Research Article |
Corresponding author: Bo Zhang ( zhangbofungi@126.com ) Corresponding author: Yu Li ( fungi966@126.com ) Academic editor: Samantha C. Karunarathna
© 2024 Zheng-Xiang Qi, Ke-Qing Qian, Lei Yue, Li-Bo Wang, Di-Zhe Guo, Dong-Mei Wu, Neng Gao, Bo Zhang, Yu Li.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Qi Z-X, Qian K-Q, Yue L, Wang L-B, Guo D-Z, Wu D-M, Gao N, Zhang B, Li Y (2024) New species, new records and common species of Pluteus sect. Celluloderma from northern China. In: Wijayawardene N, Karunarathna S, Fan X-L, Li Q-R (Eds) Taxonomy and secondary metabolites of wood-associated fungi. MycoKeys 104: 91-112. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.104.117841
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Wood-rotting fungi are organisms that can decompose wood substrates and extract nutrients from them to support their growth. They play a crucial role in the material cycle of forest ecosystems. The genus Pluteus plays a significant role in wood decomposition. In this study, the morphology and molecular systematics of the sect. Celluloderma of the genus Pluteus were carried out. Pluteus brunneodiscus was identified as a new species, along with the discovery of two new records, P. cystidiosus and P. chrysophlebius, and a common species, P. romellii. Pluteus brunneodiscus is characterized by the brown center of the pileus that transitions to white towards the margins, with the surface cracking to form irregular granules. It is typically found in Populus forests growing on decomposing twigs or wood chips. Line drawings, color photographs, and phylogenetic analyses of related species within the genus Pluteus accompany the descriptions of these four species. The analyses are based on ITS + TEF1-α sequence data. Finally, a key for the twenty species within the sect. Celluloderma of the genus Pluteus, which has been documented in China, is provided.
Line drawings, morphology, phylogeny, wood-rotting fungi
The genus Pluteus Fr., which belongs to the Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes, Agaricales, Pluteaceae, was established by Fries in 1863. The genus Pluteus is characterized by its free lamellae, pinkish spore print, inverse hymenophoral trama, smooth spherical to ellipsoidal basidiospores, various forms of pleurocystidia, and often cheilocystidia. It is predominantly found on decaying wood and has a global distribution (
The genus Pluteus was categorized into three sections based on the characteristics of the cystidia and pileipellis viz. (1) sect. Pluteus Fr is characterized by the existence of a cutis pileipellis and thick-walled pleurocystidia, (2) sect. Hispidoderma Fayod is characterized by a pileipellis that is a trichoderm composed of elongated cells and thin-walled pleurocystidia and (3) sect. Celluloderma Fayod is characterized by a pileipellis that is a hymeniderm or hymeniderm with cystidioid elements, comprising of clavate to spheropedunculate cells and thin-walled pleurocystidia (
Singer further subdivided Pluteu s sect. Celluloderma into two subsections based on the composition of the pileipellis: subsect. Mixtini Singer, is characterized by elongated elements, and subsect. Eucellulodermini Singer is characterized by the absence of such elements (
Recent studies (
In the current investigation, a new species, (P. brunneodiscus), two new records to China, (P. chrysophlebius and P. cystidiosus), and a common species, (P. romellii) are described. Detailed descriptions and illustrations are provided for the four species, along with clarification of the phylogenetic relationships of the identified species and related taxa from the genus Pluteus sect. Celluloderma.
