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Research Article
Studies of Diaporthe (Diaporthaceae, Diaporthales) species associated with plant cankers in Beijing, China, with three new species described
expand article infoYukun Bai‡, Lu Lin‡, Meng Pan‡, Xinlei Fan‡
‡ Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China

Corresponding author: Xinlei Fan ( xinleifan@bjfu.edu.cn )

Academic editor: Ning Jiang
© 2023 Yukun Bai, Lu Lin, Meng Pan, Xinlei Fan.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Bai Y, Lin L, Pan M, Fan X (2023) Studies of Diaporthe (Diaporthaceae, Diaporthales) species associated with plant cankers in Beijing, China, with three new species described. MycoKeys 98: 59-86. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.98.104156
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Abstract

The genus Diaporthe (Diaporthaceae, Diaporthales) comprises endophytes, pathogens and saprophytes, inhabiting a wide range of woody hosts and resulting in serious canker disease. To determine the diversity of Diaporthe species associated with canker disease of host plants in Beijing, China, a total of 35 representative strains were isolated from 18 host genera. Three novel species (D. changpingensis, D. diospyrina and D. ulmina) and four known species (D. corylicola, D. donglingensis, D. eres and D. rostrata) were identified, based on morphological comparison and phylogenetic analyses using partial ITS, cal, his3, tef1-α and tub2 loci. These results provide an understanding of the taxonomy of Diaporthe species associated with canker diseases in Beijing, China.

Key words

Canker disease, Diaporthales, phylogeny, plant disease, taxonomy

Introduction

Diaporthe (Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes) was established by Fuckel (1867) with D. alnea as the type species. Members of Diaporthe are distributed worldwide on the leaves, branches, fruits or seeds of broad hosts and often regarded as endophytes, pathogens and saprobes (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015, 2016; Huang et al. 2021; Yang et al. 2021; Cao et al. 2022). Several species in Diaporthe have been reported as pathogens causing severe canker diseases on economically and ecologically important plants (e.g. Castanea, Citrus, Juglans, Pyrus and Vaccinium) (Udayanga et al. 2014; Fan et al. 2015; Guo et al. 2020; Hilário et al. 2020; Jiang et al. 2021a). Currently, more than 1190 species epithets of Diaporthe have been listed in Index Fungorum (www.indexfungorum.org; accessed on 23 Mar 2023).

The sexual morph of Diaporthe generally has immersed ascomata and erumpent pseudostroma with elongated perithecial necks. Asci are unitunicate and sessile producing hyaline ascospores (Udayanga et al. 2011). The asexual morph of Diaporthe can be identified by ostiolate conidiomata, cylindrical phialides and three types (alpha, beta and gamma) of conidia. All of the three types of conidia are aseptate and hyaline, but alpha conidia are fusiform, usually biguttulate; beta conidia are filiform, straight or more often hamate, lack guttules; gamma conidia are fusiform to subcylindrical, multiguttulate (Udayanga et al. 2011; Gomes et al. 2013).

In the past, species identification criteria in Diaporthe was largely based on host specificity and morphological features (Rehner and Uecker 1994; Santos et al. 2010; Dissanayake et al. 2020; Jiang et al. 2021b). However, many Diaporthe species have no obvious selectivity for hosts, for example, D. eres can infect more than 280 hosts (https://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases; accessed on 23 Mar 2023). Additionally, although morphological characteristics were proved to be related to the DNA sequence of most Diaporthe species (Guo et al. 2020), many of them with similar morphology are still genetically distinct (Fan et al. 2018a; Jiang et al. 2021a, b). Therefore, it is unreliable for accurate identification when host specificity and morphological features were used alone (Udayanga et al. 2011, 2014; Gomes et al. 2013; Yang et al. 2018). Currently, molecular characteristics were proved to be relied on more heavily than morphology (Castlebury et al. 2003; Crous and Groenewald 2005; Udayanga et al. 2012). The taxonomy of Diaporthe species is resolved, based on polyphasic taxonomic concepts including multi-gene phylogenetic and morphological analyses (Udayanga et al. 2012; Fan et al. 2015; Guo et al. 2020; Gao et al. 2021; Jiang et al. 2021a). Five gene regions are used in phylogenetic analyses, including nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), calmodulin (cal), histone H3 (his3), translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1-α) and β-tubulin (tub2) (Dissanayake et al. 2020; Guo et al. 2020; Gao et al. 2021). The identification of Diaporthe species has significantly improved since the polyphasic taxonomic concept was applied, for example, 19 Diaporthe species were identified as pathogens associated with pear shoot canker, based on the five loci sequence data coupled with morphology (Guo et al. 2020). Additionally, some issues about species boundaries of the species complex in Diaporthe were also well resolved, such as the D. eres species complex being investigated and identified as a single species (Hilário et al. 2021; Norphanphoun et al. 2022).

