Research Article
Print
Research Article
Additional four species of Tatraea (Leotiomycetes, Helotiales) in Yunnan Province, China
expand article infoCui-Jin-Yi Li‡§|, Kandawatte Wedaralalage Thilini Chethana§, Prapassorn Damrongkool Eungwanichayapant§, De-Qun Zhou‡, Qi Zhao‡|
‡ Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
§ Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
¶ Tongren University, Tongren, China

Corresponding author: Qi Zhao ( 52253337@qq.com )

Academic editor: Xinlei Fan
© 2024 Cui-Jin-Yi Li, Kandawatte Wedaralalage Thilini Chethana, Prapassorn Damrongkool Eungwanichayapant, De-Qun Zhou, Qi Zhao.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Li C-J-Y, Thilini Chethana KW, Eungwanichayapant PD, Zhou D-Q, Zhao Q (2024) Additional four species of Tatraea (Leotiomycetes, Helotiales) in Yunnan Province, China. MycoKeys 102: 127-154. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.102.112565
Open Access

Abstract

During the investigations of discomycetes in Yunnan, China, five species of Tatraea were discovered on decayed, decorticated oak trees or unidentified wood. All species have typical disc-like, large fruiting bodies with grey, brown or greyish-green colors. The ITS sequence analysis showed that they belong to Tatraea (Helotiaceae, Helotiales) and the LSU and ITS combination revealed a different topology within the genus. Four species, T. clepsydriformis, T. griseoturcoisina, T. yunnanensis and T. yuxiensis were established as new species, and T. aseptata was collected and described on oak woods. The pairwise homoplasy index (PHI) test results indicated that there is no significant genetic recombination (Φw = 1.0) between all related species pairs. All the species described here are supported by descriptions, illustrations and multi-gene analyses.

Key words

Four new species, Helotiaceae, phylogeny, saprobic fungi, taxonomy

Introduction

Tatraea Svrček belongs to Helotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes (Wijayawardene et al. 2022) and is characterized by large, brown or grey cupulate apothecia with a stipe, distinct dark-colored subhymenium, hyaline medullary excipulum, light-brown colored ectal excipulum, large asci and ascospores (Velenovský 1934; Baral et al. 1999). The type species, Tatraea dumbirensis (Velen.) Svrček was initially recognized as Helotium dumbirense in Leotiaceae based on the materials collected in the Nizke Tatra Mountains, Slovakia (Velenovský 1934). In 1985, Svrček re-observed and measured ascospores, and synonymized the species with Rutstroemia macrospora (Peck) Kanouse (Velenovský 1934). However, Spooner (1987, 1988) transferred both H. dumbirense and R. macrospora to Sclerotiniaceae and synonymized them into Ciboria peckiana (Cooke) Korf and Ciboria dumbirensis, respectively, based on their morphological characteristics. After that, Svrček (1993) erected Tatraea based on the distinct characters between the materials from Europe and C. peckiana. Baral et al. (1999) also accepted the genus Tatraea and transferred Tatraea macrospora (Peck) Baral back. However, Baral et al. (1999) did not observe any isodiametric cells in hypothecium, a character significant of Sclerotiniaceae. Recent research showed Tatraea belonging to Helotiaceae, and the third species was added by a subsequent study (Vasilyeva 2010). To date, there are three species accepted in Tatraea (Index Fungorum 2023).

To date, members of Tatraea have been only found as saprobes on the rotting and permanently moist, decorticated trunks of beech wood (Fagus sylvatica), rarely occurring on Fraxinus excelsior or Betula and have been reported in Austria, China, Croatia, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland (Svrček 1993; Baral et al. 1999, 2013a, 2013b; Holec et al. 2015). The significance of fungi in forest ecosystems was reviewed by Niego et al. (2023a), highlighting their diverse functional contributions. This emphasizes the critical need to integrate fungal contributions into ecological conservation policies. Additionally, fungi hold significant value, encompassing not only the economic worth of wild and cultivated mushrooms but also the augmented value derived from fungal products and their involvement in various production processes. Furthermore, fungal involvement in ecosystem processes like carbon sequestration and recreational foraging also increases their traded value. In their study, Niego et al. (2023b) provided estimates to support more effective ecological conservation policies for fungal resources, highlighting the importance of studying and conserving these organisms. Decay fungi are able to produce enzymes that degrade components of wood, such as lignin, cellulose and xylans (Bucher et al. 2004) and are known as lignicolous fungi. Different lignicolous fungi prefer dead wood at different stages of decaying, for example, Tatraea mainly grows and decomposes the intermediate and late stages of wood decay (DS4) (Svrček 1993; Baral et al. 1999, 2013a; Heilmann-Clausen 2001; Holec et al. 2015; Dvořák 2017; Ujházy et al. 2018; Kunca et al. 2022). Due to the high density of managed forests, their low understory vegetation diversity compared to that of primary forests as well as the lack of late-stage decayed wood, members of Tatraea were rarely discovered in managed forests. Thus T. dumbirensis was considered an indicator of the primary forest and forest continuity, but also rarely collected in beech-dominated managed forests (Dvořák 2017; Ujházy et al. 2018). In China, only one species (Tatraea aseptata H.L. Su & Q. Zhao) was discovered in the protected primary forests, and other species were mainly found in the Center of Europe (Baral et al. 1999). Tatraea species are mostly found in old, natural primary montane forests (Baral et al. 1999). These species may have specialized adaptations to the undisturbed, virgin primary forests, contributing to overall biodiversity. Hence, they might not thrive or even survive in disturbed or secondary forests. These findings stress the importance of accurate management of primary forests to conserve their fungal diversity as well as the fungal gene pool (Baral et al. 1999). Furthermore, the rarity of these Tatraea species also highlights the importance of conducting studies on rare Leotiomycetes fungi to conserve them before they become extinct.

We have been conducting comprehensive studies on discomycetes, encompassing investigations into taxonomy, species diversity and evolutionary research, among other aspects (Ekanayaka et al. 2017, 2018, 2019; Lestari et al. 2022, 2023; Phutthacharoen et al. 2022). In this study, the authors aim to investigate the diversity of discomycetes in Yunnan Province, China. During our exploration, we discovered and collected the rare Tatraea species. In this study, we identified four new species of Tatraea on decayed and decorticated wood with detailed morphological descriptions and illustrations as recommended by Chethana et al. (2021). In previous studies, the classification of Tatraea mainly relied on morphological evidence, and only ITS sequences were available for phylogenetic analysis. Here, we provide additional gene regions and complete morphologies for future taxonomic and evolutionary research.

Materials and methods

Sample collection and morphological studies

Specimens were collected from decayed wood in Yunnan Province, China, during field investigations conducted from June, 2021 to October, 2022. All samples were obtained from highly humid natural broadleaf forests and protected areas rarely accessed by humans. During the collection period, the temperature of the collection site was basically in the range of 17 °C to 27 °C, and the temperature of Jingdong County, Puer City was 14 °C to 16 °C due to the influence of high altitude. The fruiting bodies were found on the surface of extremely wet decaying wood following rainfall events. The specimens with their substrates were gently wrapped in a single layer of tissue, rotated and pinched ends tightly with a hollow center to prevent squeezing the specimen. The specimens dried naturally in air, re-wrapped in a hard-paper boxes containing a small amount of silica gel and rehydrated before being observed in the laboratory.

Fresh apothecia were photographed in the field by a Canon EOS M100 camera (Canon Co. LTD, Japan). The dried and partially fresh apothecia were captured using a Canon EOS 70D(W) digital camera attached to a C-PSN stereomicroscope (Nikon Corporation Tokyo, Japan). The dried apothecia were sectioned by hand using razor blades and photographed by a charge-coupled device SC 2000C attached to a Nikon ECLIPSE Ni-U compound microscope (Nikon Corporation Tokyo, Japan). Vertical sections were used to observe the excipulum and hymenium. Asci, ascospores and paraphyses were observed by mounting squashed mature apothecia in water. Melzer’s reagent checked the blue iodine reaction of the ascus apex.

All measurements were carried out using Tarosoft (R) Image Framework program (IFW) and modified in Adobe Photoshop 2020 (Adobe system, USA). Q value indicates the length to width ratio of ascospores, n indicates the number of measured structures, and Qm indicates the average of Q value. The size of apothecia was defined as large (greater than 3.5 mm wide), moderate (greater than 2.5 mm and less than 3.5 mm wide) and small (less than 2.5 mm wide) based on mean and extreme values. The length of stipes was defined as long (longer than 1.1 mm), moderate (greater than 0.4 mm and less than 1.1 mm) and short (shorter than 0.4 mm). The colors of apothecia were determined following Kornerup and Wanscher (1967). The dried specimens were deposited at the Herbarium of Cryptogams, Kunming Institute of Botany Academia Sinica (KUN-HKAS). Facesoffungi numbers were obtained as in Jayasiri et al. (2015), and Index Fungorum numbers were obtained as in Index Fungorum (2023). Furthermore, details of all the species described in this study were uploaded to the Discomycetes website (https://discomycetes.org/, Lestari et al. 2023).

DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and sequencing

Two to three mature fruit bodies were carefully selected and thoroughly cleaned using sterilized water and 75% alcoholic solution. Subsequently, several layers of epidermal cells were meticulously removed using sterilized surgical blades.Following this step, approximately 1 mm3 of tissue was meticulously collected from both the receptacles and stipes using new sterile surgical blades. The collected tissue was then transferred into a sterile 1.5 mL centrifuge tube. Total genomic DNA was extracted using the TriliefTM Plant Genomic DNA Kit (Tsingke Biological Technology Co., LTD, Beijing, China). The total reaction volume for the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was 25 μl, containing 12.5 μl of 2 × Power Taq PCR MasterMix, 7.5 μl of sterile deionized water, 1 μl of each primer (100 μM stock), and 3 μl of DNA template. The amplifications were performed in a TC-type gene amplifier (LifeECO) (Hangzhou Bori Technology Co., LTD, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China). The primers used in this study are shown in Table 1. The conditions of PCR for each gene are as follows: for the ITS, LSU, mtSSU and RPB1, initial denaturation at 94 °C for 3 min, 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 30 s, 40 s of annealing at 53 °C, 1 min elongation at 72 °C, followed by a final extension for 10 min at 72 °C; for the RPB2 initial denaturation at 94 °C for 5 min, 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 1 min, 1 min of annealing at 56 °C for RPB2, 1 min elongation at 72 °C, followed by a final extension for 10 min at 72 °C. The PCR products were verified by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis followed by staining with TS-GelRed Ver.2 10,000 × in Water (Tsingke Biological Technology Co., LTD, Beijing, China). Products were sequenced at Tsingke biological technology Co., LTD, Beijing, China.

Table 1.
Download as
CSV
XLSX

Primers used for the PCR amplifications in this study.

Locus Primers Nucleotide sequence (5’- 3’) Reference
ITS ITS1-F (F) 5’-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3’ (White et al. 1990)
ITS4 (R) 5’-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3’
LSU LR0R (F) 5’-ACCCGCTGAACTTAAGC-3’ (Vilgalys and Hester 1990)
LR5 (R) 5’-TCCTGAGGGAAACTTCG-3’
mtSSU mrSSU1 (F) 5’-AGCAGTGAGGAATATTGGTC-3’ (Zoller et al. 1999)
mrSSU3R (R) 5’-ATGTGGCACGTCTATAGCCC-3’
RPB1 RPB1-Af (F) 5’-GARTGYCCDGGDCAYTTYGG-3’ (Stiller and Hall 1997)
RPB1-Cr (R) 5’-CCNGCDATNTCRTTRTCCATRTA-3’
RPB2 fRPB2-5F (F) 5’-GAYGAYMGWGATCAYTTYGG-3’ (Liu et al. 1999)
fRPB2-7cR (R) 5’-CCCATWGCYTGCTTMCCCAT-3’

Sequence assembly and alignment

Sequences were assembled in ContigExpress (Invitrogen, USA), and then checked and edited in BioEdit 7.2.5.0 (Hall 1999). The homologous sequences were selected based on the results of the BLASTn search performed against the GenBank database available at NCBI. All new and related sequences used in this study were derived from GenBank and used for phylogenetic analyses. Two species in Chlorociboria (Chlorociboriaceae, Helotiales) were selected as the outgroup taxa.

The datasets were aligned in MAFFT v. 7 (Katoh et al. 2019) with G-INS-i as the iterative refinement and default parameters were applied except for the gap penalty, which was changed to 1.00, and improved manually in BioEdit v. 7.2.5.0. Then, datasets were trimmed in TrimAl v.1.3 using the gappyout option (Capella-Gutiérrez et al. 2009). The multiple loci association matrixes were concatenated to a combined dataset in SequenceMatrix 1.7.8. (Vaidya et al. 2011). Due to the lack of sequence data for protein genes, the phylogenetic tree was constructed using the ITS gene and the combined LSU and ITS gene regions (Figs 1, 2). The combined ITS, LSU, mtSSU, RPB1 and RPB2 dataset was used to analyze the recombination level within phylogenetically and closely related species (Fig. 3). The ALTER (Alignment Transformation EnviRonment) online tool was used to convert from “.fasta” to “.nexus” format. The newly generated sequences in this study were deposited in GenBank (Table 2), and the combined alignment was deposited at the TreeBASE (submission ID: 30884).

Figure 1. 

Maximum likelihood tree based on the ITS sequence, showing the phylogenetic position of Tatraea. The ML bootstrap proportions (ML-BP) equal to or higher than 70% and Bayesian posterior proportions (BI-PP) equal to or higher than 0.90 are shown near the branches of the phylogenetic tree. Newly generated isolates of the current study are shown in blue and ex-types in bold.

Figure 2. 

Maximum likelihood tree based on a combined dataset of LSU and ITS sequences for the genus Tatraea. The ML bootstrap proportions (ML-BP) equal to or higher than 70% and Bayesian posterior proportions (BI-PP) equal to or higher than 0.90 are shown near the branches on the phylogenetic tree. Newly generated isolates of the current study are shown in blue and ex-types are shown in bold.

Figure 3. 

The results of the pairwise homoplasy index (PHI) test for the closely related species in Tatraea using LogDet transformation. A. PHI test for Tatraea yunnanensis vs. Tatraea macrospora. B. PHI test for Tatraea yuxiensis vs. Tatraea aseptata. C. PHI test for Tatraea clepsydriformis vs. Tatraea griseoturcoisina. PHI test results (Φw < 0.05) indicate significant recombination within the dataset.

Table 2.
Download as
CSV
XLSX

Detailed information and corresponding GenBank accession numbers of the taxa used in the phylogenetic analyses of this study. ‘†’ Denotes type species. Newly generated sequences are shown in bold. ‘-’: indicates sequence data is not available.

Taxon name Voucher Gene accession No.
ITS LSU mtSSU RPB1 RPB2
Bryoscyphus rhytidiadelphi H.B. 7214 OM808923 – – – –
Chlorociboria aeruginosa TNS-F-13596 LC425047 – – – –
C. aeruginascens TNS-F-36241 LC425045 – – – –
Cyathicula coronata CBS:197.62 MH858141 – – – –
Cy. culmicola F-171,707 FJ005119 – – – –
Cy. culmicola F-112,249 FJ005121 – – – –
Dicephalospora albolutea † HMAS 279693 MK425601 – – – –
D. chiangraiensis † MFLU 21-0018 MZ241817 – – – –
D. dentata 3093 KP204263 – – – –
D. huangshanica MFLU 18-1828 MK584979 – – – –
D. irregularis † CM 31 ON511117 – – – –
D. rufocornea MFLU 18-1827 MK584978 – – – –
D. sessilis † MFLU 18-1823 NR_163779 – – – –
D. shennongjiana † HMAS 279698 MK425606 – – – –
Glarea lozoyensis † ATCC 20868 NR_137138 – – – –
Gloeotinia granigena 1931. S Z81432 – – – –
Helicodendron microsporum † CBS:100.149 NR_137974 – – – –
Hymenoscyphus albidoides † HMAS 264140 NR_154903 – – – –
H. aurantiacus † HMAS 264143 NR_154907 NG_059509 – – –
H. brevicellulus HMAS 264015 JX977149 – – – –
H. calyculus HMAS 264146 KJ472291 – – – –
H. caudatus FeF217 MZ492984 – – – –
H. cf. calyculus MFLU 16-1865 MK584966 – – – –
H. fraxineus † ZT Myc 2022 NR_111479 – – – –
H. fructigenus CBS:186.47 MH856211 – – – –
H. fucatus 1149-1 MW959791 – – – –
H. ginkgonis † KUS F51352 NR_119669 – – – –
H. kiko † ICMP:19613 NR_137110 – – – –
H. lepismoides † H.B. 9832 KM199777 – – – –
H. linearis † Chic_18 KM114535 – – – –
H. macrodiscus † HMAS 264158 NR_154908 – – – –
H. menthae P6291 MH063781 – – – –
H. microcaudatus † HMAS 264020 JX977156 – – – –
H. microserotinus † HMAS 68520 NR_132814 – – – –
H. occultus † CBS:139.469 NR_147434 – – – –
H. ohakune † ICMP:19601 NR_137109 – – – –
H. pusillus † HMC 21525 MH476516 – – – –
H. repandus 420526MF0293 MG712335 – – – –
H. scutula CBS:101.66 MH858736 – – – –
H. seminis-alni H.B. 4974 KM114536 – – – –
H. serotinus H.B. 8023 KM114541 – – – –
H. subpallescens HMAS 264022 JX977154 – – – –
H. subsymmetricus † HMAS 264021 JX977153 – – – –
H. tetrasporus † 490 KJ472302 – – – –
H. trichosporus H.B. 6456 KM114538 – – – –
H. waikaia † PDD:102886 NR_137111 – – – –
Hymenotorrendiella andina PRJ SA193 KJ606682 – – – –
Hy. brevisetosa ICMP:18823 JN225946 – – – –
Hy. cannibalensis ICMP:18818 JN225947 – – – –
Hy. clelandii D1492 OK346623 – – – –
Hy. communis † CPC:32835 NR_170836 – – – –
Hy. dingleyae PDD:112191 MK039692 – – – –
Hy. eucalypti AH7636 KF588379 – – – –
Hy. indonesiana CPC:11049 DQ195787 – – – –
Hy. madsenii PRJ:D672 AY755336 – – – –
Neocrinula lambertiae † CBS:143.423 NR_156388 – – – –
N. xanthorrhoeae † CPC:29474 NR_154252 – – – –
Phaeohelotium epiphyllum TNS:F40042 AB926061 AB926130
Roesleria subterranea TNS:F38701 AB628057 – – – –
Symphyosirinia clematidis H.B. 7075 OM808922 – – – –
Tatraea dumbirensis SNMH59 MK907417 – – – –
T. macrospora S.D. Russell ONT iNaturalist # 130844630 OP643029 – – – –
T. macrospora S.D. Russell iNaturalist # 31593044 OM473784 – – – –
T. aseptata HKAS 124624 OP538031 – – – –
T. aseptata † HKAS 124623 OP538030 – – – –
T. aseptata HKAS 128269 OQ921780 OR214956 – OR703635 –
T. aseptata HKAS 128274 OQ921783 OR214952 OR237204 OR703633 OR735340
T. aseptata HKAS 128271 OQ921782 OR220038 OR237210 OR703636 OR735342
T. aseptata HKAS 128265 OQ921777 OR214955 OR237207 OR703634 OR735341
T. clepsydriformis HKAS 128266 OQ520277 OR214945 OR271555 OR703642 OR735348
T. clepsydriformis † HKAS 128275 OQ520268 OR214946 OR237205 OR703641 OR735347
T. clepsydriformis HKAS 128264 OQ921768 OR214949 OR237203 OR703643 –
T. clepsydriformis HKAS 128267 OQ921773 OR214951 OR271554 OR703644 OR735349
T. griseoturcoisina † HKAS 128276 OQ520299 OR214959 OR237211 OR703646 OR735351
T. griseoturcoisina HKAS 128277 OQ520298 OR214965 OR237207 OR703645 OR735350
T. yunnanensis HKAS 128272 OQ546436 OR220043 OR237209 OR703639 OR735345
T. yunnanensis † HKAS 128273 OQ520294 OR220044 OR237212 OR703640 OR735346
T. yuxiensis † HKAS 128268 OQ546437 OR220042 OR237202 OR703637 OR735343
T. yuxiensis HKAS 128270 OQ546435 OR220039 OR237208 OR703638 OR735344