In the field, photographs of fresh basidiomata were taken to scientifically and adequately reflect the growing environment and characteristics of the basidiomata, including the shape of the pileus, the color of the lamellae, and Munsell Soil Color Chart was followed for color codes (
The observation of microstructural features was based on dried specimens. The dry specimens were rehydrated in 94% ethanol for microscopic examination and then mounted in 3% potassium hydroxide (KOH), 1% Congo Red, and Melzer’s Reagent, using a light microscope (ZEISS, DM1000, Oberkochen, Germany). Specifically, the following symbols were used in the description: [n/m/p] indicates that ‘n’ randomly selected basidiospores from ‘m’ basidiomata of ‘p’ collections were measured, ‘avl’ means the average length of basidiospores, except for the extreme values, ‘avw’ refers to the average width of the basidiospores, except the extreme values, ‘Q’ represents the quotient of the length and width of a single basidiospore inside view, ‘Qm’ refers to the average Q value of all basidiospores ± standard deviation. The dimensions for basidiospores are given as (a)b–c(d). The range of b–c contains a minimum of 90% of the measured values. Extreme values (i.e., a and b) are given in parentheses (
According to the instructions, the total DNA of the specimens was extracted by the new plant genomic DNA extraction kit from Jiangsu Kangwei Century Biotechnology Limited Company, P.R. China. Subsequently, sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, and translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1-α) were used for phylogenetic analyses. The amplification primers of the nr ITS: ITS1–5.8S–ITS2 regions were ITS1F and ITS4/ITS4B (
The species that were morphologically similar to new species, newly recorded species, and common species, and have high sequence similarity after blast were selected (
Names, collection numbers, reported countries and corresponding GenBank accession numbers of the taxa used in this study.
Taxon | Collection | Country | GenBank No. | Reference | |
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ITS | TEF1-α | ||||
Pluteus absconditus | iNaturalist 112240775 | USA (TN) | OR229047 | OR242143 |
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P. absconditus | MO 136488 | USA (TN) | KM983689 | OR242144 |
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P. aff. ephebeus | BPI 882530 | USA-Illinois | JQ065025 | – |
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P. aff. ephebeus | BPI 882531 | USA-Illinois | JQ065026 | – |
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P. aff. ephebeus | HHB1213 | USA-New Mexico | KM983670 | – |
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P. aff. ephebeus | AJ478 | USA-Vigin Islands | KM983675 | – |
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P. aff. ephebeus | AJ535 | Dominican Republic | KM983676 | – |
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P. aletaiensis | HMJAU 60207 | China | OM991943 | OP573273 |
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P. aletaiensis | HMJAU 60208 | China | OM992247 | OP573274 |
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P. aurantiorugosus | GDGM41547 | China | MK791275 | – |
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P. aurantiorugosus | LE 312815 | Russia (Europe) | ON864103 | ON813296 |
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P. austrofulvus | AJ 857 | USA, Arkansas | KM983701 | ON813290 |
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P. austrofulvus | AJ 860 | USA, Arkansas | KM983699 | ON813288 |
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P. brunneidiscus | HMJAU 60206 | China | OM991893 | – |
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P. brunneidiscus | HMJAU 60210 | China | OM943513 | – |
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P. cervinus | REG 13641 | USA | HM562152 | – |
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P. cf. nanus | LE 213093 | Russia | FJ774081 | – | Justo et al. 2011 |
P. cf. ephebeus | LOU15198 | Spain | KM983671 | – |
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P. cf. ephebeus | Shaffer4673 | France | HM562080 | – |
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P. cf. ephebeus | Pearson sn | England | HM562198 | – |
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P. cf. ephebeus | 9823 | Italy | JF908620 | – |
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P. cf. ephebeus | 10151 | Italy | JF908621 | – |
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P. cf. fastigiatus | NKI12 | Brazil | KM983678 | – |
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P. cf. fuliginosus | FK2158 | Brazil | KM983677 | – |
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P. chrysophlebius | TNSF12383 | Japan | HM562125 | – |
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P. chrysophlebius | SF10 (BPI) | USA (IL) | HM562180 | – |