Beijing is the capital city in China and is located in the northern part of the north China Plain. It has a temperate semi-humid monsoon climate, with more than 1,000 species of tree hosts (Ma et al. 1995; Liu et al. 2022). The pathogenic fungi of stem diseases in Beijing are diverse, especially Diaporthe. Diaporthe eres have been identified from Castanea Mollissima and an additional five hosts (Yang et al. 2018); two Diaporthe species were commonly isolated from Juglans mandshurica (Zhu et al. 2019); Diaporthe donglingensis, D. eres and D. huairouensis were confirmed as pathogens of Corylus heterophylla (Bai et al. 2022). During the investigation of plant pathogens in Beijing, branches with typical canker symptoms were collected and subsequently identified combining modern taxonomic concepts. The present study aims to reveal the taxonomy and systematics of Diaporthe species with detailed descriptions of novel species.

Materials and methods

Collection, examination and isolation

Fresh specimens with typical ascomata/conidiomata were collected in the surveys of landscape plant canker in Beijing, China. Morphological features of the ascomata/conidiomata were determined by sectioning more than 30 fruiting bodies by hand vertically and horizontally under a stereomicroscope (M205 FA Leica). Over 50 asci/conidia were randomly selected to capture the micromorphological characteristics by using the compound microscope (DM2500 Leica) with differential interference contrast (DIC) optics. Isolates were obtained by cutting the mucoid asci/conidial mass with a sterile blade from the fruiting bodies to the surface of 1.8% potato dextrose agar (PDA) in a 9 cm Petri dish. Isolates were incubated at 25 °C until spores germinated. Hyphal tips were transferred to new PDA plates. The colour of the colony was assessed according to Rayner (1970). Axenic cultures were deposited in the China Forestry Culture Collection Centre (CFCC) and specimens were deposited in the Museum of Beijing Forestry University (BJFC).

DNA extraction and PCR amplification

The cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method was used to extract the genomic DNA when enough mycelium of each isolate had grown on PDA for about five days (Doyle and Doyle 1990). PCR amplifications of five genes (ITS, cal, his3, tef1-α and tub2) were done by the primer pairs and PCR conditions listed in Table 1. The five partial loci have the same PCR mixtures including 10 μl Mix (Promega), 7 μl double deionised water, 1 μl of each primer and 1 μl template DNA. All of the amplified DNA were sequenced by the Qingke Biotechnology (Beijing, China). SeqMan v. 7.1.0 was used to check and assemble sequences for each of the gene sequences. The sequence data have been deposited in GenBank and their accession numbers have been listed in Table 2.

Table 1.
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Genes used in this study with PCR primers, primer DNA sequence, optimal annealing temperature.

Locus PCR primers PCR: thermal cycles: (Annealing temp. in bold) Reference
ITS ITS1/ITS4 (95 °C: 30 s, 48 °C: 30 s, 72 °C: 1 min) × 35 cycles White et al. (1990)
cal CAL228F/CAL737R (95 °C: 15 s, 54 °C: 20 s, 72 °C: 1 min) × 35 cycles Carbone and Kohn (1999)
his3 CYLH3F/H3-1b (95 °C: 30 s, 57 °C: 30 s, 72 °C: 1 min) × 35 cycles Crous et al. (2004) Glass and Donaldson (1995)
tef1-α EF1-728F/EF1-986R (95 °C: 15 s, 54 °C: 20 s, 72 °C: 1 min) × 35 cycles Carbone and Kohn (1999)
tub2 T1(Bt2a)/Bt2b (95 °C: 30 s, 55 °C: 30 s, 72 °C: 1 min) × 35 cycles Glass and Donaldson (1995) O’Donnell and Cigelnik (1997)
Table 2.
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Isolates of Diaporthe used in the molecular analyses in this study.