Phylogenetic analyses

Maximum likelihood (ML) analysis was performed in RAxML-HPC2 on XSEDE (8.2.12) on the CIPRES Science Gateway platform (http://www.phylo.org/portal2) using the GTR model with 1,000 bootstrap replications. Bayesian inference (BI) analysis was performed using MrBayes v. 3.1.2. The Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling (MCMC) was used to evaluate the posterior probabilities (PP). The general time-reversible model with a discrete gamma distribution coupled with a proportion of an invariant (GTR+I+G) was selected for nLSU and ITS as the best model using MrModeltest v.2.3 (Nylander et al. 2004). Four simultaneous Markov Chains were run for 2,000,000 generations, with trees sampling at every 100th generation. The 25% of the trees representing the burn-in phase were discarded, and the remaining trees were used to calculate the posterior probability. The finalized phylogenetic tree was visualized in Figtree v.1.4.0 (Rambaut 2012) and edited in Adobe Illustrator 2020 and Adobe Photoshop 2020 (https://www.adobe.com/). Splitstree4 4.17.1 was used to determine the recombination level between phylogenetically and closely related but ambiguous species based on the PHI (pairwise homoplasy index) value (Taylor et al. 2000; Silvestro and Michalak 2012). The relationships between the two species were shown in splits graphs with the Log-Det transformation option. The relationship between T. macrospora and T. yunnanensis was visualized by constructing a split graph (Fig. 3A) from ITS. The relationship between the other two pairs (T. yuxiensis and T. aseptata, and T. griseoturcoisina and T. clepsydriformis) were visualized by constructing splits graphs, Fig. 3B and Fig. 3C, respectively, from 5-locus concatenated dataset. A pairwise homoplasy index below a 0.05 threshold (Φw < 0.05) indicates the presence of significant recombination between the two species (Chethana et al. 2017).

Results

Phylogenetic analyses

The dataset for the phylogenetic analysis based on the ITS gene consists of 69 taxa, represented by 81 isolates, including two outgroup taxa, Chlorociboria aeruginosa (TNS:F13596) and Chlorociboria aeruginascens (TNS:F36241). The dataset contains 550 total characters with gaps. The combined alignment contains 239 constant characters, 54 variable and parsimony uninformative characters and 254 parsimony-informative characters. The RAxML analysis of the ITS gene dataset yielded the best-scoring tree with a final likelihood value of -8336.600892 (Fig. 1). The maximum likelihood matrix comprises 366 distinct alignment patterns with 8.85% undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies are as follows: A = 0.219317, C = 0.265186, G = 0.257196, T = 0.258302; substitution rates AC = 1.749614, AG = 2.352229, AT = 1.537478, CG = 0.647334, CT = 5.060114, GT = 1.000000; gamma distribution shape parameter α = 0.360268. The LSU and ITS concatenated dataset consists of 9 taxa, represented by 21 isolates, including two outgroup taxa, Hymenoscyphus aurantiacus (HMAS 264143) and Phaeohelotium epiphyllum (TNS:F40042). The concatenated dataset contains 1744 aligned nucleotide sites, including 1256 bp for the LSU region and 488 bp for the ITS region with gaps. The combined alignment contains 1471 constant characters, 89 variable and parsimony uninformative characters and 184 parsimony-informative characters. The RAxML analysis of the combined dataset (LSU and ITS) yielded the best-scoring tree with a final likelihood value of -4243.290550 (Fig. 2). The dataset comprises 259 distinct alignment patterns with 31.66% undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies are as follows: A = 0.227902, C = 0.244223, G = 0.295968, T = 0.231906; substitution rates AC = 0.961500, AG = 2.058057, AT = 0.608426, CG = 0.460988, CT = 7.662978, GT = 1.000000; gamma distribution shape parameter α = 0.183205. Species in Hymenoscyphus showed different topologies in ML and BI analyses, but the support values for the nodes are less. Despite the different taxon sampling, the topological structure of the phylogenetic tree shown in Fig. 1 is similar to that of Johnston et al. (2019). In the ML and Bayes analyses, Tatraea formed a monophyletic clade within Helotiaceae with 67% ML bootstrap support and 0.98 Bayesian probability in the ITS phylogeny (Fig. 1). Some nodes in Clade II and Clade III have low support values (Fig. 1). In Clade I, our collections of Tatraea aseptata clustered with the type species and formed a sub-clade sister to T. yuxiensis with 98% ML support and 1.00 Bayesian probability support. However, this clade comprising T. aseptata and T. yuxiensis separated from T. dumbirensis with 74% ML bootstrap support and 0.57 Bayesian probability. Collections of T. clepsydriformis and T. griseoturcoisina formed two individual clades in Fig. 1 with 50% ML bootstrap support and 0.80 Bayesian probability, and 52% ML bootstrap support and 0.92 Bayesian probability, respectively. However, these two species clustered as a separate sub-clade with 85% ML support and 0.96 Bayesian probability support in the ITS and LSU combined phylogeny (Fig. 2). Tatraea yunnanensis clustered with T. macrospora with 98% ML bootstrap support and 0.99 Bayesian probability support in the LSU and ITS phylogeny (Fig. 2). A pairwise homoplasy index below 0.05 typically indicated the presence of significant recombination among the groups. In our analysis, the pairwise homoplasy index (PHI or Φw) for three pairs of species (T. macrospora vs. T. yunnanensis, T. yuxiensis vs. T. aseptata and T. griseoturcoisina vs. T. clepsydriformis) were 1.0, 1.0 and 0.4185, respectively. These results indicated no significant recombination among these pairs.

Taxonomy

Tatraea aseptata H.L. Su & Q. Zhao

Index Fungorum: IF559987
Facesoffungi Number: FoF12892
Fig. 4

Type material

Holotype. HKAS 124623.

