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Research Article
Diversity of Distoseptispora (Distoseptisporaceae) taxa on submerged decaying wood from the Red River in Yunnan, China
expand article infoHong-Wei Shen‡§, Dan-Feng Bao§, Saranyaphat Boonmee‡, Yong-Zhong Lu|, Xi-Jun Su§, Yun-Xia Li§, Zong-Long Luo§
‡ Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
§ Dali University, Dali, China
| School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang, China

Corresponding author: Zong-Long Luo ( luozonglongfungi@163.com )

Academic editor: Sajeewa Maharachchikumbura
© 2024 Hong-Wei Shen, Dan-Feng Bao, Saranyaphat Boonmee, Yong-Zhong Lu, Xi-Jun Su, Yun-Xia Li, Zong-Long Luo.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Shen H-W, Bao D-F, Boonmee S, Lu Y-Z, Su X-J, Li Y-X, Luo Z-L (2024) Diversity of Distoseptispora (Distoseptisporaceae) taxa on submerged decaying wood from the Red River in Yunnan, China. MycoKeys 102: 1-28. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.102.116096
Open Access

Abstract

The Red River Basin is located in the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot and is rich in lignicolous freshwater fungi, but no systematic research has been conducted. A systematic study on the species diversity of lignicolous freshwater fungi in the basin is ongoing. Seven distoseptispora-like specimens were collected from the Red River Basin in Yunnan. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS, LSU, tef1-α, and rpb2 genes and combined morphological data indicate that there are six distinct species of Distoseptispora, including two new species and four known species. Two new species were named D. suae and D. xinpingensis, and the four known species were D. bambusae, D. euseptata, D. obpyriformis and D. pachyconidia. This study provides detailed descriptions and illustrations of these six species and an updated phylogenetic backbone tree of Distoseptispora.

Key words

2 new taxa, lignicolous freshwater fungi, phylogeny, Sordariomycetes, taxonomy

Introduction

The present study is to establish the species of freshwater fungi along a north-to-south longitudinal gradient (Hyde et al. 2016). Yunnan is one of the hotspots for lignicolous freshwater fungi, where numerous species have been reported (Su et al. 2016; Luo et al. 2017, 2018a, b, 2019; Bao et al. 2020; Dong et al. 2020, 2021). In Yunnan, 278 lignicolous freshwater fungi have been identified in both lentic habitats (Cai et al. 2002; Luo et al. 2004) and lotic habitats, including the Nu Jiang/Salween River, Lancang River/Mekong River, Dulong River, and Jinsha River/Yangtze River (Tsui et al. 2000; Luo et al. 2018a, b, 2019; Bao et al. 2020, 2021; Dong et al. 2020, 2021; Shen et al. 2022). However, the species diversity and distribution of lignicolous freshwater fungi in the Red River Basin remain under-explored.

The Red River, one of the largest rivers in Southeast Asia, originates in Weishan County, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China, it has a total length of 1200 km with a catchment area of 169,000 km2 (Haruyama 1995; Van den Bergh et al. 2007). Of this area, 50.3% is in Vietnam, 48.8% in China, and 0.9% in Laos (Van Maren 2007). The portion of the Red River Basin located in China is referred to as “Yuanjiang”. This segment has a length of 677 km and is characterized by a plateau monsoon climate (Gu et al. 2018). Precipitation in the basin generally decreases from downstream to upstream and increases from the valleys to the mountains. The basin boasts a wealth of biological resources (Jiang 1980; Zhou and Cui 1997; Chen and Yu 2013; Gu et al. 2018).

Distoseptispora is a well-studied phylogenetic genus introduced by Su et al. (2016) to accommodate some Sporidesmium taxa with unbranched, olive green, cylindrical conidiophores, monoblastic, integrated, determinate, terminal, cylindrical conidiogenous cells, and acrogenous, distoseptate, cylindrical, smooth, darker conidia with slightly paler (but not hyaline), rounded apices of indeterminate length (Su et al. 2016; Yang et al. 2018, 2021; Zhang et al. 2022). Based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses, 73 species have been accepted in Distoseptispora in recent years (http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp; accessed on 2 January 2024; Hu et al. 2023). These include the type species D. fluminicola McKenzie, Hong Y. Su, Z.L. Luo & K.D. Hyde and two species transferred from Ellisembia as D. adscendens (Berk.) R. Zhu & H. Zhang and D. leonensis (M.B. Ellis) R. Zhu & H. Zhang. Among them, D. hyalina and D. licualae are the only two teleomorph taxa in Distoseptispora (Yang et al. 2021; Konta et al. 2023). Members of Distoseptispora are primarily saprophytes found on woody substrates from freshwater habitats (45 species), predominantly in China and Thailand and some also have been found in terrestrial habitats (23 species); D. bambusae, D. clematidis, D. tectonae, D. thysanolaenae and D. xishuangbannaensis have been reported in both freshwater and terrestrial habitats (Hyde et al. 2016; Luo et al. 2018a, 2019; Yang et al. 2018, 2021; Monkai et al. 2020; Phukhamsakda et al. 2020; Sun et al. 2020; Dong et al. 2021; Li et al. 2021; Shen et al. 2021; Ma et al. 2022; Zhai et al. 2022; Zhang et al. 2022). The conidia of Distoseptispora vary significantly in their characteristics, especially in terms of shape and size. Zhang et al. (2022) reassessed both the generic and specific boundaries of Distoseptispora, and summarized the characteristics of species in this genus, encompassing various attributes such as the length of conidiophores, proliferation, and conidiogenesis in conidiogenous cells, and details about conidia, including their type (distoseptate or euseptate), number of septa, shape, length, color, proliferation, rostrate nature, and wall thickness. Even though Distoseptispora species formed three distinct clades in phylogenetic analysis results that received strong support, the morphological characters of these species (such as monoblastic/polyblastic, euseptate/distoseptate) only offer species-level differentiation and do not hold taxonomic significance for the broader categorization of Distoseptispora (Yang et al. 2021; Zhang et al. 2022).

A systematic investigation of lignicolous freshwater fungal diversity and distribution in the Red River Basin is ongoing. This study represents the first report of Distoseptispora species in the Red River Basin. A morphological examination combined with phylogenetic analysis combining internal transcribed spacer (ITS), large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA (LSU), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1-α) and second-largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2) sequence data, established that out of seven distoseptispora-like specimens collected in the Red River Basin, six species of Distoseptispora were identified, including two new species, named as D. suae and D. xinpingensis and four known species, viz. D. bambusae, D. euseptata, D. obpyriformis and D. pachyconidia.