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P. chrysophlebius | TNSF12388 | Japan | HM562088 | – |
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P. chrysophlebius | SF12 (BPI) | USA (IL) | HM562182 | – |
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P. chrysophlebius | SF11 (SIU) | USA (IL) | HM562181 | – |
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P. chrysophlebius | FJAU66561 | China | OR994065 | PP062824 | This study |
P. cutefractus | BRNM825872 | Spain | OR229050 | OR242162 |
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P. cutefractus | GM 3458 | Spain | OR229048 | OR242165 |
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P. cutefractus | FG 26092015 | Slovenia | OR229053 | OR242164 |
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P. cystidiosus | LE 312852 | Russia (Far East) | OR229063 | OR242175 |
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P. cystidiosus | LE 313335 | Russia (Far East) | OR229062 | OR242174 |
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P. cystidiosus | AJ 782 (NBM-F-009790) | USA (MA) | KM983687 | OR242171 |
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P. cystidiosus | AJ 617 (NBM-F-009788) | USA (NY) | KM983686 | OR242173 |
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P. cystidiosus | FJAU66556 | China | OR994068 | PP062825 | This study |
P. cystidiosus | FJAU66557 | China | PP002166 | PP062826 | This study |
P. diptychocystis | NMJ184 | Brazil | KM983674 | – |
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P. ephebeus | AJ234 | Spain | HM562044 | – |
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P. fenzlii | TNSF12376 | Japan | HM562091 | – |
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P. fenzlii | F1020647 | Slovakia | HM562111 | – |
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P. fenzlii | LE 246083 | Russia | FJ774082 | – |
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P. fulvibadius | AJ 815 | USA, California | KM983698 | ON813285 |
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P. fulvibadius | HRL3391 | Canada, Québec | ON864094 | ON813287 |
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P. gausapatus | BRNM817745 | South Korea | OR229067 | OR242177 |
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P. gausapatus | BRNM817745 | South Korea | OR229067 | OR242177 |
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P. halonatus | FK2084 | Brazil | KM983680 | – |
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P. halonatus | NKI17 | Brazil | KM983679 | – |
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P. heteromarginatus | AJ172 | USA | HM562058 | – |
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P. hirtellus | SFSU:DED 8259 | West Africa | MG968804 | – |
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P. inconspicuus | PDD 72485 | New Zealand | MN738614 | – |
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P. inflatus | BRNM817761 | Czech Republic | OR229033 | OR242136 |
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P. inflatus | BRNM825836 | Czech Republic | OR229035 | OR242132 |
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P. inflatus | BRNM825837 | Czech Republic | OR229036 | OR242133 |
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P. insidiosus | 15120 | Italy | JF908626 | – |
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P. longistriatus | Minnis309203 | USA | HM562082 | – |
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P. lucidus | LE F-347426 | Russia | OQ732746 | – |
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P. mammillatus | Singer244A | USA-Florida | HM562120 | – |
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P. mammillatus | Minnis309202 | USA-Missouri | HM562086 | – |
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P. mammillatus | ASM7916 | USA-Missouri | HM562119 | – |
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P. brunneodiscus | FJAU66132 | China | PP002168 | PP062821 | This study |
P. brunneodiscus | FJAU66133 | China | PP002169 | PP062822 | This study |
P. brunneodiscus | FJAU66134 | China | PP002167 | PP062823 | This study |
P. parvisporus | AJ 855 | USA, Arkansas | ON864099 | ON813295 |
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P. parvisporus | iNaturalist 112236342 | USA, Tennessee | ON864098 | ON813294 |
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P. phlebophorus | AJ 81(NBM-F-009110) | Spain | HM562039 | ON133554 |
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P. phlebophorus | AJ228 (LOU) | Spain | HM562138 | – |
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P. phlebophorus | AJ194 (LOU) | Spain | HM562137 | – |
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P. phlebophorus | AJ193 (LOU) | Spain | HM562144 | – |
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P. plautus | P59 | USA-California | KF306016 | – |
