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Research Article
Two new species of Samsoniella (Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales) from the Mayao River Valley, Guizhou, China
expand article infoWan-Hao Chen‡, Jian-Dong Liang‡, Xiu-Xiu Ren‡, Jie-Hong Zhao‡, Yan-Feng Han§
‡ Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
§ Guizhou University, Guiyang, China

Corresponding author: Yan-Feng Han ( swallow1128@126.com )

Academic editor: Marc Stadler
© 2023 Wan-Hao Chen, Jian-Dong Liang, Xiu-Xiu Ren, Jie-Hong Zhao, Yan-Feng Han.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Chen W-H, Liang J-D, Ren X-X, Zhao J-H, Han Y-F (2023) Two new species of Samsoniella (Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales) from the Mayao River Valley, Guizhou, China. MycoKeys 99: 209-226. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.99.109961
Open Access

Abstract

Samsoniella species have been often found in the forest habitat and rarely found in special karst eco-environments, such as Tiankeng, valleys and caves. In this research, eleven cordyceps specimens were collected from Mayao River Valley. A known species (S. haniana) and two new species (S. duyunensis and S. vallis) were established and described according to a multilocus phylogenetic analysis and morphological characteristics. Our results provide insight that the richness of Samsoniella species in karst eco-environments and further attention should be paid to entomopathogenic fungi in such habitats.

Key words

Entomopathogenic fungi, morphology, phylogenetic analysis, Sordariomycetes, valley

Introduction

The genus Samsoniella Mongkols., Noisrip., Thanakitp., Spatafora & Luangsa-ard was proposed based on the phylogenetic analysis of Isaria-like morphs in Cordycipitaceae and characterised by oval to fusiform conidia and bright red-orange teleomorphic stromata and anamorphic synnemata by Mongkolsamrit et al. (2018). One Isaria-like species, Penicillium alboaurantium G. Sm. was transferred to Samsoniella and two new species, S. aurantia and S. inthanonensis were described.

Subsequently, Chen et al. (2020a) reported three new species, S. coleopterorum W.H. Chen, Y.F. Han & Z.Q. Liang, S. hymenopterorum W.H. Chen, et al. and S. lepidopterorum W.H. Chen, et al. from the forestry of Xishui and Rongjiang County, Guizhou Province, China. Those species have mononematous conidiophores rather than synnemata and associated with hymenopteran larvae, coleopteran larvae and lepidopteran pupae, respectively. Wang et al. (2020) described nine new species and a new combination from the forest habitats of Yunnan Province, China. The other thirteen new species were reported by Chen et al. (2021a, 2022), Wang et al. (2022) and Crous et al. (2023). Currently, there are twenty-nine species described in the genus of Samsoniella.

Additionally, it has been reported that Samsoniella species are found in the forest habitat. However, the other ecological habitats, especially the karst eco-environment which has special niches like Tiankeng, valleys and caves should have insects and entomopathogenic fungi. In this research, eleven cordyceps specimens were collected from Mayao River Valley, Guizhou, China. After detailed multiloci phylogenic analysis and morphological observation, two new species and one known species were identified.

Materials and methods

Specimen collection and identification

Eleven cordyceps specimens were collected from Mayao River Valley (26°22'8.3748"N, 107°23'16.96"E), Duyun City, Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou, on 4 September 2021 and 30 July 2022. The samples were placed in an ice box and brought to the laboratory and preserved in refrigerator at 4 °C before use. The surface of each arthropod body was rinsed with sterile water, followed by sterilisation with 75% ethanol for 3–5 s and rinsing again three times with sterilised water. After drying on sterilised filter paper, a piece of the synnemata, mycelium or the sclerotia was cut from the specimen and inoculated on agar plates of potato dextrose agar (PDA) or PDA modified by the addition of 1% w/v peptone containing 0.1 g/l streptomycin and 0.05 g/l tetracycline (Chen et al. 2019a). After fungal colonies emerged from the inoculated samples, a piece of mycelium from the colony edge was transferred onto new agar plated and cultured at 25 °C for 14 days under 12 h light/12 h dark conditions (Zou et al. 2010). The specimens and axenic cultures were deposited at the Institute of Fungus Resources, Guizhou University (formally Herbarium of Guizhou Agricultural College; code, GZAC), Guiyang City, Guizhou, China.

Colony morphology was determined on PDA cultures incubated at 25 °C for 14 days and the growth rate, the presence of octahedral crystals and the colony colours (surface and reverse) were observed. To investigate the microscopic characteristics, a little of the mycelia was picked up from the colony and mounted in lactophenol cotton blue or 20% lactate acid solution and the asexual morphological characteristics (e.g., conidiophores, phialides and conidia) were observed and measured under a Leica DM4 B microscope.

DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction amplification and nucleotide sequencing

DNA extraction was carried out using a fungal genomic DNA extraction kit (DP2033, BioTeke Corporation) according to Liang et al. (2011). The extracted DNA was stored at −20 °C. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify genetic markers using the following primer pairs: ITS4/ITS5 for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (White et al. 1990), LR0R/LR5 for 28s large subunit ribosomal (LSU) (Vilgalys and Hester 1990), CRPB1/RPB1Cr for RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPB1) (Castlebury et al. 2004), fRPB2-5F/fRPB2-7cR for RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) (Liu et al. 1999) and 983F/2218R for translation elongation factor 1 alpha (TEF) (Castlebury et al. 2004). The thermal cycle of PCR amplification for these phylogenetic markers was set up following the procedure described by Chen et al. (2021). PCR products were purified and sequenced at Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co. The resulting sequences were submitted to GenBank (Table 1).

Table 1.
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List of strains and GenBank accession numbers of sequences used in this study.

Species Strain Host/Substratum GenBank accession number Reference
ITS LSU RPB1 RPB2 TEF
Akanthomyces araneosus KY11341 Araneae (Spider) ON502826 ON502832 – ON525442 ON525443 Chen et al. (2022)
KY11342 Araneae (Spider) ON502844 ON502837 – ON525444 ON525445 Chen et al. (2022)
Akanthomyces attenuatus CBS 402.78 Leaf litter; Acer saccharum AJ292434 AF339565 EF468888 EF468935 EF468782 Sung et al. (2007)
Akanthomyces lecanii CBS 101247 Hemiptera; Coccus viridis JN049836 AF339555 DQ522407 DQ522466 DQ522359 Spatafora et al. (2007)
Akanthomyces tiankengensis KY11571 Araneae (Spider) ON502848 ON502825 – ON525446 ON525447 Chen et al. (2022)
KY11572 Araneae (Spider) ON502821 ON502827 – ON525448 ON525449 Chen et al. (2022)
Akanthomyces tortricidarum BCC72638 Lepidoptera; tortricidae MT356076 MT356088 MT477997 MT477992 MT478004 Aini et al. (2020)
Beauveria bassiana ARSEF 1564 Lepidoptera; Arctiidae HQ880761 – HQ880833 HQ880905 HQ880974 Rehner et al. (2011)
Beauveria brongniartii ARSEF 617 Coleoptera; Scarabaeidae HQ880782 – HQ880854 HQ880926 HQ880991 Rehner et al. (2011)
BCC 16585 Coleoptera; Anomala cuprea (larva) JN049867 JF415967 JN049885 JF415991 JF416009 Kepler et al. (2012)
Samsoniella alboaurantia CBS 240.32 Lepidoptera (pupa) – JF415979 JN049895 JF415999 JF416019 Kepler et al. (2012)
CBS 262.58 Soil – AB080087 MF416654 MF416448 MF416497 Kepler et al. (2012)
Samsoniella alpina YFCC 5818 Hepialidae (Hepialus baimaensis) – MN576809 MN576869 MN576923 MN576979 Wang et al. (2020)
Samsoniella alpina YFCC 5831 Hepialidae
(Hepialus baimaensis)		 – MN576810 MN576870 MN576924 MN576980 Wang et al. (2020)
Samsoniella antleroides YFCC 6016 Noctuidae (Larvae) – MN576803 MN576863 MN576917 MN576973 Wang et al. (2020)
YFCC 6113 Noctuidae (Larvae) – MN576804 MN576864 MN576918 MN576974 Wang et al. (2020)
Samsoniella aurantia TBRC 7271 Lepidoptera – MF140728 MF140791 MF140818 MF140846 Mongkolsamrit et al. (2018)
TBRC 7272 Lepidoptera – MF140727 – MF140817 MF140845 Mongkolsamrit et al. (2018)
Samsoniella cardinalis YFCC 5830 Limacodidae (Pupa) – MN576788 MN576848 MN576902 MN576958 Wang et al. (2020)
YFCC 6144 Limacodidae (Pupa) – MN576786 MN576846 MN576900 MN576956 Wang et al. (2020)
Samsoniella coccinellidicola YFCC 8772 Coccinellidae – ON621670 ON676502 ON568685 ON676514 Wang et al. (2020)
YFCC 8773 Coccinellidae – ON621671 ON676503 ON568686 ON676515 Wang et al. (2020)
Samsoniella coleopterorum A19501 Curculionidae (Snout beetle) MT626376 – MT642600 MN101585 MN101586 Chen et al. (2020)
Samsoniella cristata YFCC 6021 Saturniidae (Pupa) – MN576791 MN576851 MN576905 MN576961 Wang et al. (2020)
Samsoniella cristata YFCC 6023 Saturniidae (Pupa) – MN576792 – MN576906 MN576962 Wang et al. (2020)
Samsoniella duyunensis DY09161 Formicidae (Ant) OQ379241 OQ363112 OR296698 OQ397660 OQ398145 This study
DY09162 Formicidae (Ant) OQ379242 OQ363114 – – OQ398146 This study
DY07501 Lepidoptera (Pupa) OR263188 OR263307 OR282773 OR282776 OR282780 This study
DY07502 Lepidoptera (Pupa) OR263189 OR263427 – OR282777 OR282781 This study
Samsoniella erucae KY11121 Lepidoptera (Caterpillar) ON502828 ON502835 – ON525424 ON525425 Chen et al. (2022)
Samsoniella erucae KY11122 Lepidoptera (Caterpillar) ON502847 ON502822 – ON525426 ON525427 Chen et al. (2022)
Samsoniella farinospora YFCC 8774 Araneae (Spider) – ON621672 ON676504 ON568687 ON676516 Wang et al. (2022)