Materials and methods

Specimen collection, examination and isolation

Specimens of submerged decaying wood were collected from the Yuanjiang Basin (Red River) in Yunnan, China. The samples were incubated in a plastic box at room temperature for one week. Morphological observations were conducted following the methods of Luo et al. (2018a) and Senanayake et al. (2020) with a few modifications. Macromorphological characteristics of the samples were observed using an Optec SZ 760 compound stereomicroscope (Chongqing Optec Instrument Co., Ltd, Chongqing, China). Preliminary microscope slides were examined and photographed under a Nikon ECLIPSE Ni-U compound stereomicroscope (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). Colonies’ morphologies on native substrates were captured using a Nikon SMZ1000 stereo-zoom microscope (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). The measurements of photomicrographs were obtained using Tarosoft (R) Image Frame Work version 0.9.7. Images were edited with Adobe Photoshop CS5 Extended version 12.0.0.0 software (Adobe Systems, San Jose, CA, USA).

Single spore isolations were carried out based on the method described by Luo et al. (2018a). The individually germinated conidia were transferred to fresh potato dextrose agar (PDA, from Beijing Bridge Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) plates and incubated at room temperature in the dark. Some of the remaining germinated spores, along with their agar, were placed on water-mounted glass slides to photograph the origins of the germ tubes.

After observation and isolation, specimens were air-dried naturally, wrapped in absorbent paper, and stored in a ziplock bag with mothballs. These specimens were then deposited in the herbarium of Cryptogams, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (KUN-HKAS), Kunming, China. The cultures were deposited with the China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (CGMCC), and Kunming Institute of Botany Culture Collection (KUNCC). Fungal Names numbers are registered in the Fungal Names database (https://nmdc.cn/fungalnames/registe; accessed on 4 August 2023; Wang et al. 2023) and Facesoffungi numbers were obtained as described in Jayasiri et al. (2015).

DNA extraction, PCR amplification and sequencing

DNA extraction, PCR amplification, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis were carried out following the methods described by Dissanayake et al. (2020). Mycelia used for DNA extraction were cultivated on PDA for 3–4 weeks at 24 °C. From each isolate, total genomic DNA was extracted from 100–150 mg of axenic mycelium, which was carefully scraped from the edges of the growing culture with a sterile scalpel. This material was transferred to a 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube using sterilized inoculum needles. Mycelium was ground to a fine powder with liquid nitrogen or quartz sand to break the cells for DNA extraction. DNA was extracted with the TreliefTM Plant Genomic DNA Kit (TSP101) following manufacturer guidelines (Beijing Tsingke Biological Engineering Technology and Services Co., Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China).

Four gene regions, ITS, LSU, tef1-α and rpb2 were amplified using ITS5/ITS4 (White et al. 1990), LR0R/LR7 (Vilgalys and Hester 1990), EF1-983F/EF1-2218R (Liu et al. 1999) and RPB2-5F/RPB2-7cR (Liu et al. 1999) primer pairs, respectively. Primer sequences are available at the WASABI database at the AFTOL website (aftol.org). The PCR mixture contained 12.5 μL of 2× GS Taq PCR MasterMix (mixture of DNA Polymerase, dNTPs, Mg2+ and optimized buffer; Genes and Biotech, Beijing, China), 1 μL of each primer including forward primer and reverse primer (10 μM), 1 μL template DNA extract and 9.5 μL double-distilled water (Luo et al. 2018a). The PCR thermal cycling conditions were performed as presented in Table 1. PCR products were purified using mini-columns, purification resin and buffer according to the manufacturer’s protocols. The PCR sequences were carried out at Beijing Tsingke Biological Engineering Technology and Services Co., Ltd (Beijing, P.R. China).

Table 1.
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PCR thermocycling conditions for genes used in this paper.

Genes Initial denaturation Denaturation Annealing Extension No. of cycles Final extension
Temp (°C) Time (min) Temp (°C) Time (s) Temp (°C) Time (s) Temp (°C) Time (s) Temp (°C) Time (min)
ITS 94 3 94 30 56 50 72 60 30 72 10
LSU, tef1-α 94 3 94 50 55 60 72 60 30 72 10
rpb2 94 5 94 60 52 90 72 90 38 72 10

Phylogenetic analysis

BLAST searches using the BLASTn algorithm were performed to retrieve similar sequences from GenBank (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, accessed on 2 January 2024) and relevant publications (Ma et al. 2022; Zhang et al. 2022; Hu et al. 2023). The sequences were aligned using MAFFT online service: multiple alignment program MAFFT v.7 (Kuraku et al. 2013; Katoh et al. 2019; http://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/server/index.html, accessed on 2 January 2024), and sequence trimming was performed with trimAl v1.2 with default parameters (http://trimal.cgenomics.org for specific operation steps; Capella-Gutiérrez et al. 2009). The sequence dataset was combined using SquenceMatrix v.1.7.8 (Vaidya et al. 2011). FASTA alignment formats were changed to PHYLIP and NEXUS formats by the website: ALignment Transformation EnviRonment (ALTER) (http://sing.ei.uvigo.es/ALTER/, accessed on 2 January 2024).

Maximum likelihood (ML) analysis was performed setting RAxML-HPC2 on XSEDE (8.2.12) (Stamatakis 2006; Stamatakis et al. 2008) in CIPRES Science Gateway (Miller et al. 2010; http://www.phylo.org/portal2; accessed on 25 January 2022), using the GTR+GAMMA model with 1000 bootstrap repetitions. Bayesian analyses were performed in MrBayes 3.2.6 (Ronquist et al. 2012) and the best-fit model of sequences evolution was estimated via MrModeltest 2.2 (Guindon and Gascuel 2003; Nylander 2004; Darriba et al. 2012). The Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling approach was used to calculate posterior probabilities (PP) (Rannala and Yang 1996). Bayesian analyses of six simultaneous Markov chains were run for 5 M generations and trees were sampled every thousand generations.

Phylogenetic trees were visualized using FigTree v1.4.0 (http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/), editing and typesetting using Adobe Illustrator (AI) (Adobe Systems Inc., San Jose, CA, USA). The new sequences were submitted in GenBank and the strain information used in this paper is provided in Table 2.

Table 2.
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Taxa used in the phylogenetic analyses and their corresponding GenBank accession numbers.

