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Research Article
Three new species of Cortinarius section Delibuti (Cortinariaceae, Agaricales) from China
expand article infoPan Long ‡, Song-Yan Zhou§, Sai-Nan Li‡, Fei-Fei Liu§, Zuo-Hong Chen‡
‡ Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
§ Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China

Corresponding author: Zuo-Hong Chen ( chenzuohong@263.net )

Academic editor: Bao-Kai Cui
© 2024 Pan Long , Song-Yan Zhou, Sai-Nan Li, Fei-Fei Liu, Zuo-Hong Chen.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Long P, Zhou S-Y, Li S-N, Liu F-F, Chen Z-H (2024) Three new species of Cortinarius section Delibuti (Cortinariaceae, Agaricales) from China. MycoKeys 101: 143-162. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.101.114705
Open Access

Abstract

Three new species of Cortinarius section Delibuti, namely C. fibrillososalor, C. pseudosalor, and C. subtropicus are described as new to science based on morphological and phylogenetic evidences. Cortinarius pseudosalor is extremely morphologically similar to C. salor, but it differs from the latter by smaller coarsely verrucose basidiospores. Cortinarius fibrillososalor can be easily differentiated by its fibrillose pileus. The pileus of C. subtropicus becomes brown without lilac tint at maturity comparing with other members of section Delibuti. A combined dataset of ITS and LSU sequences was used for phylogenetic analysis. The phylogenetic reconstruction of section Delibuti revealed that these three new species clustered and formed independent lineages with full support respectively. A key to the three new species and related species of section Delibuti is provided in this work.

Key words

Morphology, new taxa, phylogeny, taxonomy

Introduction

The genus Cortinarius (Pers.) Gray (Cortinariaceae, Agaricales), which is known for its high species diversity, comprises more than 3000 taxa and exhibits a global distribution (Garnica et al. 2005; Willis 2018). However, the taxonomy of this genus faces an extremely complex challenge due to the overlapping morphological variation within species (Seidl 2000; Dima et al. 2021). Different classification systems of Cortinarius have been proposed by many taxonomists based on the comparison of the morphological characteristics, geographical distribution, ecological traits, chemical features, DNA barcode markers, or diverse combinations of the above through introducing the infrageneric concepts such as subgenus, section, or clade (Moser 1969; Moser and Horak 1975; Singer 1986; Bidaud et al. 1994; Brandrud 1998; Peintner et al. 2002; Garnica et al. 2003; Peintner et al. 2004; Garnica et al. 2005; Stefani et al. 2014; Garnica et al. 2016; Niskanen et al. 2016; Soop et al. 2019). Recently, according to the data of shallow whole genome sequencing and a five-locus analysis of 245 species, the genus Cortinarius was elevated to the Cortinariaceae rank, encompassing 10 genera, namely Aureonarius Niskanen & Liimat., Austrocortinarius Niskanen & Liimat., Calonarius Niskanen & Liimat., Cortinarius, Cystinarius Niskanen & Liimat., Hygronarius Niskanen & Liimat., Mystinarius Niskanen & Liimat., Phlegmacium (Fr.) Wünsche, Thaxterogaster Singer and Volvanarius Niskanen & Liimat. (Liimatainen et al. 2022).

Cortinarius sect. Delibuti (Fr.) Sacc., typified by C. delibutus Fr., is widely distributed (Høiland and Holst-Jensen 2000; Peintner et al. 2004). section Delibuti species possess a viscid to glutinous pileus and glutinous cylindrical to clavate stipe, a duplex pileipellis with a gelatinous layer, subglobose and moderately warty basidiospores, basidiome in shades of bluish, yellow, brown, or green, lilac-blue lamellae while brown in the mature stage and a ring zone usually on the upper part of the stipe (Peintner et al. 2004; Garnica et al. 2005; Soop et al. 2019). As a comparatively old lineage, sect. Delibuti used to be placed in the myxacioid group or subgenus Myxacium (Fr.) Trog (Singer 1986; Brandrud et al. 1990, 1992; Seidl 2000; Garnica et al. 2005). In other views, sect. Delibuti was also placed in phlegmacioid group or subg. Phlegmacium, including subsections Delibuti and Anomali (Antonio and Aguirre 2004; Peintner et al. 2004). Based on four- locus (nrITS, nrLSU, rpb1, and rpb2) phylogenetic analysis, sect. Delibuti was placed within larger entity-Anomaloid sections, including sections Anomali, Bolares, Delibuti, Spilomei and Subtorti (Soop et al. 2019). More recently, sect. Delibuti was placed in Cortinarius subgen. Camphorati Liimat., Niskanen & Ammirati, encompassing sections Anomali, Bolares, Lilacinocinerei and Subtorti by Liimatainen et al. (2022).