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P. podospileus | LE 303682 | Russia (South Siberia) | KX216331 | OR242169 |
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P. podospileus | LE 303687 | Russia (South Siberia) | KX216332 | OR242168 |
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P. podospileus | LE 313589 | Russia (South Siberia) | OR229060 | OR242167 |
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P. riberaltensis var. conquistensis | FK1043 | Brazil | HM562162 | – |
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P. romellii | AJ 232 | Spain | HM562062 | ON813280 |
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P. romellii | BRNM 761731 | Czech Republic | ON864065 | ON813278 |
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P. romellii | BRNM 816205 | Czech Republic | ON864063 | ON813276 |
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P. romellii | BRNM 825845 | Slovakia | ON864070 | ON813281 |
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P. romellii | FJAU66558 | China | OR994057 | PP062827 | This study |
P. romellii | FJAU66559 | China | OR994061 | PP062828 | This study |
P. rugosidiscus | BRNM761706 | Slovakia | MH010876 | LT991752 |
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P. rugosidiscus | Homola109 (MICH) | USA (MI) | HM562079 | – |
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Pluteus sp. | SP394389 | USA | HM562161 | – |
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Pluteus sp. | iNaturalist 27406926 (NBM-F-009806) | USA (IN) | ON006984 | OR242176 |
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P. squarrosus | GDGM 42320 | China | MK791274 | – |
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P. squarrosus | GDGM 42302 | China | MK791273 | – |
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P. thomsonii | LE 303662 | Russia | KX216329 | – |
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P. tomentosulus | MO163564 | USA-Pennsylvania | KM983673 | – |
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P. tomentosulus | MO93719 | USA-Oregon | KM983672 | – |
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V. michiganensis | HMJAU-CR45 | China | MW242665 | – |
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Volvopluteus michiganensis | HMJAU-CR43 | China | MW242664 | – |
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For obtaining ITS + TEF1-α datasets of related species, sequence alignment was initially performed for ITS and TEF1-α using the “automatic” strategy and normal alignment mode of MACSE V2.03 (
This study’s nrITS dataset comprises 93 sequences and 650 characters (gaps included). The TEF1-α dataset comprises 41 sequences and 530 characters (gaps included). The combined nrITS + TEF1-α dataset consists of 134 sequences and 1180 characters, including gaps. Of these, 16 sequences (8 nrITS and 8 TEF1-α) were newly generated in this study (Table
For clarity and brevity, we use the term “strongly supported” for a clade/relation that receives a bootstrap (BS) 90 and a posterior probability (PP) = 1, and “well supported” if it receives a BS 70 and a PP of 0.95. The individual support values are shown in Fig.
Phylogenetic tree of the sect. Celluloderma of the genus Pluteus. The best tree from the ML and BI analysis of the nrITS + TEF1-α dataset. The two values of internal nodes respectively represent the maximum likelihood bootstrap (MLBP)/Bayesian posterior probability (BIPP). This study species is in bold and red font.
Within the sect. Celluloderma, six strongly supported clades are recovered in the combined nrITS + TEF1-α dataset:
China. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Tekes County, Aktamu Wetland, 43°15'22.61"N, 81°75'90.21"E, alt. 1243 m, 6 July 2022, Z.X. Qi (FJAU 66134, holotype!).
“brunneo-”: brown, “-discus”: pileus disc. The species epithet “brunneodiscus” (Lat.) refers to the brown of the middle part of the pileus disc.
Pluteus brunneodiscus differs from P. tomentosulus by its brown pileus in the middle, transitioning to white toward the margins, and the surface cracks to form irregular granules. It grows in poplar forests (Populus alba var. pyramidalis Bge) with decaying wood branches or chips.
Basidiomata medium to large. Pileus 39–71 mm in diam, initially compressed hemispherical, surface with dense brown irregular granules (5.0YR 5/2), dirty white (5.0YR 9/2), middle brown (5.0YR 4/4), margin entire, gradually spreading at maturity, pileus middle dark brown (5.0YR 3/6), margin irregularly dehiscent at maturity or after hygrophanous. Context whitish (5.0YR 9/2), odorless, 3–6 mm thick. Lamellae initially dirty white (5.0YR 9/2), becoming flesh-brown to earth-brown at maturity (5.0YR 8/4- 5.0YR 6/4), free, dense, thick, unequal, slightly ventricose, 6–7 mm wide. Stipe 37–55 mm long, 8–11 mm wide, dirty white (5.0YR 9/2), cylindrical, slightly thicker at the base, fibrous, with white longitudinal stripes on the surface. Odorless. Spore prints pink.