Species Strain Host Origin GenBank accession numbers
ITS cal his3 tef1-α tub2
Diaporthe absenteum LC 3924T Camellia sinensis China KP267897 NA KP293547 KP267971 KP293477
Diaporthe acaciigena CBS 129521T Acacia retinodes Australia KC343005 KC343247 KC343489 KC343731 KC343973
Diaporthe acericola MFLUCC 17-0956T Acer negundo Italy KY964224 KY964137 NA KY964180 KY964074
Diaporthe acerigena CFCC 52554T Acer tataricum China MH121489 MH121413 MH121449 MH121531 NA
CFCC 52555 Acer tataricum China MH121490 MH121414 MH121450 MH121532 NA
Diaporthe acerina CBS 137.27 Acer negundo NA KC343006 KC343248 KC343490 KC343732 KC343974
Diaporthe actinidiae ICMP 13683T Actinidia deliciosa New Zealand KC145886 NA NA KC145941 NA
Diaporthe acuta PSCG 047T Pyrus pyrifolia China MK626957 MK691125 MK726161 MK654802 MK691225
Diaporthe acutispora LC6161T Coffea sp. China KX986764 KX999274 KX999235 KX999155 KX999195
Diaporthe alangii CFCC 52556T Alangium kurzii China MH121491 MH121415 MH121451 MH121533 MH121573
CFCC 52557 Alangium kurzii China MH121492 MH121416 MH121452 MH121534 MH121574
Diaporthe albosinensis CFCC 53066 Betula albosinensis China MK432659 MK442979 MK443004 MK578133 MK578059
CFCC 53067 Betula albosinensis China MK432660 MK442980 MK443005 MK578134 MK578060
Diaporthe alleghaniensis CBS 495.72T Betula alleghaniensis Canada MH121502 MH121426 MH121462 MH121544 MH121584
Diaporthe alnea CBS 146.46T Alnus sp. Netherlands KC343008 KC343250 KC343492 KC343734 KC343976
Diaporthe amaranthophila MAFF 246900 Amaranthus tricolor Japan LC459575 LC459583 LC459581 LC459577 LC459579
Diaporthe ambigua CBS 114015 Pyrus communis South Africa KC343010 KC343252 KC343494 KC343736 KC343978
Diaporthe ampelina STE-U 2660 Vitis vinifera France NA AY745026 NA AY745056 NA
Diaporthe amygdali CBS 126679T Prunus dulcis Portugal MH864208 KC343264 KC343506 KC343748 KC343990
Diaporthe anacardii CBS 720.97T Anacardium occidentale East Africa KC343024 KC343266 KC343508 KC343750 KC343992
Diaporthe angelicae CBS 111592T Heracleum sphondylium Austria KC343027 KC343269 KC343511 KC343753 KC343995
Diaporthe anhuiensis CNUCC 201901T Cunninghamia lanceolata China MN219718 MN224549 MN224556 MN224668 MN227008
Diaporthe apiculatum CFCC 53068 Rhus chinensis China MK432651 MK442973 MK442998 MK578127 MK578054
CFCC 53069 Rhus chinensis China MK432652 MK44297 MK442999 MK578128 MK578055
Diaporthe aquatica IFRDCC 3051T Aquatic habitat China JQ797437 NA NA NA NA
Diaporthe araucanorum CBS 145285T Araucaria araucana Chile MN509711 MN974277 NA MN509733 MN509722
CBS 145286 Araucaria araucana Chile MN509712 NA NA MN509734 MN509723
Diaporthe arctii DP0482T Arctium lappa Austria KJ590736 KJ612133 KJ659218 KJ590776 KJ610891
Diaporthe arecae CBS 161.64T Areca catechu India KC343032 KC343274 KC343516 KC343758 KC344000
Diaporthe arengae CBS 114979T Arenga engleri Hong Kong MF773664 KC343276 KC343518 KC343760 KC344002
Diaporthe arezzoensis MFLU 19-2883 Cytisus sp. Italy MT185503 NA NA NA NA
Diaporthe aseana MFLUCC 12-0299a Unknown Thailand KT459414 KT459464 NA KT459448 KT459432
Diaporthe asheicola CBS 136967 Vaccinium ashei Chile KJ160562 KJ160542 NA KJ160594 KJ160518
Diaporthe aspalathi CBS 117169T Aspalathus linearis South Africa KC343036 KC343278 KC343520 KC343762 KC344004
Diaporthe australafricana CBS 111886T Vitis vinifera Australia KC343038 KC343280 KC343522 KC343764 KC344006
Diaporthe australiana BRIP 66145T Macadamia sp. Australia MN708222 NA NA MN696522 MN696530
Diaporthe baccae CBS 136972T Vaccinium corymbosum Italy MK370623 MG281695 MF418264 KJ160597 MF418509
Diaporthe batatas CBS 122.21T Ipomoea batatas USA KC343040 KC343282 KC343524 KC343766 KC344008
Diaporthe bauhiniae CFCC 53071 Bauhinia purpurea China MK432648 MK442970 MK442995 MK578124 MK578051
Diaporthe bauhiniae CFCC 53072 Bauhinia purpurea China MK432649 MK442971 MK442996 MK578125 MK578052