The research on Cortinarius has mainly been conducted in Europe and North America, while it is still lacking in East Asia (Peintner et al. 2002; Garnica et al. 2003; Peintner et al. 2004; Garnica et al. 2005; Liimatainen et al. 2014; Stefani et al. 2014; Garnica et al. 2016; Niskanen et al. 2016; Soop et al. 2019, Liimatainen et al. 2022). To date, fewer than 30 species were originally reported from China, and only two new species in sect. Delibuti were originally found in China (Yang 1998; Wei and Yao 2013; Xie et al. 2019, 2020, 2021a, 2021b, 2022; Luo and Bau 2021, Zhang et al. 2023; Zhou et al. 2023). With the combination of morphological observations and phylogenetic analysis, we describe three species belonging to sect. Delibuti as new to science in this study.

Materials and methods

Specimens

The specimens were collected from central and southwestern China during 2012–2022. The vouchers are all deposited in the Mycological Herbarium of Hunan Normal University (MHHNU) and Cryptogamic Herbarium of Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (KUN-HKAS). Detailed information is listed in Table 1.

Table 1.
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List of sequences of Cortinarius used for phylogenetic analyses. The sequences newly generated in this study are in bold, and all type specimens are highlighted with an asterisk.

Species Voucher Locality GenBank Accession No. Reference
ITS LSU
Cortinarius anomalus TUB011883 Europe, Germany AY669645 AY669645 Garnica et al. (2005)
C. anomalus * CFP1154 (S) Europe, Ångermanland KX302224 – Dima et al. (2016)
C. barlowensis * JFA13140 North America FJ717554 – Harrower et al. (2011)
C. bolaris T40 Europe, Norway KC842426 KC842496 Stensrud et al. (2014)
C. bolaris * CFP1008 Europe KX302233 – Dima et al. (2016)
C. bolaris TUB0118524 Europe, Germany AY669596 AY669596 Garnica et al. (2005)
C. calaisopus * PDD 94050 New Zealand, Dunedin NR157880 MH108373 Genbank
C. calaisopus PDD103678/CO2106 New Zealand KF727395 KF727338 Soop et al. (2019)
C. camphoratus SMI193 North America, Canada FJ039626 – Harrower et al. (2011)
C. delibutus F17048 North America, Canada FJ717515 FJ717515 Harrower et al. (2011)
C. delibutus SAT01-301-12 North America, USA FJ717513 – Harrower et al. (2011)
C. dysodes PDD70499/CO1038 HT New Zealand GU233340 GU233394 Soop et al. (2019)
C. ferrusinus * JB8106 13 Europe KY657254 – Genbank
C. fibrillososalor * MHHNU 32494 East Asia, China, Hunan OR647481 OR647506 This study
C. fibrillososalor MHHNU 33520 East Asia, China: Hunan OR647485 OR647507 This study
C. fibrillososalor MHHNU 33509 East Asia, China, Hunan OR647483 – This study
C. fibrillososalor MHHNU 8657 East Asia, China, Hunan OR647355 OR647497 This study
C. fibrillososalor MHHNU 32070 East Asia, China, Hunan OR660685 OR647503 This study
C. illibatus HMJAU48760 East Asia, China, Heilongjiang MW911735 – Xie et al. (2021a)
C. illibatus OS574 Europe KC842441 KC842511 Stensrud et al. (2014)
C. pseudocamphoratus * HMJAU48694 East Asia, China, Xizang NR_176776 – Xie et al. (2022)
C. putorius TN07411 HT North America, USA KR011124 – Ariyawansa et al. (2015)
C. rotundisporus PDD96298/ JAC12057 New Zealand MH101550 MH108389 Soop et al. (2019)
C. rotundisporus PERTH 05255074 Australia AY669612 AY669612 Garnica et al. (2005)
C. salor TUB011838 Europe, Germany AY669592 AY669592 Garnica et al. (2005)
C. spilomeus * S: CFP1137 Europe KX302267 – Dima et al. (2016)
C. spilomeus TUB011523 Europe AY669654 AY669654 Garnica et al. (2005)
C. pseudosalor MHHNU 8349 East Asia, China, Hunan OR647352 – This study
C. pseudosalor * MHHNU 32082 East Asia, China, Hubiei OR660686 OR647504 This study
C. pseudosalor MHHNU 32148 East Asia, China, Hubiei OR660688 OR647505 This study
C. subsalor HMJAU48758 East Asia, China, Zhejiang MW911733 – Xie et al. (2021a)
C. subsalor * HMJAU48759 East Asia, China, Zhejiang MW911734 – Xie et al. (2021a)
C. subtortus F16111 North America FJ157044 FJ157044 Harrower et al. (2011)
C. subtortus TUB011382 Europe AY174857 AY174857 Garnica et al. (2003)
C. subtropicus MHHNU 31954 East Asia, China, Hunan OR647356 OR647498 This study
C. subtropicus KUN-HKAS 75760 East Asia, China, Guangxi OR647491 OR647509 This study
C. subtropicus MHHNU 31964 East Asia, China, Hunan OR660684 OR647501 This study
C. subtropicus MHHNU 31981 East Asia, China, Hunan OR660687 OR647502 This study
C. subtropicus * MHHNU 33533 East Asia, China, Hunan OR647488 OR647508 This study
C. tasmacamphoratus HO A20606A0 Australia, Tasmania AY669633 AY669633 Garnica et al. (2005)
C. tessiae PDD107517/CO1450 New Zealand MG019356 MG019356 Soop et al. (2019)
C. tessiae PDD72611 New Zealand HM060317 HM060316 Genbank
C. tetonensis * JFA10350 North America MZ580436 – Dima et al. (2016)
C. tibeticisalor * HMJAU48764 East Asia, China, Xizang MW911730 – Xie et al. (2021a)
C. tibeticisalor HMJAU48762 East Asia, China: Xizang MW911731 – Xie et al. (2021a)
C. tibeticisalor HMJAU48763 East Asia, China, Xizang MW911732 – Xie et al. (2021a)
C. viridipileatus OTA61977 New Zealand MK546592 MK546595 Nilsen et al. (2021)
C. viridipileatus OTA64087 New Zealand MK546593 MK546596 Nilsen et al. (2021)