YFCC 9051 Lepidoptera: Hepialus – ON621673 ON676505 ON568688 ON676517 Wang et al. (2022)
Samsoniella formicae KY11041 Formicidae (Ant) ON502852 – – ON525420 ON525421 Chen et al. (2022)
KY11042 Formicidae (Ant) ON502842 – – ON525422 ON525423 Chen et al. (2022)
Samsoniella guizhouensis KY11161 Lepidoptera (Pupa) ON502823 ON502830 – ON525428 ON525429 Chen et al. (2022)
KY11162 Lepidoptera (Pupa) ON502845 ON502846 – ON525430 ON525431 Chen et al. (2022)
Samsoniella haniana YFCC 8769 Lepidoptera (Pupa) – ON621674 ON676506 ON568689 ON676518 Wang et al. (2022)
YFCC 8770 Lepidoptera (Pupa) – ON621675 ON676507 ON568690 ON676519 Wang et al. (2022)
YFCC 8771 Lepidoptera (Pupa) – ON621676 ON676508 ON568691 ON676520 Wang et al. (2022)
Samsoniella haniana DY091031 Lepidoptera (Pupa) OQ359979 OQ363133 – – OQ398149 This study
DY091032 Lepidoptera (Pupa) OQ359978 OQ363134 – – OQ398150 This study
DY091021 Coccinellidae (ladybug) OQ379240 OQ363115 OR296699 OQ397661 OQ398147 This study
DY091022 Coccinellidae (ladybug) OQ359881 OQ363117 – OQ397662 OQ398148 This study
DY091151 Lepidoptera (Pupa) OQ360025 OQ363136 – – OQ398151 This study
DY091152 Lepidoptera (Pupa) OQ360053 OQ363137 – – OQ398152 This study
Samsoniella hepiali ICMM 82–2 Fungi (O. sinensis) – MN576794 MN576854 MN576908 MN576964 Wang et al. (2020)
YFCC 661 Fungi (O. sinensis) – MN576795 MN576855 MN576909 MN576965 Wang et al. (2020)
Samsoniella hymenopterorum A19521 Vespidae (Bee) MN128224 – MT642603 MT642604 MN101588 Chen et al. (2020)
A19522 Vespidae (Bee) MN128081 – – MN101590 MN101591 Chen et al. (2020)
Samsoniella inthanonensis TBRC 7915 Lepidoptera (Pupa) MF140761 – MF140790 MF140815 MF140849 Mongkolsamrit et al. (2018)
TBRC 7916 Lepidoptera (Pupa) MF140760 – – MF140814 MF140848 Mongkolsamrit et al. (2018)
Samsoniella kunmingensis YHH 16002 Lepidoptera (Pupa) – MN576802 MN576862 MN576916 MN576972 Wang et al. (2020)
Samsoniella lanmaoa YFCC 6148 Lepidoptera (Pupa) – MN576789 MN576849 MN576903 MN576959 Wang et al. (2020)
Samsoniella lanmaoa YFCC 6193 Lepidoptera (Pupa) – MN576790 MN576850 MN576904 MN576960 Wang et al. (2020)
Samsoniella lepidopterorum DL10071 Lepidoptera (Pupa) MN128076 – – MN101593 MN101594 Chen et al. (2020)
DL10072 Lepidoptera (Pupa) MN128084 – – MT642605 MT642606 Chen et al. (2020)
Samsoniella neopupicola KY11321 Lepidoptera (Pupa) ON502843 ON502839 – ON525432 ON525433 Chen et al. (2022)
KY11322 Lepidoptera (Pupa) ON502834 ON502833 – ON525434 ON525435 Chen et al. (2022)
Samsoniella pseudogunnii GY407201 Lepidoptera (Larvae) MZ827470 MZ827010 – MZ855239 MZ855233 Chen et al. (2021)
GY407202 Lepidoptera (Larvae) MZ831863 MZ831865 – MZ855240 MZ855234 Chen et al. (2021)
Samsoniella pseudotortricidae YFCC 9052 Lepidoptera (Pupa) – ON621677 ON676509 ON568692 ON676521 Wang et al. (2022)
YFCC 9053 Lepidoptera (Pupa) – ON621678 ON676510 ON568693 ON676522 Wang et al. (2022)
Samsoniella pupicola DY101681 Lepidoptera (Pupa) MZ827085 MZ827009 – MZ855237 MZ855231 Chen et al. (2021)
DY101682 Lepidoptera (Pupa) MZ827008 MZ827635 – MZ855238 MZ855232 Chen et al. (2021)
Samsoniella ramosa YFCC 6020 Limacodidae (Pupa) – MN576805 MN576865 MN576919 MN576975 Wang et al. (2020)
Samsoniella sinensis YFCC 8766 Lepidoptera (Larvae) – ON621679 ON676511 ON568694 ON676523 Wang et al. (2022)
YFCC 8767 Dermaptera – ON621680 ON676512 ON568695 ON676524 Wang et al. (2022)
YFCC 8768 Dermaptera – ON621681 ON676513 ON568696 ON676525 Wang et al. (2022)
Samsoniella tiankengensis KY11741 Lepidoptera (Pupa) ON502840 ON502838 – ON525436 ON525437 Chen et al. (2022)
KY11742 Lepidoptera (Pupa) ON502849 ON502841 – ON525438 ON525439 Chen et al. (2022)
Samsoniella tortricidae YFCC 6013 Tortricidae (Pupa) – MN576807 MN576867 MN576921 MN576977 Wang et al. (2020)
YFCC 6131 Tortricidae (Pupa) – MN576806 MN576866 MN576920 MN576976 Wang et al. (2020)
Samsoniella vallis DY07241 Lepidoptera (Pupa) OR263159 OR263306 OR282772 OR282774 OR282778 This study
DY07242 Lepidoptera (Pupa) OR263186 OR263308 – OR282775 OR282779 This study
DY091091 Lepidoptera (Pupa) OR263191 OR263428 – – OR282782 This study
DY091092 Lepidoptera (Pupa) OR263190 OR263431 – – OR282783 This study
Samsoniella winandae TBRC 17511 Lepidoptera (Cocoon) OM491228 OM491231 OM687901 OM687899 OM687896 Crous et al. (2023)
TBRC 17512 Limacodidae (Pupa) OM491229 OM491232 OM687902 OM687900 OM687897 Crous et al. (2023)
Samsoniella yunnanensis YFCC 1527 Fungi (Cordyceps cicadae) – MN576812 MN576872 MN576926 MN576982 Wang et al. (2020)
YFCC 1824 Fungi (Cordyceps cicadae) – MN576813 MN576873 MN576927 MN576983 Wang et al. (2020)