Basidiospores [120, 12, 3] (–6.5) 7.0–7.5 (–8.0) × 5.0–6.0 (–6.5) µm, avL × avW = 7.0 × 6.0 µm, Q = 1.16–1.30–1.45 µm, avQ = 1.16 µm, globose, subglobose, slightly pink, smooth, thin-walled, non-dextrinoid, partially containing one droplet or irregular inclusions. Basidia 25–32 × 7–11 μm, fusiform to clavate, thin-walled, 4–sterigmate, and hyaline in KOH. Pleurocystidia abundant, scattered, 55–102 × 22–36 μm, vesicular to narrowly vesicular, or clavate, thin-walled, smooth, and hyaline in KOH. Cheilocystidia abundant, clustered, 41–79 × 18–29 μm, subfusiform to fusiform, or ventrally bulbous, apically broadly digitate 15–23 μm long, thin-walled, hyaline. Lamellar trama divergent. Pileipellis a cutis to trichodermium, hyphae 4–10 µm diam, cylindrical, hyaline, non-gelatinous; terminal cells inflated, 62–91 × 22–31 μm, obtusely rounded or pointed apically, thin-walled, with brown cytoplasmic pigments. Stipitipellis a cutis, hyphae 5–9 µm diam, cylindrical, hyaline, non-incrusted, non-gelatinous, thin-walled. Caulocystidia absent. Clamp connections absent in all tissues.
Solitary to scattered on the ground in the broad-leaved forests (Populus alba var. pyramidalis Bge) with decaying wood branches or wood chips. Known from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China.
China. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Tekes County, Aktamu Wetland, 43°15'22.61"N, 81°75'90.21"E, alt. 1243 m, 6 July 2022, Z.X. Qi, D.M. Wu, N. Gao and B.K. Cui, FJAU 66132 (ITS: PP002168, TEF1-α: PP062821). China. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Tekes County, Aktamu Wetland, 43°15'22.61"N, 81°75'90.21"E, alt. 1243 m, 6 July 2022, Z.X. Qi, FJAU 66133 (ITS: PP002169, TEF1-α: PP062822).
Morphologically, Pluteus brunneodiscus is very similar to P. tomentosulus in having a white pileus. The difference lies in the surface texture, as P. tomentosulus has a very finely granular-tomentose surface that becomes bald at maturity, while P. brunneodiscus features a brown center of the pileus, transitioning to white toward the margins, with the surface cracking to form irregular granules (
In phylogenetic analyses, P. brunneodiscus clusters in the ephebeus clade as a sister species to P. aff. ephebeus, and has a support ratio of 1/100. However, the pileus of P. aff. ephebeus are sooty, shield-shaped fruiting bodies with pubescent or downy surfaces. They grow on rotting wood or stumps and are widely distributed in Britain and Ireland (
Pluteus seticeps var. cystidiosus Minnis and Sundberg N. Amer. Fung. 5(1): 13 (2010). Syn.
Basidiomata medium to large. Pileus 25–41 mm in diam, compressed hemispherical, surface spreading when young, surface with longitudinal vein-like folds from middle to margin when mature, margin mostly transverse folds, light brown to dark brown (5.0YR 5/6-5.0YR 4/12), margin entire. Context dirty white (2.5YR 9/4), odorless, 5–8 mm thick. Lamellae dirty white (2.5YR 9/4), free, dense, thick, unequal, ventricose, 15–18 mm wide. Stipe 30–41 mm long, 12–17 mm wide, cylindrical, slightly thicker at the base, hollow, fibrous, with brown serpentine or crumbly scales on the surface (2.5YR 9/2). Odorless. Spore prints pink.