Description

Saprobic on the decayed branches of oak trees. Sexual morph: Apothecia 2.5–4.7 mm wide (x̄ = 3.3 ± 0.5 mm, n = 27) when fresh, 1–2.4 mm wide × 0.6–1.2 mm high (x̄ = 1.6 ± 0.3 × 0.9 ± 0.1 mm, n = 28) when dry, scattered or gregarious, superficial, discoid with glabrous, short stipe. Disc flat and circular, light brown (7D5–7D6) in wet habitat, slightly dark alabaster grey (5B2) in slightly dried habitat when fresh, edge undulating and slightly curl inward towards the disc, dark brown (8F5–8F6) to dull green (30E4) or greyish green (30E5) when dry, sometimes orange white to pale greenish white (29A2) or dull yellow (3B4) to greyish yellow (3B5–3B6) near center. Margins white when immature and fresh, concolorous to the disc when mature and fresh, white to pale yellow or concolorous to the receptacles when dry. Receptacle smooth and brown (6D7–6D8) when fresh, yellowish brown (5E5–5E6), flank darker when dry, rough and fine pustules on the surface. Stipe 280–725 μm wide × 340–735 μm long (x̄ = 500 ± 148 × 540 ± 125 μm, n = 11), short, broad at upside part, narrower at lower part, golden brown (5D7) when fresh, light brown when dry, finely granular pustules, ridged at maturity. Hymenium 142–190 μm (x̄ = 160 ± 14 μm, n = 15), hyaline. Subhymenium 35–52 μm (x̄ = 44 ± 4 μm, n = 25), dense brown hyphae forming a textura intricata, hyphae 3.4–4.3 μm (x̄ = 3.8 ± 0.3 μm, n = 25) diam., gather with excipulum at the margin. Medullary excipulum 120–145 μm (x̄ = 133 ± 7 μm, n = 15), thick, well-developed, comprised of thin-walled, septate, pale brown and slightly loose hyphae of textura intricata, hyphae 4.3–7.4 μm (x̄ = 6.0 ± 0.8 μm, n = 25) diam., hyaline, becoming dense and well-organized, parallel near to the ectal excipulum, non-gelatinous. Ectal excipulum visible, different from the medullary excipulum, the inner layers generally consists of 3–4 layers textura globulosa to textura angularis cells, 30–48 μm (x̄ = 38 ± 4 μm, n = 35) thick, moderately thick-walled, cells 8.4–16.5 μm (x̄ = 13.0 ± 1.9 μm, n = 50) diam., wall 0.63–1.54 μm (x̄ = 1.01 ± 0.18 μm, n = 70) thick; the outer layers partially uneven proliferous to 8–12 layers, stack into triangles to trapezoids, 50–89 μm (x̄ = 69 ± 9 μm, n = 60) thick (including the inner layers), cells 3–11 μm (x̄ = 8 ± 1.7 μm, n = 75) diam., wall 0.6–1.7 μm (x̄ = 0.95 ± 0.21 μm, n = 65) thick; cells from the outer to the inner layers gradually increase in diameter, brown to colorless; terminal cells of 3–4 layers at flank stretch to 13.1–15.3 μm long × 2.6–3.8 μm wide (x̄ = 14.1 ± 0.8 × 3.3 ± 0.5 mm, n = 10), straight, ends narrow and slightly sharp, thin-walled, brown. Paraphyses 1.9–3.7 μm (x̄ = 2.6 ± 0.4 μm, n = 50) wide, hyaline, filiform, rounded apex, 0–2-septate, unbranched, with conspicuous lipid bodies, scarcely extending beyond the asci. Asci (132–)136.7–157.8(–172) × (12.5–)13.2–16.0(–17.3) μm (x̄ = 148.2 ± 7.8 × 14.5 ± 1.0 μm, n = 40), unitunicate, 8-spored, almost filling the whole asci, clavate, slightly curved, apically rounded with an amyloid apical pore in Melzer’s reagent, an incrassated wall at apex, 7.4–11.1 μm wide × 3.7–6.1 μm high (x̄ = 9.0 ± 0.7 × 4.8 ± 0.5 μm, n = 40), slightly constricted downward, tapering to obconical or short subtruncated base, sometimes not obvious, croziers present. Ascospore (21.8–)24.6–31.6(–33.7) × (7.6–)7.8–10.0(–10.8) μm (x̄ = 27.4 ± 2.3 × 8.8 ± 0.7 μm, n = 80), Q = (2.3–)2.5–3.7(–4.0), Qm = 3.1 ± 0.3, overlapping uniseriate, slightly asymmetrical, reniform with a large guttule and several multiple granules, obtusely rounded at the apex, slightly pointed at the base, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth and aseptate. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Figure 4. 

Tatraea aseptata (HKAS 128275) a–c Fresh ascomata on the wood d–g dried ascomata on the wood h vertical section of an ascoma i–j excipulum k paraphyses l–p asci (o–p asci in Meltzer’s reagent) q–v ascospores. Scale bars: 1.5 mm (d); 400 μm (e); 800 μm (f–g); 1000 μm (h); 200 μm (i); 100 μm (j); 70 μm (k–p); 15 μm (q–v).

Material examined

China, Yunnan Province, Puer City, Jingdong County, altitude 2455 m, on the decayed oak tree twig, 23 August 2022, Cuijinyi Li, LCJY-1221 (HKAS 128274); ibid., Ailao Mountain, altitude 2520 m, on mossy, decaying unknown wood, 9 June 2022, Cuijinyi Li, LCJY-743 (HKAS 128271); ibid., Kunming City, Panlong District, altitude 1920 m, on the decayed oak tree twig, 25 May 2022, Cuijinyi Li, LCJY-477 (HKAS 128265); ibid., Yuxi City, Xinping County, altitude 1920 m, on soft decayed unknown wood, 5 June 2022, Cuijinyi Li, LCJY-601 (HKAS 128269).

Notes

Our collections are clustered with T. aseptata H.L. Su & Q. Zhao with 100% ML bootstrap support and 1.0 Bayesian probability. Fruiting bodies are mostly founded on decayed oak tree branches and share similar characteristics with T. aseptata by having fresh apothecia of similar size, brown receptacles when dry and the same reniform ascospores. In contrast, our collection also showed differences in their outer ectal excipulum comprising 8–12 layers of uneven proliferous cells with no hairs, thinner medullary excipulum and shorter asci (136.7–157.8 μm vs. 150–185 μm).

Tatraea clepsydriformis C.J.Y. Li & Q. Zhao, sp. nov.

Index Fungorum: IF901178
Facesoffungi Number: Fo15190
Fig. 5

Etymology

The specific epithet refers to the hourglass shape apothecia.

Holotype

HKAS 128275.

Description

Saprobic on the decayed branches of oak tree. Sexual morph: Apothecia 1.3–3.5 mm wide (x̄ = 2.5 ± 0.7 mm, n = 13) when fresh, 0.9–1.3 mm wide × 0.6–0.9 mm high (x̄ = 1.1 ± 0.15 × 0.7 ± 0.12 mm, n = 13) when dry, gregarious, superficial, hourglass shape or cupulate, glabrous, with a wide stipe. Disc flat and circular, pale grey (5C1) when fresh, edge slightly curl inward towards the disc, melon yellow (5A6) to apricot yellow (5B6) or pale orange (5A2) near the center, darken to concolorous as receptacle near the edge when dry, or dark blue (20E7) when immature. Margins concolorous to the disc when fresh, white, smooth or dentate when dry. Receptacle slightly rough and dark yellowish brown (5D8) when fresh, slightly rough, light brown (6D8) to hazel brown (6E8) when mature and dry, sometimes edge with white narrow-band, smooth and dark blackish blue (20F8) when immature and dry. Stipe 360–596 μm wide × 463–571 μm long (x̄ = 470 ± 85 × 515 ± 47 μm, n = 13), short and broad, concolorous to the receptacle or pale yellow when fresh, concolorous to dried receptacle when mature, butter yellow (4A5) when immature, slightly rough on surface. Hymenium 122–155 μm (x̄ = 135 ± 12 μm, n = 30), hyaline. Subhymenium (24–)36–60(–65) μm (x̄ = 44 ± 8 μm, n = 37), dense golden brown (5D7) hyphae, forming textura intricata, hyphae 2.2–2.9 μm (x̄ = 2.6 ± 0.2 μm, n = 25) wide. Medullary excipulum 335–535 μm (x̄ = 415 ± 51 μm, n = 15) thick, well-developed, comprised of thin-walled, septate, branched, pale brown and slightly loose hyphae of textura intricata in center, hyphae 3.3–5.1 μm (x̄ = 4.2 ± 0.5 μm, n = 45) diam., hyaline, near the ectal excipulum becoming well-organized parallel, non-gelatinous. Ectal excipulum 29–80 μm (x̄ = 50 ± 14 μm, n = 48) thick, comprised of 3–5 layers, large cells inside and several outer layers of smaller cells of textura angularis, 4.9–15.3 μm (x̄ = 8.9 ± 2.4 μm, n = 64) diam., wall moderately thick, 0.5–1.1 μm (x̄ = 0.7 ± 0.1 μm, n = 52) thick, pale brown to pale yellow from the outer inward the inner layers; proliferous cells not observed; terminal cells at margin inconspicuous elongated. Paraphyses 2.1–3.4 μm (x̄ = 2.6 ± 0.3 μm, n = 45) wide, hyaline, straight and filiform, apically round, 1–3-septate, unbranched, no conspicuous contents, scarcely extending beyond the asci. Asci (104.0–)112.4–135.8 × 8.2–12.2 μm (x̄ = 121.5 ± 5.7 × 10.1 ± 0.9 μm, n = 40), unitunicate, 8-spored, cylindric or subclavate, apically rounded with an amyloid apical pore in Melzer’s reagent, apical wall incrassated, 5.0–8.5 μm wide × 2.0–3.7(–4.4) μm high (x̄ = 6.8 ± 0.7 × 3.1 ± 0.5 μm, n = 40), slightly constricted downward when immature, tapering to a cylindric and aporhynchous, subtruncated base, croziers present. Ascospore (12.9–)14.0–17.9 × 5.1–6.8 μm (x̄ = 15.2 ± 0.9 × 5.7 ± 0.4 μm, n = 65), Q = 2.1–3.2, Qm = 2.7 ± 0.1, overlapping uniseriate, ellipsoidal with a large guttule, obtusely rounded at both ends, slightly pointed at the base, hyaline, almost symmetrical, thin-walled, smooth and aseptate. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Figure 5. 