Morphological observation

The descriptions of macromorphological characters were based on field records and photographs. Color codes were used following Kornerup and Wanscher (1978). The size of basidiomes, as determined by pileus width, was described as small (< 5.0 cm), medium-sized (5.0–9.0 cm) or large (> 9.0 cm). Microscopic features were observed from dried specimens that were mounted with 5% aqueous KOH and stained with 1% Congo red solution under a light microscope (Motic Ltd., China). Melzer’s reagent was used as an indicator of the amyloidity of basidiospores. In the description of basidiospores, the abbreviation [n/m/p] represents that the measurements were made on n basidiospores from m basidiomes of p collections. At least twenty matured basidiospores and basidia from each of the basidiomes were measured. The range (a)b–c(d) stands for the dimensions of basidiospores in which b–c contains a minimum of 90% of the measured values, while a and d indicate the extreme values. In addition, a Q value shows the ratio of length to width of basidiospores, and a Qm value shows the average Q ± standard deviation. A JSM-6380LV scanning electron microscope (JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was used for the observation of ornamentations of basidiospores.

DNA extraction, PCR amplification and sequencing

Total genomic DNA was extracted by a Fungal DNA Mini Kit (Omega, USA). ITS 4 and ITS 5 (White et al. 1990), LROR and LR5/LR7 (Vilgalys and Hester 1990), were used for amplification of internal transcribed spacer (ITS), nuclear ribosomal large subunit (nrLSU), respectively. Each PCR mixture contained 1× PCR buffer, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 0.2 mM dNTPs, 0.4 μM of each primer, 1.25 U of Taq polymerase, and 1–2 μl DNA template in a total volume of 25 μl. PCRs were performed with an Eppendorf Mastercycler thermal cycler (Eppendorf Inc., Germany) as follows: initial denaturation at 94 °C for 4 min (ITS; nrLSU; tef1-α); followed by 30–35 cycles of 94 °C for 30 s (ITS; nrLSU), 54 °C for 30 s (ITS) or 55 °C for 1 min (nrLSU), and 72 °C for 30 s (ITS), 1 min (nrLSU); and a final extension at 72 °C for 7–10 min. Amplified PCR products were detected by gel electrophoresis on 2% agarose gels and then sent to Tsingke Biological Technology (China) for sequencing.

Phylogenetic analyses

The sequences newly generated in this study and downloaded from GenBank were used for phylogenetic analysis (Table 1). Alignment was performed by MAFFT v7.149b (Katoh and Standley 2013) and adjusted manually by MEGA5 (Tamura et al. 2011). SequenceMatrix 1.7.8 (Vaidya et al. 2011) was applied to generate multigene matrixes. GTR+I+G was selected as the best-fit model for combined matrix based on the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) by MrModeltest 2.3 (Nylander 2004). Maximum likelihood (ML) analysis was performed using the W-IQ-TREE web service (http://iqtree.cibiv.univie.ac.at/) with 1000 ultrafast bootstrap replicates (Trifinopoulos et al. 2016). Bayesian inference (BI) was performed in MrBayes v3.2 (Ronquist et al. 2012). Four Metropolis-coupled Monte Carlo Markov chains were run for 5000000 generations, sampling every 1000th generation. Subsequently, the sampled trees were summarized after omitting the first 25% of trees as burn-in.