Species Source GenBank accession number
LSU ITS tef1-α rpb2
Aquapteridospora fusiformis MFLUCC 18–1606T MK849798 MK828652 MN194056 –
A. lignicola MFLUCC 15–0377T KU221018 MZ868774 MZ892980 MZ892986
Distoseptispora adscendens HKUCC 10820 DQ408561 – – DQ435092
D. amniculi MFLUCC 17–2129T MZ868761 MZ868770 – MZ892982
D. appendiculata MFLUCC 18–0259T MN163023 MN163009 MN174866 –
D. aqualignicola KUNCC 21–10729T ON400845 OK341186 OP413480 OP413474
D. aquamyces KUNCC 21–10732T OK341199 OK341187 OP413482 OP413476
D. aquatica MFLUCC 15–0374T KU376268 MF077552 – –
MFLUCC 18-0646 MK849793 MK828648 – –
D. aquisubtropica GZCC 22–0075T ON527941 ON527933 ON533677 ON533685
D. atroviridis GZCC 20–0511T MZ868763 MZ868772 MZ892978 MZ892984
GZCC 19–0531 MZ227223 MW133915 – –
D. bambusae MFLUCC 20–0091T MT232718 MT232713 MT232880 MT232881
MFLUCC 14–0583 MT232717 MT232712 – MT232882
KUNCC 21–10732 OK341200 OK341188 OP413492 OP413487
D. bambusae KUNCC 22–12668 PP068863 PP068486 PP066113 PP066110
D. bambusicola GZCC 21–0667T MZ474872 MZ474873 – –
D. bangkokensis MFLUCC 18–0262T MZ518206 MZ518205 – –
D. cangshanensis MFLUCC 16–0970T MG979761 MG979754 MG988419 –
D. caricis CBS 146041T MN567632 MN562124 – MN556805
CPC 36442T – MN562125 – MN556806
D. chiangraiensis MFLU 21–0105T MZ890139 MZ890145 MZ892970 –
KUNCC 10443 MZ890140 MZ890146 MZ892971 –
D. chinensis GZCC 21–0665T MZ474867 MZ474871 MZ501609 –
D. clematidis MFLUCC 17–2145T MT214617 MT310661 – MT394721
KUMCC 21–10727 OK341197 OK341184 OP413488 OP413483
D. crassispora KUMCC 21–10726T OK341196 OK310698 OP413479 OP413473
D. curvularia KUMCC 21–10725T OK341195 OK310697 OP413478 OP413472
D. cylindricospora HKAS 115796T OK513523 OK491122 OK524220 –
D. dehongensis KUMCC 18–0090T MK079662 MK085061 MK087659 –
MFLUCC 19–0335 OK341201 OK341189 OP413491 OP413486
MFLUCC 17–2326 OK341193 OK341183 OP413493 –
D. effusa GZCC 19–0532T MZ227224 MW133916 MZ206156 –
D. euseptata MFUCC 20–0154T MW081544 MW081539 – MW151860
D. euseptata DLUCC S2024 MW081545 MW081540 MW084994 MW084996
D. euseptata KUNCC 22–12477 PP068864 PP068487 PP066114 –
D. fasciculata KUMCC 19–0081T MW287775 MW286501 MW396656 –
D. fluminicola MFLUCC 15–0417T KU376270 MF077553 – –
D. fusiformis GZCC 20–0512T MZ868764 MZ868773 MZ892979 MZ892985
D. gasaensis HJAUP C2034T OQ942891 OQ942896 OQ944455 –
D. guanshanensis HJAUP C1063T OQ942898 OQ942894 OQ944452 OQ944458
D. guizhouensis GZCC 21-0666T MZ474869 MZ474868 MZ501610 MZ501611
D. guttulata MFLUCC 16–0183T MF077554 MF077543 MF135651 –
B43 MN163016 MN163011 – –
D. hyalina MFLUCC 17–2128T MZ868760 MZ868769 MZ892976 MZ892981
D. hydei MFLUCC 20–0115T MT742830 MT734661 – MT767128
D. jinghongensis HJAUP C2120T OQ942893 OQ942897 OQ944456 –
D. lancangjiangensis KUN–HKAS 112712T MW879522 MW723055 – –
D. leonensis HKUCC 10822 DQ408566 – – DQ435089
D. licualae MFLUCC 14–1163AT ON650675 ON650686 ON734007 –
MFLUCC 14–1163BT ON650676 ON650687 ON734008 –
D. lignicola MFLUCC 18–0198T MK849797 MK828651 – –
D. longispora HFJAU 0705T MH555357 MH555359 – –
D. longnanensis HJAUP C1040T OQ942886 OQ942887 OQ944451 –
D. martinii CGMCC 3.18651T KX033566 KU999975 – –
D. meilingensis JAUCC 4727T OK562396 OK562390 OK562408 –
D. menghaiensis HJAUP C2045T OQ942900 OQ942890 – –
HJAUP C2170T OQ942888 OQ942899 OQ944457 OQ944461
D. multiseptata MFLUCC 16–1044 MF077555 MF077544 MF135652 MF135644
D. multiseptata MFLUCC 15–0609T KX710140 KX710145 MF135659 –
D. nabanheensis HJAUP C2003T OP787877 OP787873 OP961935 –
D. nanchangensis HJAUP C1074T OQ942895 OQ942889 OQ944454 OQ944460
D. neorostrata MFLUCC 18–0376T MN163017 MN163008 – –
D. nonrostrata KUNCC 21–10730T OK341198 OK310699 OP413481 OP413475
D. obclavata MFLUCC 18–0329T MN163010 MN163012 – –
D. obpyriformis MFLUCC 17–01694T MG979764 – MG988422 MG988415
DLUCC 0867 MG979765 MG979757 MG988423 MG988416
D. obpyriformis KUNCC 23–13047 PP068865 PP068488 PP066115 PP066111
D. pachyconidia KUMCC 21–10724T OK341194 OK310696 OP413477 OP413471
GZCC 22–0074 ON527942 ON527934 ON533678 ON533686
D. pachyconidia KUNCC 23–13047 PP068866 PP068489 – PP066112
D. palmarum MFLUCC 18–1446T MK079663 MK085062 MK087660 MK087670
D. phangngaensis MFLUCC 16–0857T MF077556 MF077545 MF135653 –
D. phragmiticola GUCC 220201T OP749880 OP749887 OP749891 OP752699
GUCC 220201T OP749881 OP749888 OP749892 OP752700
D. rayongensis MFLUCC 18–0415T MH457137 MH457172 MH463253 MH463255
MFLUCC 18–0417 MH457138 MH457173 MH463254 MH463256
MFLU 19–0543 MN163010 MN513037 OP413490 OP413485
D. rostrata MFLUCC 16–0969T MG979766 MG979758 MG988424 MG988417
DLUCC 0885 MG979767 MG979759 MG988425 –
D. saprophytic MFLUCC 18–1238T MW287780 MW286506 MW396651 MW504069
D. septata GZCC 22–0078T ON527947 ON527939 ON533683 ON533690
D. sinensis HJAUP C2044T OP787875 OP787878 OP961936 –
D. songkhlaensis MFLUCC 18–1234T MW287755 MW286482 MW396642 –
D. sp. HKAS 112707 MZ890141 MZ890147 MZ892972 –
HKAS 112711 MZ890142 MZ890148 MZ892973 –
D. suae CGMCC3.24262T OQ732679 OQ874968 OR367670 OQ870341
D. suoluoensis MFLUCC 17–0224T MF077557 MF077546 MF135654 –
MFLUCC 17–1305 MF077558 MF077547 – –
D. tectonae MFLUCC 12–0291T KX751713 KX751711 KX751710 KX751708
MFLUCC 16–0946 MG979768 MG979760 MG988426 MG988418
KUNCC 21–10728 OK348852 OK341185 OP413489 OP413484
MFLUCC 15–0981 MW287763 MW286489 MW396641 –
MFLU 20–0262 MT232719 MT232714 – –
KUNCC 1093 PP140788 PP140786 – –
KUNCC 1094 PP140789 PP140787 – –
MFLU 21–0106 MZ890143 MZ890149 MZ892974 –
MFLU 21–0107 MZ890144 MZ890150 MZ892975 –
D. tectonigena MFLUCC 12–0292T KX751714 KX751712 – KX751709
D. thailandica MFLUCC 16–0270T MH260292 MH275060 MH412767 –
D. thysanolaenae KUN–HKAS 102247T MK064091 MK045851 MK086031 –
D. tropica GZCC 22–0076T ON527943 ON527935 ON533679 ON533687
D. verrucosa GZCC 20–0434T MZ868762 MZ868771 MZ892977 MZ892983
D. wuzhishanensis GZCC 22–0077T ON527946 ON527938 ON533682 –
D. xinpingensis KUNCC 22–12669 OQ732680 OQ874969 – –
KUNCC 22–12667T OQ732681 OQ874970 OR367671 OQ870340
D. xishuangbannaensis KUMCC 17–0290T MH260293 MH275061 MH412768 MH412754
GZCC 22–0079 ON527944 ON527936 ON533680 ON533688
D. yichunensis HJAUP C1065T OQ942892 OQ942885 OQ944453 OQ944459
D. yongxiuensis JAUCC 4725T OK562394 OK562388 OK562406 –
D. yunjushanensis JAUCC 4723T OK562398 OK562392 OK562410 –
D. yunnanensis MFLUCC 20–0153T MW081546 MW081541 MW084995 MW151861