Tatraea clepsydriformis (HKAS 128275, holotype) a–b fresh ascomata on the wood c–f dried ascomata on the wood g vertical section of an ascoma h–j excipulum k paraphyses l–p asci (o–p asci in Meltzer’s reagent) q–r ascospores. Scale bars: 2 mm (c); 600 μm (d); 700 μm (e); 250 μm (f); 800 μm (g); 150 μm (h, j); 100 μm (i); 60 μm (k–p); 40 μm (q–r).

Material examined

China, Yunnan Province, Puer City, Jingdong County, altitude 2455 m, on the decayed oak tree twig, 23 August 2022, Cuijinyi Li, LCJY-1226 (HKAS 128275, holotype); ibid., Kunming City, Panlong District, altitude 1920 m, on the decayed oak tree twig with ant nests, 29 May 2022, Cuijinyi Li, LCJY-497 (HKAS 128266, paratype); ibid., Yeya Lake, altitude 1900 m, on the decayed oak tree twig with ant nests, 3 July 2021, Cuijinyi Li, LCJY-127 (HKAS 128264, paratype); ibid., Sanjian Mountain, altitude 1950 m, on decayed wood, 18 December 2021, Cuijinyi Li, LCJY-392 (HKAS 128267, paratype).

Notes

The distinctive characteristics of T. clepsydriformis are moderate-sized apothecia (2.5 mm wide when fresh), with fresh brown receptacles and stipes, light brown to hazel brown at dry condition, stipes concolorous to receptacles, pale yellow, proliferous cells of ectal excipulum not observed, aporhynchous asci and small, ellipsoidal ascospores without septa.

Phylogenetically, our collections clustered with T. griseoturcoisina with 85% ML bootstrap support and 0.96 Bayesian probability in the combined LSU and ITS phylogeny (Fig. 2). Morphologically, both species have small ascospores shown in Suppl. material 1 (shorter than 23 μm). Tatraea clepsydriformis are distinguished from other species by their shorter asci and smaller ascospores except for T. griseoturcoisina (Suppl. material 1). Tatraea clepsydriformis differs from T. griseoturcoisina by having brown receptacles, a broader medullary excipulum (335–535 μm vs. 164–308 μm) and shorter ascospores (15.2 × 5.7 μm vs. 17.1 × 5.4 μm).

Tatraea griseoturcoisina C.J.Y. Li & Q. Zhao, sp. nov.

Index Fungorum: IF901179
Facesoffungi Number: Fo15191
Fig. 6

Etymology

The specific epithet refers to the greyish turquoise color of the disc.

Holotype

HKAS 128276.

Description

Saprobic on decayed branches. Sexual morph: Apothecia 2.5–4.0 mm wide (x̄ = 3.1 ± 0.4 mm, n = 27) when fresh, 1.0–2.1 mm wide × 0.6–0.8 mm high (x̄ = 1.6 ± 0.3 × 0.7 ± 0.1 mm, n = 20) when dry, scattered or gregarious, superficial, discoid with thin and short stipitate, glabrous. Disc flat and circular, greyish turquoise (24E5) when fresh in wet habitat, slightly concave in the center, edge slightly curved upwards, deep green (28E8) with greyish green (28D5) to dark greyish green (28F7) when fresh in slightly dried habitat, edge slightly fold inward towards the discs, yellowish white (1A2) to snow white (1A1) when dry. Margins concolorous to the discs when fresh in wet habitat, white when dry or living in the dried habitat. Receptacle not observed when fresh, rough and finely pustules, dark brown to nearly black when dry, with some slightly dark and irregular veins on the surface. Stipe 330–360 μm wide × 220–440 μm long (x̄ = 350 ± 89 × 330 ± 8 μm, n = 5), short and thin, rough and finely pustules, concolorous to the receptacle. Hymenium 103–138 μm (x̄ = 117 ± 8 μm, n = 25), hyaline. Subhymenium 43–66 μm (x̄ = 53 ± 6 μm, n = 15), dense brownish-orange (6C8) hyphae of textura intricata, hyphae 1.3–2.9(–3.9) μm (x̄ = 2.2 ± 0.5 μm, n = 50) diam., appear with excipulum at the margin, non-gelatinous. Medullary excipulum 164–308 μm (x̄ = 238 ± 33 μm, n = 15) thick, well-developed, comprised of thin-walled, septate, pale brown to pale yellow cells of textura intricata, hyphae 2.6–5.2 μm (x̄ = 3.9 ± 0.5 μm, n = 30) diam., hyaline, slightly loose in the center, becoming well-organized, parallel and strongly dense near the ectal excipulum, narrow hyphae 1.3–3.2 μm (x̄ = 2.3 ± 0.4 μm, n = 30) diam., non-gelatinous. Ectal excipulum well-differentiated from the medullary part, the inner layers generally consists of 5–6 layers textura angularis cells, 27–68 μm (x̄ = 42 ± 9 μm, n = 37) thick, cells 6.6–14.4 μm (x̄ = 10.2 ± 2.4 μm, n = 100) diam., wall moderately thick 0.41–0.84 μm (x̄ = 0.6 ± 0.1 μm, n = 50); the outer layers partially uneven proliferous to some gradually smaller brown cells, stack into short and broad triangles to trapezoids, 20–46(–63) μm (x̄ = 31 ± 12 μm, n = 20) thick (excluding the inner layers), cells 4.5–10.2 μm (x̄ = 7.8 ± 1.6 μm, n = 80) diam., wall moderate; cells from the outer inward the inner layers gradually increase in diameter, brown to pale yellow; terminal cells at the margin stretch to elongated textura prismatica cells 10–13 μm × 3.3–4.1 μm with rounded ends, wall moderately thick, brown, non-gelatinous. Paraphyses 1.7–2.7 μm (x̄ = 2.3 ± 0.2 μm, n = 35), hyaline, filiform, rounded apex, 2-septate at the middle, unbranched, conspicuous contents not observed, scarcely extending beyond the asci. Asci (91–)109–122 × 8.2–11.5 μm (x̄ = 113 ± 5 × 9.5 ± 0.7 μm, n = 25), unitunicate, 8-spored, almost filling the whole asci, clavate, rounded apex with an amyloid apical pore in Melzer’s reagent, wall incrassated at the apex, 5.5–6.8 μm wide × 2.3–4.2 μm high (x̄ = 6.0 ± 0.5 × 3.2 ± 0.4 μm, n = 25), slightly constricted downward when developing, tapering to a cylindric and aporhynchous subtruncate base, croziers present. Ascospore 14.6–20.4(–22.5) × 4.9–6.2 μm (x̄ = 17.1 ± 1.7 × 5.4 ± 0.4 μm, n = 60), Q = 2.4–3.7(–4.2), Qm = 3.1 ± 0.1, overlapping uniseriate, slightly narrow ellipsoidal with a large guttule, ends rounded at the base, slightly pointed at the apex, slightly curved on the lateral view, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth and aseptate. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Figure 6. 

Tatraea griseoturcoisina (HKAS 128276, holotype) a fresh ascomata on the wood d–g dried ascomata on the wood d vertical section of an ascoma e–h excipulum i paraphyses j–n asci (o–n asci in Meltzer’s reagent) o–t ascospores. Scale bars: 900 μm (b); 600 μm (c); 1000 μm (d); 80 μm (e, g); 40 μm (f); 60 μm (h–n); 10 μm (o–t).

Material examined

China, Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna City, Menghai County, altitude 1660 m, on decayed oak tree branches in a managed plantation, 8 September 2022, Cuijinyi Li, LCJY-1402 (HKAS 128276, holotype); ibid., Menghai County, altitude 1500 m, on decayed oak tree branches in a managed plantation, 8 September 2022, Cuijinyi Li, 22-9-8-5 (HKAS 128277, paratype).

Notes

The distinctive characteristics of Tatraea griseoturcoisina are greyish-green apothecia, with yellowish-white to snow white discs when dry, narrow hyphae of medullary excipulum, short aporhynchous asci and slightly narrow ellipsoidal ascospores without septa.