The new strains or species are in bold type.

Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses

DNASTAR Lasergene (version 6.0) was used to edit DNA sequences in this study. The ITS, LSU, RPB1, RPB2 and TEF sequences were downloaded from GenBank, based on Mongkolsamrit et al. (2018), Chen et al. (2020a, 2021a, 2022), Wang et al. (2020, 2022) and Crous et al. (2023) and others selected on the basis of BLASTn searches in GenBank. ITS sequences and other loci were aligned and edited by MAFFT v.7.037b (Katoh and Standley 2013) and MEGA6 (Tamura et al. 2013). Combined sequences of ITS, LSU, RPB1, RPB2 and TEF were obtained using SequenceMatrix v.1.7.8 (Vaidya et al. 2011). The model was selected for Bayesian analysis by ModelFinder (Kalyaanamoorthy et al. 2017) in PhyloSuite software (Zhang et al. 2020).

ITS sequences, other loci and the combined loci were analysed using Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods. For BI, a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm was used to generate phylogenetic trees with Bayesian probabilities using MrBayes v.3.2 (Ronquist et al. 2012) for the combined sequence datasets. The Bayesian analysis resulted in 20,001 trees after 10,000,000 generations. The first 4,000 trees, representing the burn-in phase of the analysis, were discarded, while the remaining 16,001 trees were used to calculate posterior probabilities in the majority rule consensus tree. After the analysis was finished, each run was examined using the programme Tracer v.1.5 (Drummond and Rambaut 2007) to determine burn-in and confirm that both runs had converged. ML analyses were constructed with IQ-TREE (Trifinopoulos et al. 2016), using an automatic selection of the model.

Genealogical Concordance Phylogenetic Species Recognition (GCPSR) analysis

The Genealogical Concordance Phylogenetic Species Recognition model was applied to analyse the related species. The pairwise homoplasy index (PHI) (Bruen et al. 2006) is a model test based on the fact that multiple gene phylogenies will be concordant between species and discordant due to recombination and mutations within a species. The test was performed in SplitsTree4 (Huson and Bryant 2006) as described by Quaedvlieg et al. (2014) to determine the recombination level within phylogenetically closely-related species using a two-locus concatenated dataset. The new species and their closely-related species were analysed using this model. The relationships between closely-related species were visualised by constructing a split graph, using both the LogDet transformation and splits decomposition options.