Results

Phylogenetic analyses

In the concatenated dataset (ITS+LSU), a total of 78 sequences (48 ITS, 30 LSU) from 48 samples were used for phylogenetic analyses among sect. Delibuti, sect. Subtorti, sect. Camphorati, sect. Bolares, sect. Spilomei, and sect. Anomali, of which 24 sequences (13 ITS, 11 LSU) were newly yielded in this study (Table 1). The estimates of tree topology inferred from ML and Bayesian analyses were extremely similar. The ML phylogenetic tree is shown with both bootstrap values (BP) and posterior probabilities (PP) annotated near the nodes (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. 

Phylogenetic tree of Cortinarius sect. Delibuti inferred from a combined matrix of ITS and LSU through maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) > 0.90 and bootstrap values (BP) >85% are reported at the nodes (PP/BP); “–” indicates that the support value was less than the respective threshold. The three newly described species are highlighted in bold. Aus: Australia; EA: East Asia; Eur: Europe; NAm: North America; NZ: New Zealand.

The phylogenetic relationship of sections within the genus Cortinarius in the present study was unclear and weakly supported. In the multi-locus tree, the monophyly of sect. Delibuti was supported with well-supported values (BP = 99%, PP = 1.00), including 12 species. section Camphorati was also monophyletic with fully supported values (BP = 100%, PP = 1.00), emcompassing 5 species. In sect. Delibuti, C. delibutus, C. illibatus, C. salor, C. subsalor, C. tibeticisalor, and three novel species, namely C. fibrillososalor, C. pseudosalor, and C. subtropicus, formed a monophyletic lineage (BP = 95%, PP = 1.00). Cortinarius fibrillososalor, C. subtropicus, and C. tibeticisalor formed a clade only be found in East Asia (BP = 99%, PP = 1.00), while C. tibeticisalor has a special olive-green tint, was only distributed in Tibetan Plateau (Xie et al. 2021a). However, C. pseudosalor, C. salor and C. subsalor clustered with low support values, leaving the position not determined. In addition, 13 specimens from C. pseudosalor, C. fibrillososalor and C. subtropicus collected in this study were fully supported (BP = 100%, PP = 1.00), and the phylogenetic relationships of C. fibrillososalor, C. tibeticisalor and C. subtropicus were clarified (BP = 100%, PP = 1.00).

Taxonomy

Cortinarius fibrillososalor P. Long & Z.H. Chen, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 850393
Figs 2, 3

Etymology

Fibrillososalor (Latin) refers to the species morphologically similar to Cortinarius salor, but with fibrils on the pileus.

Holotype

China, Hunan Province: Sangzhi County, Badagongshan National Nature Reserve, at 29.782541°N, 110.084472°E, alt. 1424 m, 8 September 2020, Z.H. Chen, P. Long and S.N. Li, (MHHNU 32494).

Figure 2. 

Basidiomes of Cortinarius fibrillososalor (a, b MHHNU 32494 c, d MHHNU 8657).

Diagnosis

Differs from the other species of sect. Delibuti from its fibrillose pileus.

Figure 3. 

Microscopic features of Cortinarius fibrillososalor (MHHNU 32494) a scanning electron micrograph of basidiospore b basidiospores c lamellae edge d basidia with probasidium e stipitipellis f pileipellis; Scale bars: 1 μm (a); 10 μm (b–e); 20 μm (f).

Description

Basidiomes small to medium-sized, telamonia-like, development type stipiocarpic. Pileus 2.9–5.2 cm, at first broadly convex, then lower convex to plane, broadly umbonate at the centre, margin incurved or decurved to upturned; at first violaceous (17B6–17B8), tinged brown (5B4–5C6) at the centre then becoming whitish mauve (16A1–16A2), finely fibrillose, with brown (5A5–5C7) universal veil remains at margin; surface silky when dry or glutinous when wet. Context thin, creamy white, soft, beige (3A1–A2) when bruised. Lamellae adnate to adnexed, lilac (17A2–17B2) to brownish (6C5–6D7), moderately distant, sometimes margin wavy. Stipe cylindrical to clavate, bend, gradually slender to the apex, 3.4–5.9 cm long, 0.4–0.8 cm wide, violaceous (17A4–17B5) when young then fading to whitish mauve (16A2–16A3) tint, leaving an ochraceous (5B6–5D8) ringon the upper stem, hollow. Odour indistinct.