Diaporthe bauhiniae CFCC 53073 Bauhinia purpurea China MK432650 MK442972 MK442997 MK578126 MK578053
Diaporthe beilharziae BRIP 54792T Indigofera australis Australia JX862529 NA NA JX862535 KF170921
Diaporthe benedicti SBen914 Diaporthe benedicti USA KM669929 KM669862 NA KM669785 NA
Diaporthe betulae CFCC 50469 Betula platyphylla China KT732950 KT732997 KT732999 KT733016 KT733020
CFCC 50470 Betula platyphylla China KT732951 KT732998 KT733000 KT733017 KT733021
Diaporthe betulicola CFCC 51128T Betula albosinensis China KX024653 KX024659 KX024661 KX024655 KX024657
CFCC 51129 Betula albosinensis China KX0246554 KX024660 KX024662 KX0246556 KX024658
Diaporthe betulina CFCC 52560 Betula albosinensis China MH121495 MH121419 MH121455 MH121537 MH121577
CFCC 52561 Betula albosinensis China MH121496 MH121420 MH121456 MH121538 MH121578
Diaporthe bicincta CBS 121004T Juglans sp. USA KC343134 KC343376 KC343618 KC343860 KC344102
Diaporthe biconispora ZJUD62 Citrus maxima China KJ490597 NA KJ490539 KJ490476 KJ490418
Diaporthe biguttulata ZJUD47 Citrus limon China KJ490582 NA KJ490524 KJ490461 KJ490403
Diaporthe biguttusis CGMCC 3.17081 Lithocarpus glabra China KF576282 NA NA KF576257 KF576306
Diaporthe bohemiae CBS 143347T Vitis vinifera Czech Republic MK300012 MG281710 MG281361 MG281536 MG281188
Diaporthe brasiliensis CBS 133183T Aspidosperma tomentosum Brazil KC343042 KC343284 KC343526 KC343768 KC344010
Diaporthe caatingaensis URM7485 Tacinga inamoena Brazil KY085927 KY115598 NA KY115604 KY115601
Diaporthe camelliae-oleiferae HNZZ027T Camellia oleifera China MZ509555 MZ504685 MZ504696 MZ504707 MZ504718
Diaporthe camelliae-sinensis SAUCC194.92 Camellia sinensis China MT822620 MT855699 MT855588 MT855932 MT855817
Diaporthe camporesii JZB320143 Urtica dioidca Italy MN533805 NA NA MN984254 MN561316
Diaporthe camptothecicola CFCC 51632 Camptotheca acuminata China KY203726 KY228877 KY228881 KY228887 KY228893
Diaporthe canthii CPC 19740 Canthium inerme South Africa JX069864 NA NA NA NA
Diaporthe caryae CFCC 52563 Carya illinoinensis China MH121498 MH121422 MH121458 MH121540 MH121580
CFCC 52564 Carya illinoinensis China MH121499 MH121423 MH121459 MH121541 MH121581
Diaporthe cassines CPC 21916 Cassine peragua South Africa KF777155 NA NA KF777244 NA
Diaporthe caulivora CBS 127268 Glycine max Croatia MH864501 KC343287 KC343529 KC343771 KC344013
Diaporthe celastrina CBS 139.27T Celastrus sp. USA KC343047 KC343289 KC343531 KC343773 KC344015
Diaporthe celeris CBS 143349T Vitis vinifera United Kingdom MG281017 MG281712 MG281363 MG281538 MG281190
Diaporthe cercidis CFCC 52565T Cercis chinensis China MH121500 MH121424 MH121460 NA MH121582
Diaporthe cercidis CFCC 52566 Cercis chinensis China MH121501 MH121425 MH121461 NA MH121583
Diaporthe chamaeropis CBS 454.81 Chamaerops humilis Greece KC343048 KC343290 KC343532 KC343774 KC344016
Diaporthe changpingensis CFCC 58812T Robinia pseudoacacia China OQ912925 OQ910202 OQ910234 OQ910264 OQ910292
CFCC 58813 Robinia pseudoacacia China OQ912926 OQ910203 OQ910235 OQ910265 OQ910293
Diaporthe charlesworthii BRIP 54884mT Rapistrum rugostrum Australia KJ197288 NA NA KJ197250 KJ197268
Diaporthe chensiensis CFCC 52567T Abies chensiensis China MH121502 MH121426 MH121462 MH121544 MH121584
CFCC 52568 Abies chensiensis China MH121503 MH121427 MH121463 MH121545 MH121585
Diaporthe chongqingensis PSCG 435T Pyrus pyrifolia China MK626916 MK691209 MK726257 MK654866 MK691321
Diaporthe chromolaenae MFLUCC 17-1422T Chromolaena odorata Thailand MT214456 NA NA NA NA
Diaporthe cichorii MFLUCC 17-1023T Cichorium intybus Italy KY964220 KY964133 NA KY964176 KY964104
Diaporthe cinnamomi CFCC 52569T Cinnamomum sp. China MH121504 NA MH121464 MH121546 MH121586
CFCC 52570 Cinnamomum sp. China MH121505 NA MH121465 MH121547 MH121587
Diaporthe cissampeli CPC 27302T Cissampelos capensis South Africa KX228273 NA KX228366 NA KX228384