Result

Phylogenetic analyses

In the phylogenetic tree, Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. (ARSEF 1564) and B. brongniartii (Sacc.) Petch (ARSEF 617 and BCC 16585) were used as the outgroups. The concatenated sequences (ITS, LSU, RPB1, RPB2 and TEF) included 36 species (81 strains) and consisted of 3,579 (ITS, 501; LSU, 775; RPB1, 641; RPB2, 770; and TEF, 892) characters with gaps.

The final value of the highest scoring tree was –15,629.246, which was obtained from the ML analysis of the dataset (ITS+LSU+RPB1+RPB2+TEF). The parameters of the GTR model used to analyse the dataset were estimated, based on the following frequencies: A = 0.235, C = 0.273, G = 0.270, T = 0.222; substitution rates AC = 1.00000, AG = 1.93319, AT = 1.00000, CG = 1.00000, CT = 4.27255 and GT = 1.00000; as well as the gamma distribution shape parameter α = 0.509. The selected models for BI analysis were SYM+G4 (ITS+LSU+RPB1+RPB2+TEF). The phylogenetic trees (Fig. 1), constructed using the ML and BI analyses were largely congruent and strongly supported in most branches. Strains DY091021, DY091022, DY091031, DY091032, DY091151, and DY091152 were clustered into an independent subclade and formed a subclade with Samsoniella haniana Hong Yu bis, Yao Wang & Z.Q. Wang with high statistical support (100% ML /1 PP). Strains DY09161, DY09162, DY07501 and DY07502 were clustered into an independent clade with high statistical support (100% ML/1 PP). Strains DY07241, DY07242, DY091091 and DY091092 were clustered with S. aurantia in a clade with high statistical support in ML analysis (94% ML).

Figure 1. 

Phylogenetic relationships amongst the new strains and their allies based on multigene dataset (ITS, LSU, RPB1, RPB2 and TEF). Statistical support values (≥ 70%/0.70) are shown at the nodes for ML bootstrap support/BI posterior probabilities. The new strains or species are in bold type.

A two-locus concatenated dataset (LSU and TEF) was used to determine the recombination level within Samsoniella duyunensis (DY09161 and DY07501), Samsoniella vallis (DY07241 and DY091091), S. haniana (YFCC 8769, DY091031, DY091021 and DY091151) and S. aurantia (TBRC 7271). Chaiwan et al. (2022) noted that if the PHI is below the 0.05 threshold (Φw < 0.05), it indicates that there is significant recombination in the dataset. This means that related species in a group and recombination levels are not different. If the PHI is above the 0.05 threshold (Φw > 0.05), it indicates that it is not significant, which means the related species in a group level are different. The result of the pairwise homoplasy index (PHI) test of Samsoniella aurantia, S. duyunensis, S. haniana and S. vallis was 1.0 and revealed that the four species were different (Fig. 2).

Figure 2. 

Results of the pairwise homoplasy index (PHI) test of closely-related species using both LogDet transformation and splits decomposition. PHI test results (Փw) < 0.05 indicate significant recombination within the dataset. The new strains or species are in bold type.

Taxonomy

Samsoniella duyunensis W.H. Chen, Y.F. Han & J.D. Liang, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 847492
Fig. 3

Type

China, Guizhou, Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Duyun City, Mayao River Valley (26°22'8.3748"N, 107°23'16.96"E). On an ant (Formicidae), buried in soil, 4 September 2021, Wanhao Chen, GZAC DY0916 (holotype), ex-type living cultures, DY09161.

Description

Synnemata arising from the host, irregularly branched, conidia in abundance at the apex. Colonies on PDA, attaining a diameter of 35–38 mm after 14 days at 25 °C, white, consisting of a basal felt, floccose hyphal overgrowth; reverse yellowish. Hyphae septate, hyaline, pale pink in the middle part, smooth-walled, 0.8–1.4 μm wide. Conidiophores hyaline, smooth-walled, with single phialide or whorls of 2–4 phialides or verticillium-like from hyphae directly, 10.0–21.3 × 1.7–1.9 μm. Phialides cylindrical to ellipsoidal, somewhat inflated base, 5.3–9.1 × 1.3–1.6 μm, tapering to a thin neck. Conidia hyaline, smooth-walled, fusiform to ellipsoidal, 2.1–2.9 × 1.1–1.7 μm, forming divergent and basipetal chains. Sexual state not observed.

Figure 3. 

Samsoniella duyunensis A infected ant (Formicidae) B, C PDA culture plate showing top (B) and reverse (C) sides of the colony D–J Phialides and conidia. Scale bars: 10 mm (B, C); 10 μm (D–J).

Host

Ant (Formicidae).

Etymology

Referring to its location in Duyun City.