Basidiospores [100/5/5] (6.5–) 7.0–8.8 (–9.2) × (5.0–) 5.9–7.2 (–8.1) μm, av. 8.1 × 6.5 μm, Q = 1.14 (1.16) – 1.31 (1.45), Qm = 1.24 ± 0.02, broadly globose to long ellipsoid, rarely subglobose, yellowish brown, moderately verrucose, without amyloid and dextrinoid reaction. Basidia (27–) 28–35 × (8–) 9–11 μm, 4-spored, sterigmata up to 2.4–3.7 μm, clavate to subcylindrical, colourless or with amber yellow oily inclusions or granules. Pileipellis duplex, hyphae 4–8 μm wide, epicutis strongly gelatinous, 68–128 μm thick, composed of colourless or amber yellow, irregularly arranged and strongly interwoven hyphae, hypocuits 25–38 μm thick, composed of colourless or amber yellow, nearly parallel cylindrical hyphae. Lamellar edges fertile. Cystidia absent. Lamellar trama regular, 40–80 μm thick, composed of parallel arranged hyphae, hyphae 3–6 μm wide. Stipitipellis gelatinous, stipe hyphae 3–6 μm wide, thin-walled, cylindrical, interwoven. Clamp connections present in all tissues.

Habitat, ecology and distribution

Solitary to gregarious on soil in evergreen broad-leaved forest, known from Hunan, China; July to September.

Additional specimens examined

China, Hunan Province: Sangzhi County, Badagongshan National Nature Reserve, at 29.769154°N, 110.086577°E, alt. 1405 m, 31 July 2020, Z.H. Chen, P. Long and S.N. Li, (MHHNU 32070). China, Hunan Province: Sangzhi County, Badagongshan National Nature Reserve, at 29.769154°N, 110.477086°E, alt.1482 m, 28 July 2022, Z.H. Chen, J. Wen and Z.J. Jiang (MHHNU 33509, MHHNU 33520). China, Hunan Province: Sangzhi County, Badagongshan National Nature Reserve, at 29.404913°N, 109.491158°E, alt. 1500 m, 10 September 2015, P. Zhang, (MHHNU 8657).

Notes

Cortinarius fibrillososalor can be differentiated from other species of section Delibuti for its fibrillose pileus, usually under evergreen broad-leaved forest at 1405–1500m. In addition, basidiospores broadly globose to long ellipsoid, rarely subglobose while other members in this section usually subglobose to broadly ellipsoid.

Cortinarius pseudosalor P. Long & Z.H. Chen, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 850392
Figs 4, 5

Etymology

Pseudosalor (Latin) refers to the species morphologically similar to Cortinarius salor.

Holotype

China, Hubei Province: Hefeng County, Mulinzi National Nature Reserve, at 30.058935°N, 110.209541°E, alt.1413 m, 1 August 2020, Z.H. Chen, P. Long and S.N. Li, (MHHNU 32082).

Figure 4. 

Basidiomes of Cortinarius pseudosalor (a, b MHHNU 32082 c, d MHHNU 8349).

Diagnosis

This species differs from other species in sect. Delibuti for its high morphological similarity with C. salor, but having smaller coarsely verrucose basidiospores.

Figure 5. 

Microscopic features of Cortinarius pseudosalor (MHHNU 32082) a scanning electron micrograph of basidiospore b basidiospores c basidia with probasidium d lamellae edge e stipitipellis f pileipellis. Scale bars: 1 μm (a); 10 μm (b–e); 20 μm (f).

Description

Basidiomes small to medium-sized, development type stipiocarpic. Pileus 2.8–6.5 cm, at first broadly convex, then lower convex to plane, margin incurved when young, decurved to upturned at maturity; bluish violaceous (18A3–18C5) when young, tinge of white at the centre when chapped, later fading to ochraceous grey (5B6–5C7) when old with brown (5B8–5C8) universal veil remains at margin; dry, viscid. Context dirty white, soft. Lamellae adnexed, pale yellow (1A2) with lilac tint (16A1–16A2) then brownish (5B6–5D7), moderately distant, sometimes margin wavy. Stipe clavate, gradually slender to the apex, 4–8.4 cm long, 0.4–1.0 cm wide, violaceous (16A2–16A4) when young then fading to upper dirty white, whitish mauve (16A2) at base, leaving an ochraceous ring (5B8–5C8) on the upper stem, hollow in centre. Odour indistinct.