Notes: The ex-type cultures are indicated using “T” after strain numbers; newly generated sequences are indicated in bold. “–” stands for no sequence data in GenBank.

Results

Phylogenetic analysis

The dataset comprises the combined LSU, ITS, tef1-α and rpb2 sequences of 113 taxa of Distoseptisporaceae. It encompasses 3,192 characters (including gaps), with Aquapteridospora fusiformis (MFLUCC 18–1606) and A. lignicola (MFLUCC 15–0377) serving as the outgroup taxon (Fig. 1). Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian analyses resulted similar topologies that were consistent spread the major clades. Likelihood of the final tree is evaluated and optimized under GAMMA. The best RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of -31566.210733 is presented (Fig. 1). The matrix contained 1,517 distinct alignment patterns, with 26.62% undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows: A = 0.238411, C = 0.267281, G = 0.283165, T = 0.211143; substitution rates AC = 1.379525, AG = 3.509297, AT = 1.246498, CG = 0.856966, CT = 7.193589, GT = 1.000000, α = 0.242260, Tree-Length: 3.349217. Bayesian analyses generated 3,689 trees (average standard deviation of split frequencies: 0.009995) from which 2,767 were sampled after 25% of the trees were discarded as burn-in. The alignment contained a total of 1,517 unique site patterns. Bootstrap support values with a ML greater than 65%, and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) greater than 0.96 are given above the nodes.

Figure 1. 

Maximum likelihood (ML) tree is based on combined LSU, ITS, tef1-α and rpb2 sequence data. Bootstrap support values with a ML greater than 65% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) greater than 0.95 are given above the nodes, shown as “ML/PP”. The tree is rooted to Aquapteridospora fusiformis (MFLUCC 18–1606) and A. lignicola (MFLUCC 15–0377). New species are indicated in blue and type strains are in bold.

Multigene phylogenetic analysis results showed that all members of Distoseptispora clustered into four stable clades (Fig. 1), Clade 1 contains most species of the genus with more than 50 species; Clade 2 only one species, D. tropica; Clade 3 contains eight species, including D. leonensis (M.B. Ellis) R. Zhu & H. Zhang; Clade 4 includes 13 species, and the two known teleomorph species of the genus are both in this clade. Four of our seven collections are clustered in clade 1, and the other three are clustered in clade 4. Distoseptispora suae (KUNCC 22–12416) is stably aggregated in clade 4 with the teleomorph species D. hyalina (MFLUCC 17–2128). D. xinpingensis (KUNCC 22–12667 and KUNCC 22–12669) clustered as a sister clade with D. lignicola (MFLUCC 18–0198) in clade 1. The new collections, KUNCC 22–12668, KUNCC 22–12477, KUNCC 23–13047 and KUNCC 23–13048 clustered with D. bambusae, D. euseptata, D. obpyriformis and D. pachyconidia, respectively.

Taxonomy

Distoseptispora bambusae Y.R. Sun, I.D. Goonasekara, Yong. Wang bis & K. D. Hyde, Biodiversity Data Journal 8(e53678): 6 (2020)

MycoBank No: 557452
Facesoffungi Number: FoF04194
Fig. 2

Description

Saprobic on submerged decaying wood in a freshwater stream. Anamorph: Colonies on wood effuse, hairy, dark brown, glistening, solitary or in small group. Mycelium immersed, composed of septate, pale brown to brown hyphae, smooth-walled. Conidiophores (42–)66–103(–115) × 5–6 µm (x̄ = 84 × 6 µm, n = 20), macronematous, mononematous, solitary or in groups, erect, straight or slightly flexuous, unbranched, cylindrical, 4–6-septate, brown, rounded at the apex, slightly enlarged at the base, mooth and thin-walled. Conidiogenous cells (10–)15–22(–25) × 5–6 µm (x̄ = 19 × 5 µm, n = 20), monoblastic, terminal, determinate, subcylindrical, brown, smooth-walled. Conidia (55–)69–126(–168) × 10–12 µm (x̄ = 98 × 11 µm, n = 25), acrogenous, solitary, obclavate, rostrate, olivaceous to pale or dark brown, truncate at base, tapering towards the apex, straight or slightly curved, 7–18-euseptate, constricted at the septa, guttulate, verrucose, thick-walled. Teleomorph: Undetermined.

