, elliptical to trapezoidal, subapical ring (stained in Melzer’s reagent) m–s ascospores (s ascospore stained in Indian ink showing mucilaginous sheath) t a germinating ascospore u, v cultures on PDA after 20 days (u upper, v reverse). Scale bars: 300 µm (d, e); 15 µm (f, l–t); 30 µm (g); 50 µm (h–k).
China, Yunnan Province, Zhaotong, Zhenxiong town, 27°36′8"N, 104°56′34"E, 1673.07 m, on dead culms of bamboo, 29 July 2021, Dong-Qin Dai, Li-Su Han, DDQ02077, (GMB-W1350, holotype), GMBCC1142, ex-type; ibid. (ZHKU 23-0256, isotype), GZCC 23-0629, ex-isotype; Zhaotong, Zhenxiong town, Shanzhai, 27°62′52"N, 104°81′98"E, 1666.10 m, on dead culms of bamboo, 4 August 2023, Dong-Qin Dai, Li-Su Han, HLS0114 (ZHKU 23-0257), living culture Z
In the phylogenetic tree, Paramphibambusa bambusicola formed a stable clade basal to the other species of Cainiaceae with 90% ML, and 1.00 PP statistical supports (Fig.
The genus Arecophila is characterized by immersed ascomata, usually with a clypeus, unitunicate, cylindrical asci, commonly producing an apical ring, and ascospores with longitudinal striation or a verrucose wall, and surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath (
Named after the location “Xishuangbanna” where the new taxon was discovered.
GMB-W1283.
Saprobic on dead culms of bamboo. Sexual morph: Ascomata 540–700 × 320–450 µm (x– = 586 × 389 µm, n = 20), immersed beneath a black clypeus, forming white ring surrounding ostioles of ascomata, solitary or scattered, sometimes gregarious, globose to subglobose, dark brown to black. Ostioles papillate, central, black. Peridium 15–25 µm thick, comprised of several layers, thick-walled, dense, brown to hyaline, cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses 2.5–6 μm wide, hyaline, numerous, cylindrical, unbranched, septate. Asci 180–270 × 12–14 μm (x– = 213 × 12.8 μm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, pedicellate, straight or slightly curved, apically rounded, with a 3.7–4.7 μm wide, 2.5–3 μm high (x– = 4.3 × 2.7 μm, n = 20), wedge-shaped, J+, apical ring. Ascospores 23–27 × 8.5–9.5 μm (x– = 24.5 × 8.8 μm, n = 20), overlapping, uniseriate, initially hyaline, pale brown to dark brown when mature, ellipsoidal, medianly 1-septate, tapering towards both ends, slightly constricted at the septum, with longitudinal striation along entire length of the ascospore, surrounded by a 3.5–5 µm thick, distinct, globose to subglobose, mucilaginous sheath. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Arecophila xishuangbannaensis (GMB-W1283, holotype) a bamboo specimen b, c appearance of ostioles on host surface d–f vertical sections of ascomata g peridium h paraphyses i–m asci n asci with J+, wedge-shaped rings (Stained in Melzer’s reagent) o–t ascospores (s showing ascospore with longitudinal striations t ascospore stained in Indian ink showing mucilaginous sheath). Scale bars: 300 μm (d–f); 20 μm (g); 30 μm (h); 50 μm (i–m); 15 μm (n–t).
China, Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna, Jinghong, Manzhang, Mengla, 21°91′97"N, 101°20′42"E, 617.14 m, on dead culms of bamboo, 16 August 2020, Dong-Qin Dai, Li-Su Han, DDQ00993, (GMB-W1283 holotype), ibid. (ZHKU 23-0258, isotype), ibid. DDQ00993-1 (ZHKU 23-0280).
In the phylogenetic tree, our new collections of Arecophila xishuangbannaensis (GMB-W1283, ZHKU 23-0280) formed a well-separated sister branch with A. bambusae (
Named after the location “Zhaotong” where the new taxon was discovered.
GMB-W1353.