Basidiospores [60/3/3] (7.3–) 7.4–8.4 × (5.7–) 6.0–7.4 (–7.5) μm, av. 7.9 × 6.7 μm, Q = (1.11) 1.12– (1.26) 1.27, Qm = 1.18 ± 0.11, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, yellowish brown, coarsely verrucose, without amyloid and dextrinoid reaction. Basidia (29–) 30–38 × (8–) 9–12 μm, 4-spored, sterigmata up to 3.7–5.0 μm, clavate to subcylindrical, colourless or with amber yellow granules. Pileipellis duplex obviously, hyphae 2–6 μm wide, epicutis gelatinous, 50–75 μm thick, composed of colourless or amber yellow, moderately interwoven hyphae, hypocuits 50–75 μm thick, composed of colourless or amber yellow, hyphae nearly parallel cylindrical. Lamellar edges fertile. Cystidia absent. Lamellar trama regular, 45–55 μm thick, composed of hyphae and inflated cells, hyphae 2–5 μm wide, inflated cells 14–24 × 5–9 μm. Stipitipellis gelatinous, stipe hyphae 2–7 μm wide, thin-walled, cylindrical, weakly interwoven. Clamp connections present in all tissues.

Habitat, ecology and distribution

Solitary to gregarious on soil in coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest or evergreen broad-leaved forest, known from Hunan and Hubei, China; August.

Additional specimens examined

China, Hunan Province: Yongshun County, Xiaoxi National Nature Reserve, at 28.4215–28.5355°N, 110.650–110.2135°E, alt. 1000–1300 m, 30 August 2014, P. Zhang, (MHHNU 8349); Hubei Province: Hefeng County, Xiaping Town, at 30.046382°N, 110.136712°E, alt. 1223 m, 2 August 2020, Z.H. Chen, P. Long and S.N. Li, (MHHNU 32148).

Notes

Cortinarius pseudosalor is easily misidentified as C. salor for their high morphological similarity, except the former has smaller coarsely verrucose basidiospores. Besides, C. pseudosalor distributed in Central China under coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest or evergreen broad-leaved forest at alt. 1000–1413 m.

Cortinarius subtropicus P. Long & Z.H. Chen, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 850394
Figs 6, 7

Etymology

Subtropicus (Latin) refers to subtropical distribution range of the species.

Holotype

China, Hunan Province: Sangzhi County, Badagongshan National Nature Reserve, at 29.050057°N, 110.477119°E, alt. 1642 m, 29 July 2022, Z.H. Chen, J. Wen and Z.J. Jiang, (MHHNU 33533).

Figure 6. 

Basidiomes of Cortinarius subtropicus (a, b MHHNU 33533 c, d MHHNU 31964).

Diagnosis

Differs from the other species of sect. Delibuti species in having an epicutis pileipellis that can be easily separated from the context of the pileus.

Figure 7. 

Microscopic features of Cortinarius subtropicus (MHHNU 33533) a scanning electron micrograph of basidiospores b basidiospores c basidia with probasidium d lamellae edge e stipitipellis f pileipellis. Scale bars: 1 μm (a); 10 μm (b–e); 20 μm (f).

Description

Basidiomes small, development type stipiocarpic. Pileus 2.1–4.6 cm, at first broadly convex, then lower convex to plane, broadly umbonate at the centre, margin incurved; at first violaceous (15A4–15B7), tinged brown (6A5–6C7) at the centre then becoming orange brown (5B2–5B6), brown (5A4–5B6) universal veil remains at margin; surface smooth when dry or glutinous when wet, pileipellis is easy to separate. Context thin, creamy white, soft, beige (3A1–A2) when bruised. Lamellae adnate, bluish violet (18A2–18B2) with pale greyish (18B1) to brownish (5A4–5B7), rust brown (5C7) when dry, moderately distant. Stipe cylindrical to weakly clavate, bend, gradually slender to the apex, 6.4–7.2 cm long, 0.5–1.0 cm wide, lilac (15A2–15B2) when young, dirty white at maturity, leaving an ochraceous (5D7) to orange (5B6) ring on the upper stem, hollow in centre, crumbly. Odour indistinct.