Culture characteristics

Conidia germinating on PDA within 12 hrs and germ tubes produced from apex and septa of conidium. Colonies growing on PDA reaching 3–4 cm in one month at 26 °C in the dark, flocculent, fluffy, soft white to light brown mycelium from above, dark brown in the middle, light brown at the edges from below.

Material examined

China, Yunnan Province, Dali City, Weishan Yi and Hui Autonomous County, 25°29′31"N, 100°06′56"E, on submerged decaying branches in a freshwater stream, 19 February 2022, Z.Q. Zhang & Q.X. Yang YJ 14-24-1 (HKAS 125826, living culture KUNCC 22–12668).

Notes

Phylogenetic analysis showed that our new strain KUNCC 22–12668 clusters with the type strain of Distoseptispora bambusae (MFLUCC 14–0583) with 100% ML/1.00 PP support (Fig. 1). Furthermore, our new collection (Fig. 2) exhibits morphological characters identical to those of the type strain Distoseptispora bambusae (MFLUCC 14–0583). However, our collection has longer conidiophores and conidia. This observation aligns with Yang et al. (2018), suggesting that factors such as incubation time and habitat may influence the lengths of conidiophores and conidia. A comparison of the ITS, LSU, tef1-α and rpb2 sequences between our new strain KUNCC 22–12668 and the type strain (MFLUCC 14–0583) reveals only minimal base pair differences. Therefore, based on morphological evidence and phylogenetic affinity, our new strain KUNCC 22–12668 is identified as Distoseptispora bambusae and it is reported from freshwater habitat for the first time in Yunnan, China.

Figure 2. 

Distoseptispora bambusae (HKAS 125826) a, b colonies on woody substrates c–e conidiophores f, g conidiogenous cells h–m conidia n germinated conidium o culture on PDA. Scale bars: 50 μm (c–e); 10 μm (f, g); 20 μm (h–n).

Distoseptispora euseptata W.L. Li, H.Y. Su & Jian K. Liu, Phytotaxa 520 (1): 80 (2021)

MycoBank No: 557967
Facesoffungi Number: FoF09450
Fig. 3

Description

Saprobic on submerged decaying wood in a freshwater stream. Anamorph: Colonies on wood effuse, brown, solitary or in small group. Mycelium mostly immersed, composed of septate, brown hyphae, smooth-walled. Conidiophores (32–)37–59(–73) × 3–4(–5) µm (x̄ = 48 × 4 µm, n = 25), macronematous, mononematous, solitary or in groups, erect, straight or slightly flexuous, branched or unbranched, cylindrical, 2–4(–5)-septate, brown, smooth-walled. Conidiogenous cells (11–)13–15(–16) × 5–6 µm (x̄ = 14 × 5 µm, n = 20), monoblastic, terminal, determinate, subcylindrical, brown, smooth-walled. Conidia (36–)52–68(–85) × (7–)8–9 µm (x̄ = 60 × 8 µm, n = 30), acrogenous, solitary, obclavate, sometimes rostrate, truncate at base, tapering towards the apex, straight or slightly curved, guttulate, brown to dark brown, 6–9(–11)-euseptate, constricted at the septa, thin and smooth-walled. Teleomorph: Undetermined.

Figure 3. 

Distoseptispora euseptata (HKAS 125822) a colony on woody substrates b–e conidiophores f, g conidiogenous cells h–m conidia n germinated conidium o culture on PDA. Scale bars: 20 μm (b–e, h–n); 10 μm (f, g).

Culture characteristics

Conidia germinating on PDA within 12 hrs and germ tubes produced from apex of conidium. Colonies growing on PDA reaching 4–5 cm in 20 days at 26 °C in the dark, with dense, velvety, pale brown to dark brown mycelium from above, dark brown from below.

Material examined

China, Yunnan Province, Yuxi City, Xinping Yi and Dai Autonomous County, Yuanjiang River, 24°02′16"N, 101°34′05"E, on submerged decaying branches in a freshwater stream, 22 February 2022, S. Luan & W.P Wang YJ 14–49–1 (HKAS 125822, living culture KUNCC 22–12477).

Notes

Polygenetic analysis revealed that our new strain, KUNCC 22–12477, clustered with two strains of Distoseptispora euseptata (MFUCC 20–0154 and MFLU 20–0568) with 100% ML/1.00 PP support (Fig. 1). A comparison of the ITS and LSU sequence between strain KUNCC 22–12477 and MFLUCC 20–0153 (from holotype) revealed 0.74% (4/537 bp, including 1 gap), 0.16% (2/1254 bp, including 2 gaps), respectively. And a comparison of the ITS, LSU and rpb2 sequence between strain KUNCC 22–12477 and DLUCC S2024 (from paratype) revealed 0.74% (4/537 bp, including 1 gap), 0% (0/1274 bp), and 0.23% (2/878 bp), respectively. New collection, KUNCC 22–12477, is morphologically similar to the type species in having obclavate, guttulate, euseptate conidia (Li et al. 2021). Although the conidia size and color of D. euseptata KUNCC 22–12477 are slightly different from the type species, and conidia size is also an important basis for distinguishing Distoseptispora species, some previous studies in this genus found significant differences in conidial size between different collections of the same species (Yang et al. 2018; Shen et al. 2021; Ma et al. 2022). Based on the currently limited morphological and molecular sequence data, we treat the new collection, KUNCC 22–12477, as D. euseptata, which was first discovered in the Red River Basin in Yunnan, China.

Distoseptispora obpyriformis Z.L. Luo & H.Y. Su, Mycosphere 9(3): 452 (2018)

MycoBank No: 554290
Facesoffungi Number: FoF04194
Fig. 4

Description

Saprobic on submerged decaying wood in a freshwater stream. Anamorph: Colonies on wood effuse, hairy, dark brown, glistening, solitary or in small group. Mycelium immersed, composed of septate, pale brown to brown hyphae, smooth-walled. Conidiophores (42–)66–103(–115) × 5–6 µm (x̄ = 84 × 6 µm, n = 20), macronematous, mononematous, solitary or in groups, erect, straight or slightly flexuous, cylindrical, unbranched, 4–6-septate, brown, rounded at the apex, slightly enlarged at the base, smooth-walled. Conidiogenous cells (10–)15–22(–25) × 5–6 µm (x̄ = 19 × 5 µm, n = 20), monoblastic, terminal, determinate, subcylindrical, brown, smooth-walled. Conidia (55–)69–126(–168) × 10–12 µm (x̄ = 98 × 11 µm, n = 25), acrogenous, solitary, obclavate, olivaceous to pale or dark brown, truncate at base, tapering towards the apex, straight or slightly curved, constricted at the septa, 7–18-distoseptate, guttulate, thick and smooth-walled. Teleomorph: Undetermined.