Saprobic on dead culms of bamboo. Sexual morph: Ascomata 600–960 × 450–550 µm (x– = 710 × 500 µm, n = 20), immersed beneath blackened clypeus, clypeus well-developed, darkened raised discs, or as tiny ostiolar dots, solitary, scattered, sometimes gregarious, dark brown to black, globose to subglobose, papillate, with a central ostiole. Peridium 15–25 µm thick, comprising several layers, thick-walled, brown cells of textura angularis. Paraphyses 1–3 µm wide, hyaline, numerous, filiform, branched. Asci 190–240 × 10.5–14 µm (x– = 215 × 11.6 µm, n = 20), 4- or 8-spored, rarely 6-spored, cylindrical, unitunicate, short pedicellate, straight or slightly curved, rounded at the apex, with a 4–4.5 μm wide, 2–2.5 µm high (x– = 4.2 × 2.2 µm, n = 20), trapezoidal, J+, apical ring. Ascospores 21–30 × 6–8 µm (x– = 25.5 × 7 µm, n = 20), uniseriate or overlapping uniseriate, brown, ellipsoidal, 1-septate, septate at the centre, slightly tapering at the ends, with longitudinal and sulcate striations, surrounded by a 5–10.5 µm wide, distinct, oval to spherical, mucilaginous sheath. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Ascospores germinating within 24 h. Colonies reach 20 mm diam. in 15 days under dark and at 28 °C conditions, circular, hairy, white from above, and yellow to yellowish from below.
Arecophila zhaotongensis (GMB-W1353, holotype) a bamboo specimen b, c appearance of ostioles at the host surface d, e vertical sections of ascomata with ostioles and black clypei f peridium g paraphyses h–m asci n, o asci with a J+ trapezoidal ring (stained in Melzer’s reagent) p–t ascospores surrounded by mucilaginous sheath (t ascospore with longitudinal striations) u a germinating ascospore v, w cultures on PDA after 15 days (v upper, w reverse). Scale bars: 300 µm (d, e); 30 µm (f, g); 50 µm (h–m); 15 µm (n–u).
China, Yunnan Province, Diqin, Shangri-La, Bigu Mountain, on dead culms of bamboo, 22 July 2020, 27°36′56.9"N, 99°42′6.4"E, 3460 m, Dong-Qin Dai DDQ00740 (ZHKU 23-0261); Zhaotong, Zhenxiong S302, 27°36′8"N, 104°56′34"E, 1673.07 m, on dead culms of bamboo, 29 July 2021, Dong-Qin Dai, Li-Su Han, DDQ02079, (GMB-W1353, holotype), GMBCC1145, ex-type; ibid. (ZHKU 23-0259, isotype), Z
In the phylogenetic tree, the new species A. zhaotongensis (GMBCC 1145, ZHKU 23-0259, ZHKU 23-0260) formed a separated sister branch to A. bambusae (
Paramphibambusa forms deeply immersed, dark ascomata, with a long neck, J+ asci and smooth-walled ascospores. Interestingly, genera in Cainiaceae usually form ascospores with longitudinal striations or germ slits or germ pores, however, these characters were not observed in our new collection (GMB-W1350). Hence, we introduced the new genus Paramphibambusa in Cainiaceae based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses (Fig.
Currently, some species in the Cainiaceae are monospecific, such as Longiappendispora (
Atrotorquata was introduced as a monotypic genus by
Eighteen epithets were listed in Arecophila (
The authors are grateful to High-Level Talent Recruitment Plan of Yunnan Provinces (“Young Talents” Program and “High-End Foreign Experts” Program), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.31760013, 32100010 and 32060710), Mee-mann Chang Academician Workstation in Yunnan Province, (Grant No. 202205AF150002), and Science and technology plan project of Science and Technology Department of Yunnan Province (Grant No. 202305AC350252, 20210BA070001-076), Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Department of Education of the Deep-Time Evolution on Biodiversity from the Origin of the Pearl River for support. We are grateful to Dr. Shaun Pennycook for suggestions of Latin names for the new taxa. Li-Su Han would like to thank Tian-Ye Du for helping with phylogenetic analyses. The authors extend their appreciation to the Researchers supporting Project Number (RSP2024R120) King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Kazuaki Tanaka would like to thank the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS, 23K05900).
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
No ethical statement was reported.
National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.31760013, 32100010 and 32060710), Mee-mann Chang Academician Workstation in Yunnan Province, (Grant No. 202205AF150002), Science and technology plan project of Science and Technology Department of Yunnan Province (Grant No. 202305AC350252, 20210BA070001-076), and Researchers Supporting Project Number (RSP2024R120), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Data curation: QL, NNW, CL. Formal analysis: AME. Methodology: KT, LHH. Software: SAR. Writing - original draft: LSH. Writing - review and editing: DQD, IP.
Li-Su Han https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5380-9928
Nalin N. Wijayawardene https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0522-5498
Chao Liu https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6811-2218
Li-Hong Han https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6127-0915
Itthayakorn Promputtha https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3376-4376
Qiang Li https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9735-8214
Abdallah M. Elgorban https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3664-7853
Salim Al-Rejaie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9254-1087
Kazuaki Tanaka https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7037-0774
Dong-Qin Dai https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8935-8807
All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.