Basidiospores [120/6/6] (6.6–) 7.0–9.1 (–10.3) × (5.9–)6.1–7.9 (– 10.3) μm, av. 7.8 × 6.4 μm, Q = 1.10–1.38 (1.41), Qm = 1.24 ± 0.01, subglobose to ellipsoid, yellowish brown, moderately verrucose, without amyloid and dextrinoid reaction. Basidia 32–48 × 9–12 μm, 4-spored, sterigmata 2.8–4.9 μm, clavate to subcylindrical, colourless or with amber yellow oily inclusions. Pileipellis duplex, hyphae 4–8 μm wide, epicutis gelatinous, 30–40 μm thick, composed of colourless or amber yellow, irregularly arranged and moderately interwoven hyphae, hypocuits 130–200 μm thick, composed of colourless or amber yellow, nearly parallel cylindrical hyphae. Lamellar edges fertile. Cystidia absent. Lamellar trama regular, 40–80 μm thick, composed of parallel arranged hyphae, hyphae 3–6 μm wide. Stipitipellis gelatinous, stipe hyphae 3–6 μm wide, thin-walled, cylindrical, subparallel arranged. Clamp connections present in all tissues of the basidiome.

Habitat, ecology and distribution

Solitary to gregarious on soil in under evergreen broad-leaved forest, on the ground, known from Hunan, China; July.

Additional specimens examined

China, Hunan Province: Sangzhi County, Badagongshan National Nature Reserve, at 29.683144°N, 109.754104°E, alt. 1645 m, 27 July 2020, Z.H. Chen, P. Long and S.N. Li, (MHHNU 31954). China, Hunan Province: Sangzhi County, Badagongshan National Nature Reserve, at 29.6767°N, 109.750696°E, alt. 1625 m, 28 July 2020, Z.H. Chen, P. Long and S.N. Li, (MHHNU 31964). China, Hunan Province: Sangzhi County, Badagongshan National Nature Reserve, at 29.676642°N, 109.750674°E, alt. 1625 m, 28 July 2020, Z.H. Chen, P. Long and S.N. Li, (MHHNU 31981). China, Guangxi Province: Xingan County, Maoershan National Nature Reserve, alt. 1900 m, 24 July 2012, X.B. Liu, (KUN-HKAS 75760).

Notes

Cortinarius subtropicus has an epicutis pileipellis that can be easily separated from the context of the pileus. Besides, pileus become brown without lilac or dark olive tint at maturity comparing with other members of section Delibuti.

A key to species of Cortinarius sect. Delibuti

1 Only distributed in the Northern Hemisphere 2
– Only distributed in the Southern Hemisphere or distributed both in Northern and Southern Hemisphere 12
2 Pileus usually ochraceous yellow without bluish hue 3
– Pileus usually bluish violet, sometimes yellow brown 4
3 Lamellae usually bluish violet at first, veil yellow to pale brown C. delibutus
– Lamellae pale ochraceous with tinge of pinkish violet, veil not yellowish C. illibatus
4 Distributed in Europe ± North America 5
– Distributed in China, East Asia 8
5 Growing under coniferous trees and broadleaved trees; pileus bluish violet 6
– Only growing under coniferous trees (Abies and Picea); pileus usually orange C. largodelibutus
6 Basidiomes small to medium-sized, pileus deep bluish violet to ochraceous; Veil violet to ochraceous 7
– Basidiomes small, pileus yellow to olive-ochre at the centre, greyish blue to violet at margin then fading quickly; veil yellow C. betulinus
7 Pileus usually olive brown; growing under coniferous trees (Picea) and broadleaved trees (Betula) C. transiens
– Pileus usually deep bluish violet; growing under broadleaved trees (Quercus, Fagus, Corylus) C. salor
8 Pileus usually dark olivaceous to brown at maturity; distributed in Tibetan Plateau of China C. tibeticisalor
– Pileus usually ochraceous yellow at maturity; distributed in Central China ± Eastern China 9
9 Pileus with fibrils, basidiospores broadly globose to long ellipsoid, rarely subglobose C. fibrillososalor
– Pileus without fibrils, basidiospores subglobose to broadly ellipsoid 10
10 Basidiospores average length >8 μm C. subsalor
– Basidiospores average length <8 μm 11
11 Pileipellis is easy to separate; epicutis of pileipellis less than 40 μm thick, distributed from 1625 m to 1900 m C. subtropicus
– Epicutis of pileipellis more than 50 μm thick, distributed from 1000 m to 1413 m C. pseudosalor
12 Growing under trees of Nothofagus 13
– Growing under trees of Myrtaceae 15
13 Pileus glutinous, greyish yellow to greyish orange, stipe violet, then becoming white to pale brownish, basidiospores ellipsoid, distributed in Northern and Southern Hemisphere C. illitus
– Pileus viscid, with a green hue; basidiospores subglobose, distributed in Southern Hemisphere 14
14 Pileus blue‒green to aerugineous; stipe blue green; distributed in Australasia C. tessiae
– Pileus dark green; stipe white with a purple hue; distributed in New Zealand C. viridipileatus
15 Basidiomes distinctly viscid to glutinous, stipe viscid, mainly greyish blue-green C. rotundisporus
– Basidiomes weakly viscid, stipe often dry, mainly yellow-green to olive C. calaisopus