Phylogenetically, T. griseoturcoisina grouped with T. clepsydriformis with 85% ML bootstrap support and 0.96 Bayesian probability in the combined LSU and ITS phylogeny (Fig. 2). A pairwise homoplasy index (PHI) test was conducted using a five-gene dataset (ITS, LSU, mtSSU, RPB1 and RPB2) to assess the recombination level between clades of T. griseoturcoisina and T. clepsydriformis. The results revealed that there were no significant recombination events observed between these two groups (Фw > 0.05), indicating that they are genetically isolated and thus supporting them as distinct species (Fig. 3). Tatraea griseoturcoisina is distinct from all other species based on its unique macro-characteristics of greyish-green apothecia, dried discs and receptacles. Micro-characteristics of T. griseoturcoisina resemble T. clepsydriformis by having narrow hyphae of medullary excipulum, short asci and smaller ellipsoidal ascospores, but it is distinct from T. clepsydriformis by having a thinner medullary excipulum (164–308 μm vs.335–535 μm), longer (17.1 × 5.4 μm vs. 15.2 × 5.7 μm) and curved ascospores. Tatraea griseoturcoisina can be distinguished from the other five species (T. aseptata, T. dumbirensis, T. macrospora, T. yunnanensis and T. yuxiensis) based on its short asci (109–122 μm) and ascospores (14.6–20.4 μm) (see Suppl. material 1).

Tatraea yunnanensis C.J.Y. Li & Q. Zhao, sp. nov.

Index Fungorum: IF901180
Facesoffungi Number: Fo15192
Fig. 7

Etymology

The specific epithet refers to the locality from where the type species was collected.

Holotype

HKAS 128273.

Description

Saprobic on the decayed wood. Sexual morph: Apothecia 3.8–5.0 mm wide × 2.5–4.1 mm high (x̄ = 4.8 ± 0.8 × 3.7 ± 0.8 mm, n = 10) when dry, scattered, superficial when fresh, short stipitate, glabrous. Disc circular, flat or slightly concave when fresh, yellowish white (4A2) to orange white (5A2), edge strongly curl inward towards the disc when dry, pastel green (29A4-30A4) to light green (29A5), dull green (29E4) near the edge. Margins concolorous to the disc when fresh, white or concolorous to the disc when dry. Receptacle rough and pale greyish orange (5B3) with loose, finely yellowish brown (5E8) pustules when fresh, rough and light brown (5E4) with finely dark pustules and irregular patches when dry, center of vertical section appears white powder, outwardly yellowish waxy materials. Stipe 0.5 mm wide × 1.1 mm long, concolorous to the receptacle, dense finely granular pustules. Hymenium 173–213 μm (x̄ = 192 ± 10 μm, n = 20) thick, hyaline. Subhymenium 51.5–68.5 μm (x̄ = 60.5 ± 5.0 μm, n = 27) thick, slightly indistinguishable from the medullary excipulum, comprised of dense and unordered brown (5D4) hyphae of textura intricata, hyphae 2.2–5.4 μm (x̄ = 3.9 ± 0.9 μm, n = 20) diam., with excipulum at the margin. Medullary excipulum 435–560 μm (x̄ = 518 ± 48 μm, n = 10) thick, well-developed, comprised of thin-walled, septate, branched, hyaline and lose hyphae of textura intricata in the center, partially cells of hyphae becoming swollen, hyphae 3.6–7.8(–8.9) μm (x̄ = 5.3 ± 0.9 μm, n = 77) diam., becoming well-organized, parallel near to the ectal excipulum, hyphae narrower, non-gelatinous. Ectal excipulum of the inner layers usually comprised of 3–5 layers of textura angularis to textura prismatica cells oriented vertically to the receptacle, brown to hyaline from the outside to inside, 37–65 μm (x̄ = 49.5 ± 8.8 μm, n = 70) thick, cells 8.4–16.5 μm (x̄ = 13.0 ± 1.1 μm, n = 50) diam., wall moderately thick 0.56–0.9 μm (x̄ = 0.72 ± 0.11 μm, n = 84) thick; the outer layers uneven dense proliferous 2–10 layers of textura angularis to textura prismatica cells, 20–74 μm (x̄ = 49 ± 12 μm, n = 43) thick (out of the inner layers), usually parallel to receptacle, forming an inverted arched or irregular shaped, not obvious change in textura angularis cells on diameter, slightly larger on textura prismatica cells, brown; terminal cells at the margin, indistinctively elongated. Paraphyses 1.5–2.8 μm (x̄ = 2.1 ± 0.4 μm, n = 80) wide, hyaline, filiform, rounded apex, 3–4-septate, sometimes branched at mid and base, with conspicuous contents and fine oil drops, scarcely extending beyond the asci. Asci (163.8–)170.9–197.4 × 10.1–15.5 μm (x̄ = 180.5 ± 7.2 × 12.6 ± 1.4 μm, n = 50), unitunicate, 8-spored, almost filling in some short asci, cylindric or subclavate, rounded apex with an amyloid apical pore in Melzer’s reagent, apical wall incrassated, 6.4–9.3(–10.3) × 2.7–5.1(–6.0) (x̄ = 7.8 ± 0.8 × 3.8 ± 0.7 μm, n = 40), thicken when immature, tapering to subtruncated base, croziers present. Ascospore 32.5–42.4 × 4.8–7.1 μm (x̄ = 36.3 ± 2.6 × 6.5 ± 0.4 μm, n = 50), Q = 4.4–6.5(–7.2), Qm = 5.6 ± 0.4, uniseriate or overlapping uniseriate, elongated to narrow fusiform with 1–2 guttules to multiple granules, hyaline, slightly curved, bluntly rounded at the base, slightly pointed at the apex, thin-walled, smooth and aseptate. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Figure 7. 

Tatraea yunnanensis (HKAS 128273, holotype) a–b fresh ascomata on the wood c dried ascomata on the wood d vertical section of an ascoma e–g excipulum h paraphyses i–m asci (m asci in Meltzer’s reagent) n–s ascospores. Scale bars: 3.5 mm (c); 1200 μm (d); 300 μm (e); 50 μm (f); 100 μm (g); 80 μm (h–m); 20 μm (n–s).

Material examined

China, Yunnan Province, Puer City, Jingdong County, altitude 1455 m, on the decayed wood, 23 August 2022, Cuijinyi Li, LCJY-1218 (HKAS 128273, holotype); ibid., Tengchong City, altitude 1714 m, on decayed wood, 16 August 2022, Cuijinyi Li, LCJY-1119-2 (HKAS 128272, paratype).

Notes

The distinctive characteristics of T. yunnanensis are large (4.8 mm wide), brown apothecia with pastel green to light green discs and short stipes, thick medullary excipulum comprising 2–10 layers of inverted proliferous cells, arched or irregular shaped, pleurorhynchous asci with J+ pores, filiform, 3-septate paraphyses and elongated fusiform ascospores without septa.

Phylogenetically, our collections clustered sister to T. macrospora with 98% ML bootstrap support and 1.0 Bayesian probability in the combined LSU and ITS phylogeny (Fig. 2). It was shown that the two species do not have any genetic recombination (Φw = 1.0) based on the pairwise homoplasy index (PHI) value (Fig. 3). Tatraea yunnanensis resembles T. macrospora in having cupulate apothecia, yellowish-white to orange-white discs when fresh and large ascospores. In contrast, our species differ from T. macrospora by having longer ascospores (32.5–42.4 μm vs. 22-40 μm) with 3–8-septate ascospores (Baral et al. 1999). For T. macrospora, the morphological descriptions provided in previous studies are incomplete and lack details on the apothecial size and color, stalk and spores.

Tatraea yuxiensis C.J.Y. Li & Q. Zhao, sp. nov.

Index Fungorum: IF901187
Facesoffungi Number: Fo15193
Fig. 8

Etymology

The specific epithet refers to the locality from where the type species was collected.

Holotype

HKAS 128268.