Diaporthe citri AR3405 Citrus sp. USA KC843311 KC843157 KJ420881 KC843071 KC843187
CFCC 53079 Citrus sinensis China MK573940 MK574579 MK574595 MK574615 MK574635
Diaporthe citriasiana CGMCC 3.15224 Citrus unshiu China JQ954645 KC357491 KC490515 JQ954663 KC357459
Diaporthe citrichinensis CGMCC 3.15225 Citrus sp. China JQ954648 KC357494 NA JQ954666 NA
Diaporthe collariana MFLU 17-2770T Magnolia champaca Thailand MG806115 MG783042 NA MG783040 MG783041
Diaporthe compactum LC3083T Camellia sinensis China KP267854 NA KP293508 KP267928 NA
Diaporthe conica CFCC 52571T Alangium chinense China MH121506 MH121428 MH121466 MH121548 MH121588
CFCC 52572 Alangium chinense China MH121507 MH121429 MH121467 MH121549 MH121589
Diaporthe constrictospora GZCC 19-0065 Unknown China MT385947 MT424718 MW022487 MT424682 MT424702
GZCC 19-0084T Unknown China MT385948 MT424719 MW022487 MT424683 MT424703
Diaporthe convolvuli CBS 124654T Convolvulus arvensis Turkey KC343054 KC343296 KC343538 KC343780 KC344022
Diaporthe coryli CFCC 53083T Corylus mandshurica China MK432661 MK442981 MK443006 MK578135 MK578061
CFCC 53084 Corylus mandshurica China MK432662 MK442982 MK443007 MK538176 MK578062
Diaporthe corylicola CFCC 53986T Corylus heterophylla China MW839880 MW836684 MW836717 MW815894 MW883977
CFCC 54696 Corylus heterophylla China MW839867 MW836685 MW836718 MW815895 MW883978
CFCC 54697 Corylus heterophylla China MW839882 MW836698 MW836731 MW815908 MW883991
Diaporthe corylicola CFCC 58824 Corylus heterophylla China OQ912927 OQ910203 NA OQ910266 OQ910294
CFCC 58825 Corylus heterophylla China OQ912928 OQ910204 NA OQ910267 OQ910285
Diaporthe crataegi CBS 114435 Crataegus rhipidophylla Sweden KC343055 KC343297 KC343539 KC343781 KC344023
Diaporthe crotalariae CBS 162.33T Crotalaria spectabilis USA MH855395 JX197439 KC343540 GQ250307 KC344024
Diaporthe crousii CAA 823 Vaccinium corymbosum Portugal MK792311 MK883835 MK871450 MK828081 MK837932
Diaporthe cucurbitae DAOM 42078T Cucumis sp. Canada KM453210 NA KM453212 KM453211 KP118848
Diaporthe cuppatea CBS 117499T Aspalathus linearis South Africa MH863021 KC343299 KC343541 KC343783 KC344025
Diaporthe cynaroidis CBS 122676T Protea cynaroides South Africa KC343058 KC343300 KC343542 KC343784 KC344026
Diaporthe cytosporella FAU461 Citrus limon Italy KC843307 KC843141 NA KC843116 KC843221
Diaporthe delonicis MFLU 16-1059 Ipomoea batatas China KP990621 NA KP990641 KP990651 KP990631
Diaporthe destruens ZJUPD06 Macadamia sp. South Africa MN708229 NA NA MN696526 MN696537
Diaporthe diospyricola CPC 21169T Diospyros whyteana South Africa KF777209 NA NA NA NA
Diaporthe discoidispora ZJUD89 Citrus unshiu China KJ490624 NA KJ490566 KJ490503 KJ490445
Diaporthe diospyrina CFCC 58820T Diospyros kaki China OQ912929 OQ910206 OQ910236 OQ910268 OQ910296
CFCC 58821 Diospyros kaki China OQ912930 OQ910207 OQ910237 OQ910269 OQ910297
Diaporthe donglingensis CFCC 56581T Corylus heterophylla China OM956090 NA ON157951 ON157986 ON158021
CFCC 57432 Corylus heterophylla China OM956091 NA ON157952 ON157987 ON158022
Diaporthe donglingensis CFCC 58806 Corylus heterophylla China OQ912931 NA OQ910238 OQ910270 OQ910298
CFCC 58807 Corylus heterophylla China OQ912932 NA OQ910239 OQ910271 OQ910299
Diaporthe dorycnii MFLUCC 17-1015T Dorycnium hirsutum Italy KY964215 NA NA KY964171 KY964099
Diaporthe drenthii BRIP 66524T Macadamia sp. Australia MN708229 NA NA MN696526 MN696537
Diaporthe elaeagni-glabrae LC4802 Elaeagnus glabra China KX986779 KX999281 KX999251 KX999171 KX999212
Diaporthe ellipicola CGMCC 3.17084T Lithocarpus glaber China KF576270 NA NA KF576245 KF576294
Diaporthe ellipsospora GZCC 19-0231T decaying woody Guizhou, China MT385949 MT424720 MW022488 MT424684 MT424704
Diaporthe endophytica CBS 133811T Schinus terebinthifolius Brazil KC343065 KC343307 KC343549 KC343791 KC344033