Additional material examined

China, Guizhou, Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Duyun City, Mayao River Valley (26°22'8.3748"N, 107°23'16.96"E). On an ant (Formicidae), buried in soil, 4 September 2021, Wanhao Chen, DY09162 (living culture). On a pupa (Lepidoptera) clinging to fallen leaves, 30 July 2022, Wanhao Chen, GZAC DY0750 (specimen), DY07501 and DY07502 (living culture). On an ant (Formicidae) clinging to fallen leaves, 4 September 2021, Wanhao Chen, DY0906 (specimen).

Remarks

Samsoniella duyunensis was easily identified as Samsoniella, based on the BLASTn result in NCBI and the phylogenetic analysis of the combined datasets (ITS, LSU, RPB1, RPB2 and TEF) (Fig. 1) and clustered into an independent clade. Comparing with the typical characteristics of the known species and the keys of Samsoniella species (Wang et al. 2022), S. duyunensis has a close relationship with S. coccinellidicola and S. sinensis by absence of sexual state, presence of synnemata and irregularly branched, moderately grow of colony. However, it is distinguished from S. coccinellidicola (phialides: 6.0–14.1 × 1.0–2.0 μm; conidia: fusiform or oval, 1.8–3.0 × 1.3–2.0 μm; host, adults of Coccinellidae) by shorter phialides, smaller conidia and its ant host and distinguished from S. sinensis (conidia: spherical, elliptical or fusiform; host: larva of Lepidoptera) by fusiform to ellipsoidal conidia and its ant host.

Samsoniella vallis W.H. Chen, Y.F. Han & J.D. Liang, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 847493
Fig. 4

Type

China, Guizhou, Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Duyun City, Mayao River Valley (26°22'8.3748"N, 107°23'16.96"E). On a pupa (Lepidoptera) clinging to fallen leaves, 30 July 2022, Wanhao Chen, GZAC DY0724 (holotype), ex-type living cultures, DY07241.

Description

Synnemata arising from every part of the body of the pupa host. Synnemata erect, usually irregularly branched at the apex, conidia in abundance at the apex. Colonies on PDA, attaining a diameter of 31–37 mm after 14 days at 25 °C, white, consisting of a basal felt, floccose hyphal overgrowth; reverse yellowish. Hyphae septate, hyaline, smooth-walled, 2.1–3.0 μm wide. Conidiophores hyaline, smooth-walled, with single phialide or whorls of 2–4 phialides or verticillium-like from hyphae directly, 11.3–22.1 × 1.3–1.4 μm. Phialides cylindrical to ellipsoidal, somewhat inflated base, 7.2–8.1 × 2.8–3.2 μm, tapering to a thin neck. Conidia hyaline, smooth-walled, fusiform to ellipsoidal, 2.3–3.1 × 1.5–2.1 μm, forming divergent and basipetal chains. Sexual state not observed.

Figure 4. 

Samsoniella vallis A infected pupa (Lepidoptera) B, C PDA culture plate showing top (B) and reverse (C) sides of the colony D–M phialides and conidia. Scale bars: 10 mm (B, C); 10 μm (D–M).

Host

Pupa (Lepidoptera).

Etymology

Referring to its location in Mayao River Valley.

Additional material examined

China, Guizhou, Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Duyun City, Mayao River Valley (26°22'8.3748"N, 107°23'16.96"E). On a pupa (Lepidoptera) clinging to fallen leaves, 30 July 2022, Wanhao Chen, DY07242 (living culture); China, Guizhou, Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Duyun City, Mayao River Valley (26°22'8.3748"N, 107°23'16.96"E). On a pupa (Lepidoptera) clinging to fallen leaves, 4 September 2021, Wanhao Chen, GZAC DY09109 (specimen), DY091091 and DY091092 (living culture). On a pupa (Lepidoptera) clinging to fallen leaves, 4 September 2021, Wanhao Chen, GZAC DY0909 (specimen).

Remarks

Samsoniella vallis was easily identified as Samsoniella, based on the BLASTn result in NCBI and the phylogenetic analysis of the combined datasets (ITS, LSU, RPB1, RPB2 and TEF) (Fig. 1) and clustered with S. aurantia in a clade. However, it is distinguished from S. aurantia (phialides: 5–13 × 2–3 μm; conidia: fusiform or oval, 2–4 × 1–2 μm) by shorter phialides, smaller fusiform to ellipsoidal conidia. Comparing with the typical characteristics of the known species and the keys of Samsoniella species (Wang et al. 2022), S. vallis has a close relationship with S. coccinellidicola and S. sinensis by absence of sexual state, presence of synnemata and irregularly branched, moderate growth of colony. However, it is distinguished from S. coccinellidicola (phialides: 6.0–14.1 × 1.0–2.0 μm; conidia: fusiform or oval; host, adults of Coccinellidae) by shorter phialides, fusiform to ellipsoidal conidia and its pupa host and distinguished from S. sinensis (phialides: 5.6–9.3 × 1.5–2.1 μm, conidia: spherical, elliptical or fusiform) by fusiform to ellipsoidal conidia and shorter phialides.