Figure 4. 

Distoseptispora obpyriformis (HKAS 125823) a, b colonies on woody substrates c conidiophores d, e conidiophores with conidia f conidiogenous cell g–j conidia k germinating conidium l culture on PDA. Scale bars: 30 μm (c–e, g–k); 20 μm (j).

Culture characteristics

Conidia germinating on PDA within 12 hrs and germ tubes produced from apex and septa of conidium. Colonies growing on PDA reaching 4–5 cm in 20 days at 26 °C in the dark, with dense, velvety, middle papillae, pale to dark brown mycelium from above; dark brown from below.

Material examined

China, Yunnan Province, Dali City, Weishan Yi and Hui Autonomous County, 25°29′31"N, 100°06′56"E, on submerged decaying branches in a freshwater stream, 19 February 2022, Z.Q. Zhang & Q.X. Yang YJ 1–19–1 (HKAS 125823, living culture KUNCC 23–13047).

Notes

Phylogenetic analysis revealed that our new strain KUNCC 23–13047 clustered with two strains of Distoseptispora obpyriformis (MFLUCC 17–1694 (ex-type strain) and DLUCC 0867; Fig. 1). A comparison of the LSU, tef1-α and rpb2 gene of type strains between KUNCC 23–13047 (this study) and MFLUCC 17–1694 (from holotype) revealed 0% (0/1215 bp), 0.37% (3/812 bp, including 1 gaps), 0% (0/838 bp), 0.29% (3/1034 bp), respectively. Although our collection differs significantly in conidia size from the original description of D. obpyriformis (Luo et al. 2018a), multigene sequence data do not support this collection as a separate species. Similar results have been reported in previous studies and were found in several species in this study (Yang et al. 2018; Shen et al. 2021; Ma et al. 2022). Therefore, a new additional record of D. obpyriformis is reported from the Red River Basin in Yunnan, China.

Distoseptispora pachyconidia R. Zhu & H. Zhang, J. Fungi. 8(10): 22 (2022)

MycoBank No: 554290
Fig. 5

Description

Saprobic on submerged decaying wood in a freshwater stream. Anamorph: Colonies on wood effuse, hairy, dark brown, glistening, solitary or in small group. Mycelium immersed, composed of septate, pale brown to brown hyphae, smooth-walled. Conidiophores (13–)20–36(–48) × 6–8 µm (x̄ = 28 × 7 µm, n = 30), macronematous, mononematous, solitary or in groups, erect, straight or slightly flexuous, cylindrical, unbranched, 1–3-septate, brown, rounded at the apex, slightly enlarged at the basal, smooth-walled. Conidiogenous cells 6–8 × 5–6 µm (x̄ = 7 × 5 µm, n = 25), monoblastic, terminal, determinate, subcylindrical, brown, smooth-walled. Conidia (82–)137–246(–296) × (9–)13–16 µm (x̄ = 192 × 15 µm, n = 40), acrogenous, solitary, obclavate, pale brown to brown, truncate at the base, tapering towards the apex, straight or slightly curved, 14–45-distoseptate, constricted at the septa, guttulate, thick and smooth-walled. Teleomorph: Undetermined.

Figure 5. 

Distoseptispora pachyconidia (HKAS 125824) a, b colonies on woody substrates c conidiophores e conidiophores with conidia d conidiogenous cells f, g conidia h germinated conidium i culture on PDA. Scale bars: 20 μm (c, d); 60 μm (e–h).

Culture characteristics

Conidia germinating on PDA within 12 hrs and germ tubes produced from apex and septa of conidium. Colonies growing on PDA reach 2–3 cm in one month at 26 °C in the dark, with dense, velvety, pale brown to dark brown mycelium from above; dark brown from below.

Material examined

China, Yunnan Province, Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Honghe County, 23°19′32"N, 102°20′52"E, on submerged decaying branches in a freshwater stream, 23 February 2022, Z.Q. Zhang & Q.X. Yang YJ 40–30–1 (HKAS 125824, living culture KUNCC 23–13048).

Notes

Phylogenetically, our new strain KUNCC 23–13048 grouped with the strains of Distoseptispora pachyconidia (KUMCC 21–10724 and GZCC 22–0074) with 75% ML and 0.96% PP support (Fig. 1). Pairwise comparison of ITS, LSU, tef1-α and rpb2 sequences show negligible base pair differences. As previously reported, the conidia size and color of our new collection HKAS 125824 are significantly different from those originally described for D. pachyconidia (137–246 µm vs. 42–136 µm; pale brown to brown vs. pale-brown with a green tinge), as well as the number of conidial septa (14–45-distoseptate vs. 8–21-distoseptate) (Yang et al. 2018; Shen et al. 2021; Ma et al. 2022). Our new collection is also slightly different from the collection described by Ma et al. (2022), especially the number of conidial septa (14–45-distoseptate vs. up to 38-distoseptate) (Ma et al. 2022). However, based on slight differences in molecular data, this collection was not sufficient to qualify as a new species, and therefore, identify this collection as D. pachyconidia, which was first discovered in the Red River Basin of Yunnan.

Distoseptispora suae H.W. Shen & Z.L. Luo, sp. nov.

Fungal Names: FN 571689
Figs 6, 7

Etymology

“suae” (Lat.) in memory of the Chinese mycologist Prof. Hong-Yan Su (4 April 1967–3 May 2022), who kindly helped the authors in many ways.

Description

Saprobic on submerged decaying wood in a freshwater stream. Anamorph: Colonies on wood effuse, brown, solitary or in small group. Mycelium immersed, septate, brown hyphae, smooth-walled. Conidiophores (21–)25–41(–53) × 4–5 µm (x̄ = 33 × 5 µm, n = 20), macronematous, mononematous, solitary or in groups, erect, straight or slightly flexuous, cylindrical, 1–3-septate, brown, unbranched, smooth-walled. Conidiogenous cells (11–)13–15(–16) × 5–6 µm (x̄ = 14 × 5 µm, n = 20), monoblastic, terminal, determinate, subcylindrical, brown, smooth-walled. Conidia (77–)81–101(–109) × 8–10 µm (x̄ = 91 × 9 µm, n = 30), acrogenous, solitary, obclavate to rostrate, truncate at base, tapering towards the apex, straight or slightly curved, bent at the second or third cell at the base, brown to dark brown, 3–12-euseptate, guttulate, verrucose, thin-walled. Teleomorph: Undetermined.

Figure 6. 