Description

Saprobic on the decayed wood. Sexual morph: Apothecia 2.3–4.2 mm wide (x̄ = 3.0 ± 0.6 mm, n = 15) when fresh, 1.2–2.0(–2.5) mm wide × 0.47–0.72 mm high (x̄ = 1.6 ± 0.3 × 0.58 ± 0.09 mm, n = 18) when dry, scattered or gregarious, disk-like with short stipitate, glabrous, developing on the surface of the substrate. Disc flat and circular, slightly convex at the center and downward at the edge when fresh, edge slightly curls inward towards the center, edge of large ascoma somewhat undulating, orange grey (5B2) to brownish grey (5C2) when fresh, dark brownish black or deep green (1D8) to olive (1E8) when dry. Margins concolorous to the disc when fresh, white to pale yellow or concolorous to the receptacles when dry. Receptacle dark brownish black or dark ochraceous-brown when dry, slightly rough and finely pustules when mature. Stipe 270–480(–650) μm wide × 190–400 μm long (x̄ = 400 ± 86 × 320 ± 76 μm, n = 18), short, regular cylindrical, concolorous to the receptacle or nearly black, almost smooth on the surface. Hymenium 173–227 μm (x̄ = 210 ± 17 μm, n = 15), hyaline. Subhymenium not obvious. Medullary excipulum 273–330 μm (x̄ = 307 ± 22 μm, n = 15) thick, well-developed, comprised of thin-walled, septate, pale brown and slightly loose hyphae of textura intricata, hyphae (3.5–)4.2–8.7 μm (x̄ = 6.2 ± 1.5 μm, n = 70) diam., hyaline, becoming dense near to the hymenium, darkening, dense and well-organized parallel near to the ectal excipulum, non-gelatinous. Ectal excipulum of the inner layers generally comprised of 3–6 layers vertically oriented textura angularis cells, 34–62(–77) μm (x̄ = 49 ± 10 μm, n = 60) thick, pale brown to hyaline toward inwards, cells of inner layers 10.5–18.5(–20.4) μm (x̄ = 14.0 ± 2.6 μm, n = 100) diam., wall (0.49–)0.65–1.09(–1.3) μm (x̄ = 0.87 ± 0.15 μm, n = 100) thick; proliferate 3–4 layers irregular-shaped and minimal textura angularis or textura prismatica cells, 4.0–8.4 μm (x̄ = 6.3 ± 1.3 μm, n = 100) diam., wall 0.59–0.94 μm (x̄ = 0.77 ± 0.12 μm, n = 70) thick; terminal cells at margin obviously elongated to 17–33 μm × 3.6–5.9 μm, slightly curved and soft, apex rounded and sometimes swollen, thin-walled, pale brown or hyaline. Paraphyses 1.9–3.3 μm (x̄ = 2.6 ± 0.5 μm, n = 70) wide, hyaline, filiform, rounded apex, 1–2-septate, unbranched, with conspicuous contents in Melzer’s reagent, scarcely extending beyond the asci. Asci (159.6–)167.4–190.7(–200.0) × 11.3–15.8 μm (x̄ = 177.5 ± 8.7 × 13.1 ± 1.2 μm, n = 30), unitunicate, 8-spored, cylindric or subclavate, apically rounded with an amyloid apical pore in Melzer’s reagent, thickened wall at apex, 7.2–11.5 × 3.0–5.7 (x̄ = 9.2 ± 1.5 × 4.2 ± 0.7 μm, n = 40), tapering to a pleurorhynchous subtruncate base, croziers present. Ascospore (24.1–)26.2–34.9(–36.5) × (6.3–)7.0–8.9(–9.5) μm (x̄ = 30.0 ± 2.8 × 7.9 ± 0.6 μm, n = 100), Q = (2.8–)3.2–4.6(–5.2), Qm = 3.8 ± 0.2, uniseriate, elongated ellipsoidal with a large guttule, slightly curved and asymmetrical on the lateral view, ends rounded, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, aseptate, appearing 1-septate when germinating. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Figure 8. 

Tatraea yuxiensis (HKAS 128268, holotype) a fresh ascomata on the wood b–e dried ascomata on the wood f vertical section of an ascoma g–i excipulum j–k paraphyses l–o asci (o–p asci in Meltzer’s reagent) p–v ascospores. Scale bars: 1.5 mm (b); 700 μm (d–c); 400 μm (e); 800 μm (f–g); 1000 μm (h); 200 μm (i); 100 μm (j); 70 μm (k–p); 15 μm (q–v).

Material examined

China, Yunnan Province, Yuxi City, Xinping County, altitude 2090 m, on soft decayed unknown wood in managed plantation, 5 June 2022, Cuijinyi Li, LCJY-633 (HKAS 128268, holotype); ibid., altitude 2340 m, on decayed unknown wood, 6 June 2022, Cuijinyi Li, LCJY-634 (HKAS 128270, paratype).

Notes

The distinctive characteristics of T. yuxiensis are orange-grey to brownish-grey discs when fresh, dark brownish-black or dark ochraceous-brown when dry, short and regular cylindrical stipe, 3–4 layers of proliferous minimal cells, pleurorhynchous asci and elongated ellipsoidal and laterally asymmetrical ascospores.

Morphologically, T. yuxiensis resembles T. aseptata with their similar-sized and disk-like apothecia with a short stipe, filiform paraphyses, cylindric asci and ellipsoidal ascospores. In contrast to T. aseptata, T. yuxiensis has darker receptacles, regular cylindrical stipes, inconspicuous subhymenium, thicker medullary excipulum (273–330 μm vs. 120–145 μm) with larger terminal cells (17–33 μm × 3.6–5.9 μm vs. 13.1–15.3 μm × 2.6–3.8 μm) that almost appear as 3–4 layers of proliferous minimal cells and ascospores with higher length-width ratio (3.8 vs. 2.97). Furthermore, our collections of T. aseptata (HKAS 128265, HKAS 128269, HKAS 128271, HKAS 128274) have shorter asci (136.7–157.8 μm vs. 167.4–190.7 μm) and 8–12 layers of proliferous cells, compared to T. yuxiensis.

Phylogenetically, T. yuxiensis clustered sister to T. aseptata with 100% ML bootstrap support and 1.0 Bayesian probability in the combined LSU and ITS phylogeny (Fig. 2). The pairwise homoplasy index (PHI) indicated no significant genetic recombination (Φw = 1.0) between T. yuxiensis and T. aseptata and confirmed that they are different species (Fig. 3).

Discussion

Tatraea was initially collected a 100 years ago from the Nizke Tatra Mountains in Europe and was subsequently found in several countries (Velenovský 1934; Baral et al. 1999). In Britain and Croatia, T. dumbirensis is listed on the Red List as a threatened species (Ujházy et al. 2018). Tatraea macrospora appeared in some countries, but no official records were found. Therefore, the accuracy of species identification could not be confirmed. Since the study in 1999, there have been no new species reports in Tatraea from other continents. All collections in this study were collected from Yunnan, China, of which most were collected from protected natural forests and from areas comprising mainly oak trees. Some species are found in plantations that have been protected and nursed for many years, however, the host is too decayed to identify. In most cases, the decayed oak wood is still the main nutrient provider in forests. After the addition of our collections (T. clepsydriformis and T. griseoturcoisina), the description of Tatraea should be extended from long asci and large ascospores to include slightly shorter asci and smaller spores, as well as the initial greyish turquoise color of the apothecia.

In the past, the type species, T. dumbirensis was incorrectly recognized to be a member of the Leotiaceae or Sclerotiniaceae (Velenovský 1934; Baral et al. 1999). The exclusion from the Sclerotiniaceae was due to the absence of darkening and sclerotia formation in the cultures (Baral et al. 1999). In the present taxonomic study, Tatraea was included in Helotiaceae, and we also agreed on this treatment based on the ITS analysis in our study (Vasilyeva 2010). The genus-level placements of each species in Tatraea changed after adding data from other genera into the analysis. Previously, T. clepsydriformis and T. griseoturcoisina clustered into separate clades, later clustered into a single main clade as sister sub-clades after adding more taxa, and their micro-morphological characteristics were more similar. In the phylogenetic analyses, the taxonomic status of species is provisional due to the lack of genetic information for the type species. To assess the significant recombination levels of related species, we performed five gene analyses individually and for the combined dataset, both of which provided evidence for them being different species. The dilemma for conducting research is the paucity of available molecular information for the known species. More informative loci were provided in this study, including mitochondrial genes and protein genes, hence, future taxonomy, phylogeny research and evolutionary studies in Helotiaceae can be benefited from this study. Additionally, some species with similar morphological characteristics to Tatraea, such as Ciboria fusispora, are currently unable to transfer due to a lack of evidence and fresh samples. Therefore, more research with more fresh specimens is essential to facilitate the classification of these species.

Acknowledgements

Cui-Jin-Yi Li thanks Mae Fah Luang University for the award of partial scholarship. And Cui-Jin-Yi Li also would like to thank Dr. Shaun Pennycook for his valuable assistance with the Latin binomial.

Additional information

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Ethical statement

No ethical statement was reported.

Funding

This study is supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) Program (Grant No. 2019QZKK0503); The Survey of Wildlife Resources in Key Areas of Tibet (ZL202203601); Major science and technology projects and key R&D plans/programs, Yunnan Province (202202AE090001); Natural Science Foundation of Guizhou Province (Gran No. Qian Ke Zhong Yin Di [2021]4031, Qian Ke He Zhi Cheng [2021] Generally 200); The open research project of “Cross-Cooperative Team” of the Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. 292019312511043); Science and Technology Service Network Initiative of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KFJ-STS-QYZD-171); The Biodiversity Survey and Assessment Project of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, PR China (2019HJ2096001006).

Author contributions

Supervision: PDE, KWTC, QZ. Writing - original draft: CJYL. Writing - review and editing: QZ, KWTC, DQZ.

Author ORCIDs

Cui-Jin-Yi Li https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2805-7071

Kandawatte Wedaralalage Thilini Chethana https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5816-9269

Prapassorn Damrongkool Eungwanichayapant https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8005-4137

De-Qun Zhou https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3459-3186

Qi Zhao https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8169-0573

Data availability

All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text or Supplementary Information.