Diaporthe eres AR5193T Ulmus sp. Germany KJ210529 KJ434999 KJ420850 KJ210550 KJ420799
CFCC 52575 Castanea mollissima China MH121510 NA MH121470 MH121552 MH121592
CFCC 52576 Castanea mollissima China MH121511 MH121432 MH121471 MH121553 MH121593
CFCC 52577 Acanthopanax senticosus China MH121512 MH121433 MH121472 MH121554 MH121594
CFCC 52578 Sorbus sp. China MH121513 MH121433 MH121473 MH121555 MH121595
Diaporthe eres CFCC 52579 Juglans regia China MH121514 NA MH121474 MH121556 NA
CFCC 52580 Melia azedarace China MH121515 NA MH121475 MH121557 MH121596
CFCC 52581 Rhododendr simsii China MH121516 NA MH121476 MH121558 MH121597
Diaporthe eres CFCC 58816 Corylus heterophylla China OQ912953 OQ910228 NA OQ910288 OQ910320
CFCC 58817 Corylus heterophylla China OQ912954 OQ910229 NA OQ910289 OQ910321
CFCC 58818 Populus sp. China OQ912949 OQ910226 OQ910258 NA OQ910318
CFCC 58819 Populus sp. China OQ912950 OQ910227 OQ910259 NA OQ910319
CFCC 58826 Spiraea salicifolia China OQ912955 OQ910230 OQ910260 NA OQ910322
CFCC 58827 Spiraea salicifolia China OQ912956 OQ910231 OQ910261 NA OQ910323
CFCC 58831 Ailanthus altissima China OQ912933 OQ910208 OQ910240 OQ910272 OQ910300
CFCC 58832 Ailanthus altissima China OQ912934 OQ910209 OQ910241 OQ910273 OQ910301
CFCC 58833 Koelreuteria paniculata China OQ912935 OQ910210 OQ910242 OQ910274 OQ910302
CFCC 58834 Forsythia suspensa China OQ912936 OQ910211 OQ910243 OQ910275 OQ910303
CFCC 58835 Acer palmatum China OQ912937 OQ910212 OQ910244 OQ910276 OQ910304
CFCC 58836 Syringa oblata China OQ912938 OQ910213 OQ910245 OQ910277 OQ910305
CFCC 58837 Cotinus coggygria China OQ912939 OQ910214 OQ910246 OQ910278 OQ910306
CFCC 58838 Platycladus orientalis China OQ912940 OQ910215 OQ910247 OQ910279 OQ910307
CFCC 58839 Populus sp. China OQ912941 OQ910216 OQ910248 OQ910280 OQ910308
CFCC 58840 Populus sp. China OQ912942 OQ910217 OQ910249 OQ910281 OQ910309
CFCC 58841 Pinus armandii China OQ912943 OQ910218 OQ910250 OQ910282 OQ910310
CFCC 58842 Pinus armandii China OQ912944 OQ910219 OQ910251 OQ910283 OQ910311
CFCC 58845 Juglans mandshurica China OQ912945 OQ910220 OQ910252 OQ910284 OQ910312
CFCC 58846 Pterocarya stenoptera China OQ912946 OQ910221 OQ910253 OQ910285 OQ910313
CFCC 58847 Prunus salicina China OQ912947 OQ910222 OQ910254 OQ910286 OQ910314
CFCC 58848 Prunus salicina China OQ912948 OQ910223 OQ910255 OQ910287 OQ910315
Diaporthe eucalyptorum CBS 132525T Eucalyptus sp. China MH305525 NA NA NA NA
Diaporthe foeniculacea CBS 111553 Foeniculum vulgare Spain MH854926 KC343343 KC343585 KC343827 KC344069
Diaporthe foikelawen CBS 145189 Drimys winteri Chile MN509713 MN974278 NA MN509735 MN509724
Diaporthe fraxini-angustifoliae BRIP 54781T Fraxinus angustifolia Australia JX862528 KT459462 NA JX862534 NA
Diaporthe fraxinicola CFCC 52582T Fraxinus chinensis China MH121517 MH121435 NA MH121560 NA
CFCC 52583 Fraxinus chinensis China MH121518 MH121436 NA MH121559 NA
Diaporthe fructicola MAFF 246408T Passiflora edulis Japan LC342734 LC342738 LC342737 LC342735 LC342736
Diaporthe fukushii MAFF 625034 Pyrus pyrifolia Japan NA KJ435023 KJ420868 NA KJ420819
Diaporthe fulvicolor PSCG 051T Pyrus pyrifolia China MK626859 MK691132 MK726163 MK654806 MK691236
Diaporthe fusicola CGMCC 3.17087 Lithocarpus glabra China KF576281 KF576233 NA KF576256 KF576305
Diaporthe ganjae CBS 180.91T Cannabis sativa USA KC343112 KC343354 KC343596 KC343838 KC344080
Diaporthe ganzhouensis CFCC 53087 Unknown China MK432665 MK442985 MK443010 MK578139 MK578065
CFCC 53088 Unknown China MK432666 MK442986 MK443011 MK578140 MK578066
Diaporthe garethjonesii MFLUCC 12-0542a Unknown Thailand KT459423 KT459470 NA KT459457 KT459441
Diaporthe goulteri BRIP 55657aT Helianthus annuus Australia KJ197290 NA NA KJ197252 KJ197270
Diaporthe grandiflori SAUCC194.84T Heterostemma grandiflorum China MT822612 MT855691 MT855580 MT855809 MT855924