Distoseptispora suae (HKAS 125819, holotype) a, b colonies on woody substrates c–e conidiophores and conidiogenous cells f–k conidia l germinated conidium m culture on PDA. Scale bars: 10 μm (c–l).

Culture characteristics

Conidia germinating on PDA within 12 hrs and germ tubes produced from the apex. Colonies growing on PDA reaching 4–5 cm in one month at 26 °C in the dark, with dense, velvety, brown to dark brown mycelium from above; dark brown from below. Sporulation on PDA after two months, Mycelium hyaline to brown, septate, branched, smooth-walled. Conidiophores (15–)16–56(–110) × 4–6 µm (x̄ = 36 × 5 µm, n = 30), usually form at the end of the hyphae, cylindrical, straight or slightly curved, yellowish brown to olivaceous-brown, septate. Conidiogenous cells (9–)11–14(–16) × 4–5 µm (x̄ = 12 × 5 µm, n = 30) monoblastic, terminal, determinate, cylindrical, brown, sometimes reduce conidiophores. Conidia (31–)47–90(–124) × 6–8 µm (x̄ = 68 × 7 µm, n = 40) acrogenous, obclavate, elongated, truncate at base, straight or slightly curved, brown, euseptate, thin-wall, sometimes with a gelatinous sheath around the septum (Fig. 7).

Figure 7. 

Distoseptispora suae (ex-type culture KUNCC 22–12476) a culture on PDA, obverse (left) and reverse (right) b, c colonies on PDA d mycelium from PDA e mycelium, conidiophores and conidia f conidiophore g–j conidiophores with conidia (Arrow in i, j indicate the gelatinous sheath) k conidia. Scale bars: 10 μm (d); 40 μm (e); 20 μm (f–k).

Material examined

China, Yunnan Province, Yuxi City, Xinping Yi and Dai Autonomous County, Yuanjiang River, 24°02′16"N, 101°34′05"E, on submerged decaying branches in a freshwater stream, 22 February 2022, H.W. Shen & Q.X. Yang YJ 14–35–2 (HKAS: 125819, holotype, ex-type, CGMCC3.24262 = KUNCC 22–12476).

Notes

Distoseptispora suae clusters with D. hyalina (MFLU 21–0137) with 100% ML/1.00 PP support whereas D. yunnanensis (MFLUCC 20–0153) state in a basal lineage (Fig. 1). A comparison of the LSU, ITS, tef1-α and rpb2 nucleotide bases between D. suae and D. hyalina revealed differences of 8 bp (8/832, including one gap), 11 bp (11/540, including 3 gaps), 21 bp (21/934), and 54 bp (54/1087) sequence similarity, respectively. Morphologically, D. suae resembles other species in the genus with its euseptate structure, characterized by acrogenous, solitary, obclavate to rostrate conidia. D. hyalina, D. suae and D. yunnanensis cluster in a stable lineage (Fig. 1). Since only teleomorphs were found in D. hyalina (Yang et al. 2021), and only anamorphs were found in D. suae (this study), the morphological characteristics of D. suae and D. yunnanensis were compared here. D. suae can be distinguished from D. yunnanensis by its shorter conidiophores (25–41(–53) µm vs. 131–175 µm) and guttulate, verrucose conidia (Li et al. 2021). Based on phylogenetic analysis and morphological evidence, following the guidelines of Jeewon and Hyde (2016), we therefore introduce D. suae as a new species.

Distoseptispora xinpingensis H.W. Shen & Z.L. Luo, sp. nov.

Fungal Names: FN 571753
Fig. 8

Etymology

“xinpingensis” refers to the Xinping Yi and Dai Autonomous County, Yunnan Province, China, where the species was collected.

Description

Saprobic on submerged decaying wood in a freshwater stream. Anamorph: Colonies on wood effuse, brown to dark brown, solitary or gregarious. Mycelium immersed, composed of septate, hyaline to brown hyphae, smooth-walled. Conidiophores (97–)105–149(–175) × 4–5 µm (x̄ = 127 × 5 µm, n = 40), macronematous, mononematous, solitary or in groups, erect, straight or slightly flexuous, cylindrical, brown, unbranched, slightly paler at the apical cell, slightly enlarged at the base, septate, smooth-walled. Conidiogenous cells (7–)13–23(–25) × 4–5 µm (x̄ = 18 × 4 µm, n = 30), mono- or poly- blastic, terminal, determinate, subcylindrical, pale brown, smooth-walled. Conidia (95–)107–139(–155) × (7–)8–9(–10) µm (x̄ = 123 × 8 µm, n = 40), acrogenous, solitary, obclavate, truncate at base, tapering towards the apex, straight or slightly curved, brown, 8–12-euseptate, smooth, thin-wall, sometimes a second conidium proliferates at the top of the conidia. Teleomorph: Undetermined.

Figure 8. 

Distoseptispora xinpingensis (HKAS 125818, holotype) a, b colonies on woody substrates c, d conidiophores e, f conidiogenous cells g–k conidia (Arrow in i–k indicate proliferating conidia) l germinating conidium m culture on PDA. Scale bars: 40 μm (c, d); 10 μm (e, f); 30 μm (g–l).

Culture characteristics

Conidia germinating on PDA within 24 hrs and swollen germ tubes produced from both ends and some septate. Colonies growing on PDA reaching 2–3 cm in two weeks at 26 °C in the dark, with dense, velvety, dark brown mycelium on the surface; in reverse brown to dark brown with entire margin.

Material examined

China, Yunnan Province, Yuxi City, Xinping Yi and Dai Autonomous County, Yuanjiang River, 23°48′12"N, 101°47′21"E, on submerged decaying branch in a freshwater stream, 22 February 2022, S. Luan & W.P Wang YJ 17–2–2 (HKAS: 125818, holotype), ex-type, KUNCC 22–12667; ibid, 23°48′12"N, 101°47′21"E, on submerged decaying branches in a freshwater stream, 22 February 2022, H.W. Shen & Z.Q. Zhang YJ 17–5–2 (HKAS: 125821, paratype), ex-paratype, KUNCC 22–12669.