Discussion

In this study, three species of Cortinarius sect. Delibuti, namely C. fibrillososalor, C. pseudosalor, and C. subtropicus, were described as new to science based on phylogenetic analyses and morphological characteristics. The phylogenetic relationships of C. fibrillososalor and C. subtropicus in C. sect. Delibuti were resolved with close phylogenetic relationship with C. tibeticisalor. However, the phylogenetic position of C. pseudosalor is still unclear as no supported sister relationship was revealed in the phylogenetic analysis.

Cortinarius fibrillososalor , C. pseudosalor, C. salor, C. subsalor, C. subtropicus and C. tibeticisalor have morphological homogeneity of the basidiomes. The macromorphological characters of C. pseudosalor, and C. salor are similar to basidiomes, coloured bluish violet, while C. subsalor is coloured purple to purplish red in pileus centre. Besides, C. pseudosalor has smaller coarsely verrucose basidiospores comparing C. salor and C. subsalor (Kibby and Tortelli 2021; Xie et al. 2021a). Meanwhile, C. salor is characterized by its lilaceous lamellae all the time and the narrow distribution in European woodlands, while C. pseudosalor and C. subsalor occurs in Asia (Xie et al. 2021a). Cortinarius fibrillososalor with violaceous to whitish mauve tint differ from other species in this section in the appearance of fibrils on the pileus and its broadly globose to long ellipsoid basidiospores (Kibby and Tortelli 2021; Xie et al. 2021a). Cortinarius subtropicus was found in the subtropical monsoon climate region of the Hunan and Guangxi provinces distributed from 1625 m to 1900 m. Cortinarius tibeticisalor was only distributed in Tibetan Plateau and was usually olivaceous to brown at maturity, while olivaceous species in sect. Delibuti mainly occurred in the South Pacific (Soop et al. 2019; Xie et al. 2021a).

Phylogenetic analysis was first applied to the taxonomic study of Cortinarius with ITS (Liu et al. 1997). Later, phylogenetic relationships were inferred mainly based on ITS, LSU sequences, and rpb1, rpb2 were also confirmed to help elucidate the relationships of species in Cortinarius (Frøslev et al. 2005; Soop et al. 2019; Xie et al. 2022). Species delimitation could be justified by the combination of ITS and LSU sequences (Nilsen et al. 2021; Zhou et al. 2023), a two-locus dataset (ITS and LSU) was used for the research of three new species and their similar species in the present study. However, it needs more sequence data and DNA markers for recognising higher taxonomic rank such as subgenus or genus. In section rank, a two-locus dataset (ITS, LSU) and four-locus dataset (ITS, LSU, rpb1 and rpb2) were first employed for phylogenetic analyses, and the latter provided a higher BP value and clearer tree structure, although with limited rpb1 and rpb2 (Soop et al. 2019). Besides, the first phylogenomic study based on shallow whole genome sequencing was conducted for Cortinariaceae revision (Liimatainen et al. 2022).

Acknowledgements

We thank Professor Ping Zhang, Master Zi-Juan Jiang and Jing Wen (Hunan Normal University) and Dr. Xiao-Bin Liu (Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences) for specimen collection. We also thank Prof. Zhu-Liang Yang (Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences), Dr. Zheng-Mi He and Yu-Ting Su (Hunan Normal University) for improving the manuscript.

Additional information

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Ethical statement

No ethical statement was reported.

Funding

This study was financially supported by the National Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 32170016) and the Biodiversity Survey and Assessment Project of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China (Grant No. 2019HJ2096001006).

Author contributions

Conceptualization: Zuo-Hong Chen and Pan Long; methodology: Fei-Fei Liu and Pan Long; performing the experiment: Pan Long; resources: Zuo-Hong Chen, Pan Long, Sai-Nan Li, and Song-Yan Zhou; writing – original draft preparation: Pan Long; writing – review and editing: Zuo-Hong Chen and Song-Yan Zhou; supervision: Zuo-Hong Chen; project administration: Zuo-Hong Chen; funding acquisition: Zuo-Hong Chen. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Data availability

All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text or Supplementary Information. The sequence data generated in this study are deposited in NCBI GenBank.

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Supplementary material

Supplementary material 1 

Multiple sequence alignment

Pan Long, Song-Yan Zhou, Sai-Nan Li, Fei-Fei Liu, Zuo-Hong Chen

Data type: fas

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
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