Diaporthe guangxiensis JZB320087T Vitis vinifera China MK335765 MK736720 NA MK523560 MK500161
Diaporthe gulyae BRIP 54025T Helianthus annuus Australia NA NA NA JN645803 KJ197271
Diaporthe guttulata CGMCC 3.20100T Unknown China MT385950 MW022470 MW022491 MT424685 MT424705
Diaporthe helianthi CBS 592.81T Helianthus annuus Serbia KC343115 KC343357 KC343599 KC343841 KC344083
Diaporthe helicis AR5211T Hedera helix France KJ210538 KJ435043 KJ420875 KJ210559 KJ420828
Diaporthe heliconiae SAUCC194.77T Heliconia metallica China MT822605 MT855684 MT855573 MT855802 MT855917
Diaporthe heterophyllae CPC 26215 Acacia heterophylla France MG600222 MG600218 MG600220 MG600224 MG600226
Diaporthe heterostemmatis SAUCC194.85T Heterostemma grandiflorum China MT822613 MT855692 MT855581 MT855810 MT855925
Diaporthe hickoriae CBS 145.26T Carya glabra USA KC343118 KC343360 NA KC343844 KC344086
Diaporthe hispaniae CBS 143351T Vitis vinifera Spain MG281123 MG281820 MG281471 MG281644 MG281296
Diaporthe hongkongensis CBS 115448T Dichroa febrifuga China MK304388 KC343361 KC343603 KC343845 KC344087
Diaporthe huairouensis CFCC 56808 Corylus heterophylla China ON188788 ON157945 ON157982 ON158016 ON158051
CFCC 56809 Corylus heterophylla China OM956120 ON157946 ON157981 ON158015 ON158050
Diaporthe hubeiensis JZB320123T Vitis vinifera China MK335809 MK500235 NA MK523570 MK500148
Diaporthe incompleta LC6754 Camellia sinensis China KX986794 KX999289 KX999265 KX999186 KX999226
Diaporthe inconspicua CBS 133813T Maytenus ilicifolia Brazil NA KC343365 KC343607 KC343849 KC344091
Diaporthe infecunda CBS 133812T Schinus terebinthifolius Brazil KC343126 KC343368 KC343610 KC343852 KC344094
Diaporthe irregularis CGMCC 3.20092T Unknown China MT385951 MT424721 NA MT424686 MT424706
Diaporthe isoberliniae CPC 22549 Isoberlinia angolensis Zambia KJ869190 NA NA NA KJ869245
Diaporthe juglandicola CFCC 51134T Juglans mandshurica China KU985101 KX024616 KX024622 KX024628 KX024634
CFCC 51135 Juglans mandshurica China KU985102 KX024617 KX024623 KX024629 KX024635
Diaporthe juglandigena CFCC 52584 Juglans regia China MH121519 MH121437 MH121477 MH121561 MH121598
CFCC 52585 Juglans regia China MH121520 MH121438 MH121478 MH121562 MH121599
Diaporthe kadsurae CFCC 52586T Kadsura longipedunculata China MH121521 MH121439 MH121479 MH121563 MH121600
CFCC 52587 Kadsura longipedunculata China MH121522 MH121440 MH121480 MH121564 MH121601
Diaporthe kochmanii BRIP 54033T Helianthus annuus Australia NA NA NA JN645809 NA
Diaporthe kongii BRIP 54031T Helianthus annuus Australia NA NA NA NA KJ197272
Diaporthe krabiensis MFLUCC 17-2481T Bruguiera sp. Unknown MN047101 NA NA MN433215 MN431495
Diaporthe lenispora CGMCC 3.20101T Unknown China MT385952 MW022472 MW022493 MT424687 MT424707
Diaporthe litchicola BRIP 54900T Litchi chinensis Australia LC041036 NA NA JX862539 NA
Diaporthe litchii SAUCC194.22T Litchi chinensis China MT822550 MT855635 MT855519 MT855747 MT855863
Diaporthe lithocarpus CGMCC 3.15175T Lithocarpus glabra China KC135104 KF576235 NA KC153095 KF576311
Diaporthe longicicola CGMCC 3.17089T Lithocarpus glabra China KF576267 NA NA KF576242 KF576291
Diaporthe longicolla FAU599 Glycine max USA KJ590728 KJ612124 KJ659188 KJ590767 KJ610883
Diaporthe longispora CBS 194.36T Ribes sp. Canada MH855769 KC343377 KC343619 KC343861 KC344103
Diaporthe lonicerae MFLUCC 17-0963T Lonicera sp. Italy KY964190 KY964116 NA KY964146 KY964073
Diaporthe lusitanicae CBS 123212T Foeniculum vulgare Portugal MH863279 KC343378 KC343620 KC343862 KC344104
Diaporthe lutescens SAUCC194.36T Chrysalidocarpus lutescens China MT822564 MT855647 MT855533 MT855761 MT855877
Diaporthe macadamiae BRIP66526T Macadamia sp. Australia MN708230 NA NA MN696528 MN696539
Diaporthe machili SAUCC194.111T Machilus pingii China MT822639 MT855718 MT855606 MT855951 MT855836