Notes

Phylogenetic analysis showed that the two strains of Distoseptispora xinpingensis (KUNCC 22–12669 and KUNCC 22–12667) clustered together and formed a sister clade to D. lignicola (MFLUCC 18–0198) and D. menghaiensis (HJAUP C2045) with low support (Fig. 1). Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the best matching result for ITS sequence of KUNCC 22–12667 is Distoseptispora sp. (isolate SICAUCC 22–0049, sequence ID: ON228626; identities: 499/516 (97%), 4 gaps); the best matching result of LSU sequence is D. lignicola (strain MFLUCC 18–0198, sequence ID: MK849797; identities: 1223/1245 (98%), no gap); the best matching result of rpb2 sequence is D. bambusae (voucher MFLU 17–1653, sequence ID: MT232882; identities: 1047/1047 (100%), no gap); the best matching result of tef1-α sequence is D. mengsongensis (strain HJAUP C2126, sequence ID: OP961937; identities: 866/916 (95%), no gap). Distoseptispora xinpingensis conforms to the generic concept of Distoseptispora (Su et al. 2016; Yang et al. 2018, 2021; Luo et al. 2019; Zhang et al. 2022). The morphological comparison between Distoseptispora xinpingensis and the closely related D. lignicola and D. menghaiensis shows that D. xinpingensis has longer conidiophores (105–149 µm vs. 84–124 µm) and conidia (107–139 µm vs. 60–108 µm), and with more conidial septate (8–12 vs. 5–9) than D. lignicola. Distoseptispora xinpingensis can be distinguished from D. menghaiensis by its longer conidiophores (105–149 µm vs. 45.7–82.9 µm) and conidia (107–139 µm vs. 35.7–48.6 µm), as well as conidial septation (8–12-euseptate vs. 4–8-distoseptate) (Hu et al. 2023). Given the morphological distinctions and evidence from phylogenetic analysis, we introduce Distoseptispora xinpingensis as a new species from the Red River Basin in Yunnan, China.

Discussion

Systematic research on lignicolous freshwater fungi is ongoing in the Red River Basin. Seven distoseptispora-like species were discovered from submerged decaying wood. Based on multigene phylogenetic analysis and morphological studies, six Distoseptispora species were identified, D. suae and D. xinpingensis were introduced as new species with their unique morphology and phylogenetic placement. Previously introduced species, D. bambusae, D. euseptata, D. obpyriformis and D. pachyconidia were reported in the watershed for the first time. The Red River Basin may contain more interesting, particular, and undiscovered freshwater fungal species, as no studies have been reported on yet.

In the past seven years, more than 70 Distoseptispora species have been introduced based on morphological and molecular evidence. These species grow as saprophytes on a variety of decaying wood debris in tropical and subtropical freshwater and terrestrial habitats (Index Fungorum database; Hu et al. 2023). 45 species have been reported on submerged bamboo stems and unknown wood debris in freshwater habitats, and 23 species have been reported on dead leaves, branches, and stems of various plants in terrestrial habitats, such as palms (Hyde et al. 2019), bamboo (Monkai et al. 2020), grasses (Hyde et al. 2023), and unknown broad-leaved trees (Hu et al. 2023), etc., and five species have been reported in both terrestrial and freshwater habitats (Hyde et al. 2016; Tibpromma et al. 2018; Phookamsak et al. 2019; Phukhamsakda et al. 2020; Sun et al. 2020; Shen et al. 2021; Ma et al. 2022; Zhang et al. 2022). China and Thailand are the countries that contribute the most Distoseptispora species, with 50 species reported in China and 25 species reported in Thailand.

Species of Distoseptispora are usually distinguished based on phylogenetic analysis combined with the morphological characteristics of conidiophores and conidia (Su et al. 2016; Monkai et al. 2020; Zhang et al. 2022). Important morphological characteristics are the color, shape, size, septation type (distoseptate/euseptate) and number of conidia, as well as the length of the conidiophores (Zhang et al. 2022). Phylogenetic studies of Distoseptispora are usually based on ITS, LSU, tef1-α, and rpb2 gene loci, and currently, all type species are well resolved on the phylogenetic tree (Hu et al. 2023; this study). Several previous studies have shown that new specimens of some species of Distoseptispora are significantly different in morphology from original descriptions, especially in the color and size of the conidia (Yang et al. 2018; Luo et al. 2019; Shen et al. 2021; Ma et al. 2022). These new specimens are usually collected from different habitats from the type specimens, and sometimes from the same habitat (Yang et al. 2018; Luo et al. 2019; Shen et al. 2021; Ma et al. 2022). However, the ITS, LSU, tef1-α and rpb2 sequences of these new specimens are not significantly different from the type specimens (Yang et al. 2018; Shen et al. 2021; Ma et al. 2022). Habitat and incubation time may affect the size of conidia, but this has not yet been determined and needs to be resolved in future studies (Yang et al. 2018; Shen et al. 2021; this study). Additionally, the brand and photography mode of the compound microscope may affect the color of the conidia. Of course, another possibility is that the four loci currently used to construct the phylogenetic analysis are not enough to provide more information to explain the morphological differences; combining more loci or a whole-gene phylogenetic study may explain these morphological differences.

The multigene phylogeny indicates that members of Distoseptispora are distributed in four distinct clades. However, there are no pronounced morphological differences sufficient to separate them (Zhang et al. 2022). Morphologically, Distoseptispora martinii stands apart from other species within the genus due to its ellipsoid, oblate or subglobose and muriform conidia. These characteristics align more closely with the general concept of Junewangia. Therefore, the phylogenetic placement of D. martinii requires further examination through nucleotide base sequence analysis. In subsequent studies, the culture of D. martinii (CGMCC 3.18651) could be encouraged to sporulate to determine if similar conidiophores and conidia are produced. Notably, in our study, the ex-type strain of D. suae (KUNCC 22–12476) produced conidiophores and conidia that mirrored those observed on the natural substrate, confirming this approach as promising.

Acknowledgments

Hong-Wei Shen thanks Qiu-Xia Yang, Sha Luan, Wen-Peng Wang and Zheng-Quan Zhang for their help with the sample collection, DNA extraction and PCR amplification. Thanks to Rong-Ju Xu for his help with the specimen and culture preservation.

Additional information

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Ethical statement

No ethical statement was reported.

Funding

We would like to thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (project ID: 32060005), National Science and Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program of China (2021FY100900), and the Yunnan Fundamental Research Project (Grant No. 202201AW070001) for financial support. This work was also supported by the Foundation of Yunnan Province Science and Technology Department (202305AM070003).

Author contributions

Conceptualization: SB, YZL, ZLL. Formal analysis: HWS. Funding acquisition: ZLL. Investigation: XJS, HWS, YXL. Methodology: YXL, DFB. Resources: HWS, XJS. Software: DFB. Supervision: ZLL, SB. Writing – original draft: XJS, HWS. Writing – review and editing: DFB, ZLL, YXL, YZL, SB.

Author ORCIDs

Hong-Wei Shen https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2508-1970

Dan-Feng Bao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5697-4280

Saranyaphat Boonmee https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5202-2955

Yong-Zhong Lu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1033-5782

Xi-Jun Su https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6357-7750

Yun-Xia Li https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5645-8861

Zong-Long Luo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7307-4885

Data availability

All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.

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