References

  • Baral H-O, Bemmann M (2013a) Hymenoscyphus serotinus and H. lepismoides sp. nov., two lignicolous species with a high host specificity. Ascomycete. Org : Revue Internationale pour la Taxinomie des Ascomycota 5(4): 109–128.
  • Baral H-O, Galan-Marquez R, Krisai-Greilhuber I, Matočec N, Palmer JT (1999) Tatraea dumbirensis, new records of a rare leotialean discomycete in Europe. Österreichische Zeitschrift für Pilzkunde 8: 71–82.
  • Baral H-O, Marson G, Bogale M, Untereiner WA (2013b) Xerombrophila crystallifera, a new genus and species in the Helotiales. Mycological Progress 12(3): 475–488. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-012-0854-6
  • Bucher VVC, Hyde KD, Pointing SB, Reddy CA (2004) Production of wood decay enzymes, mass loss and lignin solubilization in wood by marine ascomycetes and their anamorphs. Fungal Diversity 15: 1–14.
  • Capella-Gutiérrez S, Silla-Martínez JM, Gabaldón T (2009) trimAl: A tool for automated alignment trimming in large-scale phylogenetic analyses. Bioinformatics 25(15): 1972–1973. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btp348
  • Chethana KWT, Zhou Y, Zhang W, Liu M, Xing QK, Li XH, Yan JY, Hyde KD (2017) Coniella vitis sp. nov. is the common pathogen of white rot in Chinese vineyards. Plant Disease 101(12): 2123–2136. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-12-16-1741-RE
  • Chethana KWT, Manawasinghe S, Hurdeal VG, Bhunjun CS, Appadoo MA, Gentekaki E, Raspé O, Promputtha I, Hyde KD (2021) What are fungal species and how to delineate them? Fungal Diversity 109(1): 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-021-00483-9
  • Dvořák D, Vašutová M, Hofmeister J, Beran M, Hošek J, Běťák J, Burel J, Deckerová H (2017) Macrofungal diversity patterns in central European forests affirm the key importance of oldgrowth forests. Fungal Ecology 27: 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2016.12.003
  • Ekanayaka AH, Ariyawansa HA, Hyde KD, Jones EBG, Daranagama DA, Phillips AJL, Hongsanan S, Jayasiri SC, Zhao Q (2017) Discomycetes: The apothecial representatives of the phylum Ascomycota. Fungal Diversity 87(1): 237–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-017-0389-x
  • Ekanayaka AH, Hyde KD, Gentekaki E, McKenzie EHC, Zhao Q, Bulgakov TS, Camporesi E (2019) Preliminary classification of Leotiomycetes. Mycosphere 10(1): 310–489. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/7
  • Hall T (1999) BioEdit: A user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41: 95–98.
  • Holec J, Kříž M, Pouzar Z, Šandová M (2015) Boubínský prales virgin forest, a Central European refugium of boreal-montane and old-growth forest fungi. Czech Mycology 67(2): 157–226. https://doi.org/10.33585/cmy.67204
  • Jayasiri SC, Hyde KD, Ariyawansa HA, Bhat J, Buyck B, Cai L, Dai YC, Abd-Elsalam KA, Ertz D, Hidayat I, Jeewon R, Jones EBG, Bahkali AH, Karunarathna SC, Liu JK, Luangsa-ard JJ, Lumbsch HT, Maharachchikumbura SSN, McKenzie EHC, Moncalvo J-M, Ghobad-Nejhad M, Nilsson H, Pang K-L, Pereira OL, Phillips AJL, Raspé O, Rollins AW, Romero AI, Etayo J, Selçuk F, Stephenson SL, Suetrong S, Taylor JE, Tsui CKM, Vizzini A, Abdel-Wahab MA, Wen TC, Boonmee S, Dai DQ, Daranagama DA, Dissanayake AJ, Ekanayaka AH, Fryar SC, Hongsanan S, Jayawardena RS, Li WJ, Perera RH, Phookamsak R, de Silva NI, Thambugala KM, Tian Q, Wijayawardene NN, Zhao RL, Zhao Q, Kang JC, Promputtha I (2015) The Faces of Fungi database: Fungal names linked with morphology, phylogeny and human impacts. Fungal Diversity 74(1): 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-015-0351-8
  • Johnston PR, Quijada L, Smith CA, Baral H-O, Hosoya T, Baschien C, Pärtel K, Zhuang WY, Haelewaters D, Park D, Carl S, López-Giráldez F, Wang Z, Townsend JP (2019) A multigene phylogeny toward a new phylogenetic classification of Leotiomycetes. IMA Fungus 10(1): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43008-019-0002-x
  • Katoh K, Rozewicki J, Yamada K (2019) MAFFT online service: Multiple sequence alignment, interactive sequence choice and visualization. Briefings in Bioinformatics 20(4): 1160–1166. https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbx108
  • Kornerup A, Wanscher JH (1967) Methuen handbook of colour.
  • Kunca V, Peiger M, Tomka P, Vampola P (2022) Old-growth forest fungi—New localities and habitat and host preferences in Slovakia (I). Czech Mycology 74(1): 33–55. https://doi.org/10.33585/cmy.74103
  • Lestari AS, Chethana KWT (2022) Morpho-phylogenetic insights reveal Bisporella montana as Calycina montana comb. nov. (Pezizellaceae, Helotiales). Phytotaxa 558(2): 185–202. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.558.2.3
  • Lestari AS, Ekanayaka AH, Chethana KWT (2023) Phytopathogenic discomycetes, their economic impacts and control applications. Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology 13(1): 299–346. https://doi.org/10.5943/cream/13/1/13 [Journal of Fungal Biology]
  • Niego AGT, Rapior S, Thongklang N, Raspé O, Hyde KD, Mortimer P (2023a) Reviewing the contributions of macrofungi to forest ecosystem processes and services. Fungal Biology Reviews 44: 100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbr.2022.11.002
  • Niego AGT, Lambert C, Mortimer P, Thongklang N, Rapior S, Grosse M, Schrey H, Charria-Girón E, Walker A, Hyde KD, Stadler M (2023b) The contribution of fungi to the global economy. Fungal Diversity 121(1): 95–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-023-00520-9
  • Phutthacharoen K, Chethana KT, Lestari AS, Stadler M, Hyde KD (2022) Three new species of Dicephalospora (Helotiaceae, Helotiales) from Thailand. Diversity 14(8): 645. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14080645
  • Spooner BM (1987) Helotiales of Australasia. Bibliotheca Mycologica 116: 1–711.
  • Stiller JW, Hall BD (1997) The origin of red algae: Implications for plastid evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94(9): 4520–4525. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.9.4520
  • Svrček M (1993) New or less known Discomycetes. XXIII. Czech Mycology 38: 197–202.
  • Taylor JW, Jacobson DJ, Kroken S, Kasuga T, Kasuga T, Geiser DM, Hibbett DS, Fisher MC (2000) Phylogenetic species recognition and species concepts in fungi. Fungal Genetics and Biology 31(1): 21–32. https://doi.org/10.1006/fgbi.2000.1228
  • Ujházy K, Ujházyová M, Bučinová K, Čiliak M, Glejdura S, Mihál I (2018) Response of fungal and plant communities to management-induced overstorey changes in montane forests of the Western Carpathians. European Journal of Forest Research 137(2): 169–183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-017-1096-6
  • Vaidya G, Lohman DJ, Meier R (2011) SequenceMatrix: Concatenation software for the fast assembly of multi‐gene datasets with character set and codon information. Cladistics 27(2): 171–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2010.00329.x
  • Vasilyeva LN (2010) Ascomycetes: Sordariomycetidae, Dothideomycetidae, Erysiphomycetidae, Rhytismomycetidae. Fungi of Ussuri River Valley, 1.
  • Velenovský J (1934) Monographia Discomycetum Bohemiae. Czechoslovakia, Prague 1: 1–436.
  • Vilgalys R, Hester M (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. Journal of Bacteriology 172(8): 4238–4246. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.172.8.4238-4246.1990
  • Wijayawardene NN, Hyde KD, Dai DQ, Sánchez-García M, Goto BT, Saxena RK, Erdoğdu M, Selçuk F, Rajeshkumar KC, Aptroot A, Błaszkowski J, Boonyuen N, da Silva GA, de Souza FA, Dong W, Ertz D, Haelewaters D, Jones EBG, Karunarathna SC, Kirk PM, Kukwa M, Kumla J, Leontyev DV, Lumbsch HT, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Marguno F, Martínez-Rodríguez P, Mešić A, Monteiro JS, Oehl F, Pawłowska J, Pem D, Pfliegler WP, Phillips AJL, Pošta A, He MQ, Li JX, Raza M, Sruthi OP, Suetrong S, Suwannarach N, Tedersoo L, Thiyagaraja V, Tibpromma S, Tkalčec Z, Tokarev YS, Wanasinghe DN, Wijesundara DSA, Wimalaseana SDMK, Madrid H, Zhang GQ, Gao Y, Sánchez-Castro I, Tang LZ, Stadler M, Yurkov A, Thines M (2022) Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa–2021. Mycosphere 13(1): 53–453. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2
  • Zoller S, Scheidegger C, Sperisen C (1999) PCR primers for the amplification of mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA of lichen-forming ascomycetes. Lichenologist 31(5): 511–516. https://doi.org/10.1006/lich.1999.0220

Supplementary material

Supplementary material 1 

Main differences between Tatraea

Author: Cui-Jin-Yi Li

Data type: docx

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
Download file (21.04 kb)
login to comment