Basidiospores [200, 10, 2] (–5.0) 5.5–6.0 (–6.5) × (–4.5) 5.0–5.5 μm, avL × avW = 6.0 × 5.0 µm, Q = 1.10–1.20–1.30 μm, avQ = 1.20 μm, spherical, subglobose, slightly pink, smooth, thin-walled, non-dextrinoid, partially containing one droplet or irregular inclusions. Basidia 23–31 × 7–10 μm, clavate, thin-walled, 4-sterigmate, and hyaline in KOH. Pleurocystidia abundant, scattered, 55–102 × 22–36 μm, rod-shaped or subpyriform, vesicular, thin-walled, smooth, and hyaline in KOH. Cheilocystidia abundant, clustered, 37–60 × 15–22 μm, clavate, fusiform or vesicular, thin-walled. Lamellar trama divergent. Pileipellis a hymeniderm or epithelioid hymeniderm, made up of two types of elements; spheropedunculate or pyriform, 27–55 × 24–34 μm; broadly fusiform, inflated-fusiform, lanceolate, narrowly utriform, often mucronate, 56–105 × 11–23 μm; all elements with brown intracellular pigment, often aggregated in spots, slightly thick-walled. Stipitipellis a cutis of cylindrical, hyphae 8–11 μm wide, with pale brown pigment. Caulocystidia common, often in clusters, 36–112 × 9–20 μm, cylindrical, narrowly clavate, narrowly fusiform, spheropedunculate, with brown or yellow-brown pigment. Clamp connections absent in all studied tissues.
Scattered on decaying wood in mixed coniferous forests (Pinus koraiensis Siebold and Zucc).
Canada, the USA, Japan, Russian Far East.
China. Heilongjiang Province, Liangshui National Nature Reserve. 47°11'22.24"N, 128°47'89.11"E, 23 June 2019, D.Z. Guo, FJAU 66556 (ITS: OR994068, TEF1-α: PP062825). China. Heilongjiang Province, Liangshui National Nature Reserve. 47°11'22.24"N, 128°47'89.11"E, 28 June 2019, D.Z. Guo, FJAU 66557 (ITS: PP002166, TEF1-α: PP062826).
Note.
The phylogenetic tree also supports the results of our morphological study, showing that our specimens are clustered in the same branch as those from the USA and Russia, with a support ratio of 1/100.
Agaricus chrysophlebius Berk. and M.A. Curtis 1859. Syn.
Basidiomata medium. Pileus 15–22 mm in diameter, surface not spreading, irregularly pitted, smooth, central part umbo, wrinkled or veined, yellow to bright yellow (5.0Y 9/12-5.0Y 9/20), with a hyaline stripe in the central part 3/4 of the way toward the margin, margin entire. Context yellowish (5.0Y 9/8), odor inconspicuous. Lamellae yellow to brownish yellow (5.0Y 9/6- 5.0Y 9/8), free, dense, thick, unequal, ventricose, 6–8 mm wide. Stipe 25–42 mm long, 4–6 mm wide, cylindrical, slightly thicker at the base, fibrous, bright yellow to yellow (5.0Y 9/10-5.0Y 9/18), smooth, with white tomentose dense cilia at the base. Odorless. Spore prints pink.
Basidiospores [90, 3, 1] 5.5–6.0 × (–4.5) 5.0–5.5 μm, avL × avW = 6.0 × 5.0 µm, Q = 1.09–1.20–1.33 μm, avQ = 1.20 μm, globose, subglobose, slightly pinkish, smooth, thinly walled, non-dextrinoid, partially containing one droplet or irregular inclusions. Basidia 23–34 × 7–11 μm, clavate, thin-walled, 4-sterigmate, and hyaline in KOH. Pleurocystidia scattered, 52–78 × 15–24 μm, broad and long-necked vase-like, partly with a long neck, neck with inclusions, thin-walled, smooth, and hyaline in KOH. Chilocystidia abundant, clustered, smaller, 45–66 × 14–21 μm, similar to pleurocystidia, long-necked vase-shaped to fusiform, thin-walled. Lamellar trama divergent. Pileipellis an euhymeniderm of spheropedunculate and subglobose elements 28–67 × 18–41 μm, with brown or light brown, at the center brown to dark brown. Stipitipellis a cutis, hyphae 5–9 μm wide, hyaline, non-gelatinous, thin-walled. Caulocystidia absent. Clamp connections absent in all tissues.