Samsoniella haniana Hong Yu bis, Yao Wang & Z.Q. Wang, in Wang, Wang, Dong, Fan, Dao & Yu, Journal of Fungi 8: 20, 2022

Fig. 5

Description

Synnemata arising from every part of the body of the pupa host. Synnemata erect, usually irregularly branched at the apex, Isaria-like morph producing a mass of conidia at the branch apex, powdery and floccose. Colonies on PDA, attaining a diameter of 32–35 mm after 14 days at 25 °C, white, consisting of a basal felt, floccose hyphal overgrowth; reverse yellowish. Hyphae septate, hyaline, smooth-walled, 1.3–1.8 μm wide. Conidiophores hyaline, smooth-walled, with single phialide or whorls of 2–8 phialides or verticillium-like from hyphae directly, 16.1–23.9 × 1.7–2.2 μm. Phialides consisting of a cylindrical to ellipsoidal, somewhat inflated base, 5.0–6.9 × 1.8–2.5 μm, tapering to a thin neck. Conidia hyaline, smooth-walled, fusiform to subglobose, 1.7–3.4 × 1.7–2.1 μm, forming divergent and basipetal chains. Sexual state not observed.

Figure 5. 

Samsoniella haniana A infected pupa (Lepidoptera) B, C PDA culture plate showing top (B) and reverse (C) sides of the colony D–I phialides and conidia. Scale bars: 10 mm (B, C); 10 μm (D–I).

Host

Pupa (Lepidoptera).

Material examined

China, Guizhou, Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Duyun City, Mayao River Valley (26°22'8.3748"N, 107°23'16.96"E). On a pupa (Lepidoptera), buried in soil, 4 September 2021, Wanhao Chen, GZAC DY09103 (specimen), DY091031, DY091032 (living culture); On a ladybug (Coccinellidae); On the moss, 4 September 2021, Wanhao Chen, GZAC DY09102 (specimen), DY091021, DY091022 (living culture); On a caterpillar (Lepidoptera), buried in soil, 4 September 2021, Wanhao Chen, GZAC DY09115 (specimen), DY091151, DY091152 (living culture); On a pupa (Lepidoptera), buried in soil, 4 September 2021, Wanhao Chen, GZAC DY0929, DY09158 (specimen).

Remarks

Strains DY091021, DY091022, DY091031, DY091032, DY091151 and DY091152 were identified as belonging to Samsoniella, based on the BLASTn result and the phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 1) and clustered with S. haniana in a subclade with high statistical support (100% ML/ 1 PP). The characteristics of those strains were very closely linked with S. haniana, which had fusiform or oval conidia (2.3–3.7 × 1.2–2.8 μm), phialide (5.4–12.1 × 1.2–2.9 μm) and a pupa host. Thus, the molecular phylogenetic results and morphologically-based conclusions supported the idea that strains DY091021, DY091022, DY091031, DY091032, DY091151 and DY091152 were S. haniana.

Discussion

Samsoniella species are widely distributed and commonly isolated from soil, insects and spiders or as a fungicolous (Mongkolsamrit et al. 2018; Chen et al. 2020a, 2021a, 2022; Wang et al. 2020, 2022; Crous et al. 2023). Amongst 29 species, S. alboaurantia, S. alpina H. Yu et al., S. antleroides H. Yu et al., S. aurantia, S. cardinalis H. Yu et al., S. cristata H. Yu et al., S. erucae W.H. Chen et al., S. farinospora Hong Yu bis et al., S. guizhouensis W.H. Chen et al., S. haniana, S. hepiali (Q.T. Chen & R.Q. Dai ex R.Q. Dai, X.M. Li, A.J. Shao, Shu F. Lin, J.L. Lan, Wei H. Chen & C.Y. Shen) H. Yu et al., S. inthanonensis, S. kunmingensis H. Yu et al., S. lanmaoa H. Yu et al., S. lepidopterorum W.H. Chen et al., S. neopupicola W.H. Chen et al., S. pseudogunnii W.H. Chen et al., S. pseudotortricidae Hong Yu bis et al., S. pupicola W.H. Chen et al., S. ramosa H. Yu et al., S. sinensis Hong Yu bis et al., S. tiankengensis W.H. Chen et al., S. tortricidae H. Yu et al., S. winandae Mongkols., Noisrip. & Luangsa-ard and S. yunnanensis H. Yu et al. were reported as a fungal pathogen of lepidoptera insects. The host of S. coccinellidicola Hong Yu bis et al., S. coleopterorum W.H. Chen et al., S. formicae W.H. Chen et al. and S. hymenopterorum W.H. Chen et al. belonged to Coleoptera and Hymenoptera, respectively. In addition, the substrates of S. alboaurantia, S. farinospora and S. hepiali were soil, spider and fungi, respectively. Here, we reported Samsoniella species with two different hosts from the valley habitat. More Samsoniella species with different hosts or substrates will be reported from diverse habitats.