Solitary on decaying wood in mixed coniferous forests.
North America, South America.
Pluteus chrysophlebius was first reported in China. It can be distinguished from other yellow-pileus species such as P. admirabilis (Peck) Peck, P. aurantiacus Murrill, P. melleus Murrill, and P. rugosidiscus Murrill by its yellowish pileus and stipe, as well as its bald pileus texture (
In the phylogenetic tree, P. chrysophlebius formed a cluster with TNSF12383 and TNSF12388 in Asia and was sister to SF10-SF12 in the United States, with strong support for both clades.
Agaricus romellii Britzelm., Hymenomyceten aus Südbayern VIII: 5 (1891). Syn.
Basidiomata medium to large. Pileus 20–56 mm broad, compressed hemispherical to spreading, surface with vein-like projections extending to the pileus margin, often with striated dehiscence, with a greasy or almost waxy texture, brown to yellowish-brown (7.5YR 8/8-7.5YR 6/12), margins wavy dehiscence with translucent-striate. Context light yellow (7.5YR 8/12), odorless, 2–3 mm thick. Lamellae yellowish (10.0YR 8/10), free, medium dense, unequal, entire, ventricose, 5–7 mm wide. Stipe 26–41 mm long and 4–8 mm wide, cylindrical, slightly thicker at the base, fibrous, upper part of the stipe white to yellowish (10.0YR 9/8-10.0YR 7/12), smooth, lower part of the stipe with white tomentum, yellow to yellow-brown (10.0YR 8/8-10.0YR 8/12). Odorless. Spore print pale pink.
Basidiospores [120, 4, 2] 7.0–7.5 (–8.0) × 6.0–6.5 µm, avL × avW = 7.0 × 6.0 µm, Q = 1.07–1.25~1.33 µm, avQ = 1.16 µm, globose, subglobose to ellipsoid, transparent to slightly pinkish, smooth, and thin-walled, non-dextrinoid, partially containing one droplet or irregular inclusions. Basidia 27–32 × 8–10 μm, clavate, thin-walled, 4-sterigmate, and hyaline in KOH. Pleurocystidia abundant, scattered, 55–102 × 22–36 μm, rod-shaped or subcylindrical, fusiform, with neck and apical part broader and obtuse, thinly walled, smooth, and hyaline in KOH. Cheliocystidia abundant, clustered, 41–79 × 18–29 μm, pyriform or similarly pleurocystidia shape, thin-walled. Lamellar trama divergent. Pileipellis an euhymeniderm of spheropedunculate and subglobose elements 25–48 × 23–35 μm, with brown or light brown, at the center brown to dark brown. Stipitipellis a cutis, hyphae 6–10 μm wide, hyaline, non-gelatinous, thin-walled. Caulocystidia absent. Clamp connections absent in all tissues.
Solitary to scattered on decaying wood in coniferous forests (Picea schrenkiana Fisch.).
Europe, Americas, East Asia, Africa.
China. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Tekes County, Jongkushtai Village, 43°12'26.61"N, 81°91'97.21"E, alt. 2139 m, 10 July 2022, Z.X. Qi, J.J. Hu, and B. Zhang, FJAU 66558 (ITS: OR994057, TEF1-α: PP062827). China. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Tekes County, Jongkushtai Village, 43°15'22.61"N, 81°75'90.21"E, alt. 2147 m, 11 July 2022, Z.X. Qi, J.J. Hu, and B. Zhang, FJAU 66559 (ITS: OR994061, TEF1-α: PP062828).