The taxonomic delimitation of Samsoniella was originally based on morphological characteristics and a multi-locus phylogenetic analysis. In the present study, the phylogenetic analysis of a single locus of an individual gene or gene fragment of ITS, LSU, RPB1, RPB2 and TEF was tested for the new species (Suppl. materials 1–5) and only the TEF could distinguish the new species. However, the new species S. vallis could not form an independent clade and clustered with S. aurantia as a subclade. A PHI test was added and could solve the taxonomic delimitation of S. vallis and S. aurantia. Thus, we recommend that the TEF locus should be used to distinguish the cryptic Samsoniella species and multiple approaches should be used for the further confirmation of a cryptic species.

Generally, species diversity of entomopathogenic fungi were mainly investigated in nature forest and grassland reservations and crop fields (Chen et al. 2019b, 2020b; He 2019; Fan 2020; Zhao et al. 2020, 2021; Zhang et al. 2021). Samsoniella species have often been reported from forests, but rarely found in special karst eco-environments, such as Tiankeng, valleys and caves. Chen et al. (2022) reported five new Samsoniella species from Monkey-Ear Tiankeng and provided new insights into the richness of species diversity of Samsoniella in such special habitat. This research provided further evidence of the richness of Samsoniella species in karst eco-environments. The Samsoniella species diversity should be extensively investigated in diverse habitats including karst.

Additional information

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Ethical statement

No ethical statement was reported.

Funding

This work was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (31860002, 81960692), High-level Innovative Talents Training Object in Guizhou Province (Qiankehepingtairencai [2020]6005), Construction Program of Guizhou Engineering Research Center (Qian Fa Gai Gao Ji 2020-896).

Author contributions

Data curation: CW, XR, JL. Funding acquisition: JZ, YH, CW, JL. Writing – original draft: XR, CW, JL. Writing – review and editing: YH, JZ.

Author ORCIDs

Wan-Hao Chen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7240-6841

Jian-Dong Liang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3939-3900

Jie-Hong Zhao https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2972-382X

Yan-Feng Han https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8646-3975

Data availability

All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text or Supplementary Information.

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Supplementary materials

Supplementary material 1 

Phylogenetic relationships among the new strains and their allies based on ITS sequence

Wan-Hao Chen, Jian-Dong Liang, Xiu-Xiu Ren, Jie-Hong Zhao, Yan-Feng Han

Data type: tiff

Explanation note: Statistical support values (≥ 50%/0.50) are shown at the nodes for ML bootstrap support/BI posterior probabilities. The new strains or species are in bold type.

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.99.109961.suppl1
Download file (390.14 kb)
Supplementary material 2 

Phylogenetic relationships among the new strains and their allies based on LSU sequence

Wan-Hao Chen, Jian-Dong Liang, Xiu-Xiu Ren, Jie-Hong Zhao, Yan-Feng Han

Data type: tiff

Explanation note: Statistical support values (≥ 50%/0.50) are shown at the nodes for ML bootstrap support/BI posterior probabilities. The new strains or species are in bold type.

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.99.109961.suppl2
Download file (184.19 kb)
Supplementary material 3 

Phylogenetic relationships among the new strains and their allies based on RPB1 sequence

Wan-Hao Chen, Jian-Dong Liang, Xiu-Xiu Ren, Jie-Hong Zhao, Yan-Feng Han

Data type: tiff

Explanation note: Statistical support values (≥ 50%/0.50) are shown at the nodes for ML bootstrap support/BI posterior probabilities. The new strains or species are in bold type.

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.99.109961.suppl3
Download file (399.44 kb)
Supplementary material 4 

Phylogenetic relationships among the new strains and their allies based on RPB2 sequence

Wan-Hao Chen, Jian-Dong Liang, Xiu-Xiu Ren, Jie-Hong Zhao, Yan-Feng Han

Data type: tiff

Explanation note: Statistical support values (≥ 50%/0.50) are shown at the nodes for ML bootstrap support/BI posterior probabilities. The new strains or species are in bold type.

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.99.109961.suppl4
Download file (374.38 kb)
Supplementary material 5 

Phylogenetic relationships among the new strains and their allies based on TEF sequence

Wan-Hao Chen, Jian-Dong Liang, Xiu-Xiu Ren, Jie-Hong Zhao, Yan-Feng Han

Data type: tiff

Explanation note: Statistical support values (≥ 50%/0.50) are shown at the nodes for ML bootstrap support/BI posterior probabilities. The new strains or species are in bold type.

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.99.109961.suppl5
Download file (230.19 kb)
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