Initially, the description of Pluteus romellii was rather vague (
1 | Pileipellis consists of spheropedunculate cells and elongated cystidioid elements | 2 |
– | Pileipellis consists of spheropedunculate cells without elongated cystidioid elements | 7 |
2 | With caulocystidia | 3 |
– | Without caulocystidia | 6 |
3 | With pleurocystidia | 4 |
– | Without pleurocystidia | Pluteus cinnabarinus |
4 | Cheilocystidia with short to long mucronate at the apex | Pluteus aurantioruber |
– | Cheilocystidia without short to long mucronate at the apex | 5 |
5 | Pleurocystidia larger, measuring 35–73 (–82) × 11–31 µm | Pluteus cystidiosus |
– | Pleurocystidia smaller, measuring 36–51 × 13.4–24 µm | Pluteus podospileus |
6 | Pileus middle reticulate elevated, radially rugose | Pluteus thomsonii |
– | Pileus brown with stripes extending to the margins | Pluteus striatus |
7 | Pileipellis consists of globular, obpyriform, or spheropedunculate cells | 8 |
– | Pileipellis consists of without globular, obpyriform, or spheropedunculate cells | 16 |
8 | Grows on rotting wood | 9 |
– | Grows on non-rotting wood | Pluteus aletaiensis |
9 | Pileus, stipe bright-colored | 10 |
– | Pileus, stipe not bright-colored | 13 |
10 | Pileus middle folded, groove-like striate | Pluteus chrysophaeus |
– | Pileus middle non-folded, groove-like striate | 11 |
11 | Pileus bright red or orange-red | Pluteus aurantiorugosus |
– | Pileus non-bright red to orange-red | 12 |
12 | Pileus smooth, widely distributed in North America | Pluteus chrysophlebius |
– | Pileus goose-yellow, margin striate | Pluteus admirabilis |
13 | Basidiomata small | Pluteus nanus |
– | Basidiomata non-small | 14 |
14 | Lamellae edged with a powdery creamy material | Pluteus pulverulentus |
– | Lamellae edged without a powdery creamy material | 15 |
15 | Pleurocystidia with neck and broad, blunt apex | Pluteus romellii |
– | Pileus teal brown, dark cinnamon-colored, with black ribbed veins or wrinkles | Pluteus phlebophorus |
16 | Grows on rotting wood | 17 |
– | Grows on non-rotting wood | Pluteus brunneodiscus |
17 | Pileus margin with hyaline stripes | 18 |
– | Pileus margin without hyaline stripes | 19 |
18 | Cheilocystidia with mucronate at the apex | Pluteus pallidus |
– | Cheilocystidia without mucronate at the apex | Pluteus brunneoalbus |
19 | Pileus with dark brown frosting powder, radially dehiscent to margins | Pluteus diettrichii |
– | Pileus surface squarrose, stipe with surface covered by caulocystidia elements | Pluteus squarrosus |
The presence of a partial veil in P. aurantiorugosus, P. aurantiorugosus var. aurantiovelatus, P. fenzlii, and P. mammillatus suggests that the occurrence or nonoccurrence/ lack of the partial veil in the evolutionary history of Pluteus occurred independently. As stated by Singer states (
We are very thankful to Mr. Yong-Lan Tuo, Ya-Jie Liu, and Yang Wang (Engineering Research Center of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, China) for their kind help in molecular studies. We thank the associate editor and the reviewers for their useful feedback that improved this paper.
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
No ethical statement was reported.
The study was supported by the Research on the Creation of Excellent Edible Mushroom Resources and High Quality and efficient Ecological Cultivation Technology in Jiangxi Province (20212BBF61002); the Scientific and Technological Tackling Plan for the Key Fields of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (no. 2021AB004); the National Key R and D of Ministry of Science and Technology (2023YFD1201601); the Modern Agroindustry Technology Research System (CARS20) 6the “111” program (D17014).
Zheng-xiang Qi: conceptualization, writing - original draft and review and editing, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology and visualization. Ke-qing Qian: Writing - review and editing. Lei Yue: formal analysis. Li-bo Wang: investigation. Di-zhe Guo: investigation. Dong-mei Wu: methodology and visualization. Neng Gao: methodology and visualization. Bo Zhang: project administration, resources and supervision. Yu Li: writing - review and editing, formal analysis.
Zheng-Xiang Qi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0037-9407
Ke-Qing Qian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4627-5240
All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.