Diaporthe macintoshii BRIP 55064aT Rapistrum rugosum Australia KJ197289 NA NA KJ197251 KJ197269
Diaporthe mahothocarpus CGMCC 3.15181 Lithocarpus glabra China KC153096 NA NA KC153087 KF576312
Diaporthe malorum CAA 734 Malus domestica Portugal KY435638 KY435658 KY435648 KY435627 KY435668
Diaporthe marina MFLU 17-2622 NA Thailand MN047102 NA NA NA NA
Diaporthe maritima DAOM 695742T Picea ruben Canada KU552025 NA NA KU552023 KU574615
Diaporthe masirevicii BRIP 54256 Glycine max Australia KJ197277 NA NA KJ197238 KJ197256
Diaporthe mayteni CBS 133185T Maytenus ilicifolia Brazil KC343139 KC343381 KC343623 KC343865 KC344107
Diaporthe maytenicola CPC 21896T Maytenus acuminata South Africa KF777157 NA NA NA KF777250
Diaporthe mediterranea SAUCC194.111 Machilus pingii China MT822639 MT855718 MT855606 MT855836 MT855951
Diaporthe melastomatis SAUCC194.55T Melastoma malabathricum China MT822583 MT855664 MT855551 MT855780 MT855896
Diaporthe melonis CBS 435.87 Glycine soja Indonesia KC343141 KC343383 KC343625 KC343867 KC344109
Diaporthe middletonii BRIP 54884eT Rapistrum rugosum Australia KJ197286 NA NA KJ197248 KJ197266
Diaporthe minima GZCC19-0066T Unknown China MT385953 MT424722 MW022496 MT424688 MT424708
Diaporthe minusculata GZCC19-0215T Unknown China MT385957 MW022475 MW022499 MT424692 MT424712
Diaporthe miriciae BRIP 54736jT Helianthus annuus Australia KJ197282 NA NA KJ197244 KJ197262
Diaporthe momicola MFLUCC 16-0113 Prunus persica China KU557563 NA KU557611 KU557631 KU55758
Diaporthe multigutullata CFCC 53095 Citrus maxima China MK432645 MK442967 MK442992 MK578121 MK578048
CFCC 53096 Citrus maxima China MK432646 MK442968 MK442993 MK578122 MK578049
Diaporthe musigena CBS 129519T Musa sp. Australia KC343143 KC343385 KC343267 KC343869 KC344111
Diaporthe myracrodruonis URM7972T Myracrodruon urundeuva Unknown MK205289 MK205290 NA MK213408 MK205291
Diaporthe neilliae CBS 144.27T Spiraea sp. USA KC343144 KC343386 KC343628 KC343870 KC344112
Diaporthe neoarctii CBS 109490T Ambrosia trifida USA KC343145 KC343387 KC343629 KC343871 KC344113
Diaporthe neoraonikayaporum MFLUCC 14-1136 Tectona grandis Thailand KU712449 KU749356 NA KU749369 KU743988
Diaporthe nobilis CBS 587.79 Pinus parviflora Japan KC343153 KC343395 KC343637 KC343879 KC344121
Diaporthe nothofagi BRIP 54801T Nothofagus cunninghamii Australia JX862530 NA NA JX862536 KF170922
Diaporthe novem CBS 127269T Glycine max Croatia KC343155 KC343397 KC343639 KC343881 KC344123
Diaporthe ocoteae CPC 26217T Ocotea bullata France KX228293 NA NA NA KX228388
Diaporthe oraccinii LC3166T Camellia sinensis China KP267863 NA KP293517 KP267937 KP293443
Diaporthe ovalispora ZJUD93 Citrus limon China KJ490628 NA KJ490570 KJ490507 KJ490449
Diaporthe ovoicicola CGMCC 3.17093 Lithocarpus glabra China KF576265 KF576223 NA KF576240 KF576289
Diaporthe oxe CBS 133186T Maytenus ilicifolia Brazil KC343164 KC343406 KC343648 KC343890 KC344132
Diaporthe padina CFCC 52590T Padus racemosa China MH121525 MH121443 MH121483 MH121567 MH121604
CFCC 52591 Padus racemosa China MH121526 MH121444 MH121484 MH121568 MH121605
Diaporthe pandanicola MFLUCC 17-0607 Pandanaceae Thailand MG646974 NA NA NA MG646930
Diaporthe paranensis CBS 133184T Maytenus ilicifolia Brazil KC343171 KC343413 KC343655 KC343897 KC344139
Diaporthe parapterocarpi CBS 137986 Pterocarpus brenanii Zambia KJ869138 NA NA NA KJ869248
Diaporthe parvae PSCG 035 Pyrus bretschneideri China MK626920 MK691169 MK726211 MK654859 MK691249
Diaporthe pascoei BRIP 54847T Persea americana Australia MK111097 NA NA JX862538 KF170924
Diaporthe passiflorae CPC 19183 Passiflora edulis Netherlands JX069860 NA NA NA NA
Diaporthe passifloricola CPC 27480T Passiflora foetida Malaysia KX228292 NA KX228367 NA KX228387
Diaporthe penetriteum LC3215 Camellia sinensis China KP267879 NA NA KP293532 KP267953
Diaporthe perjuncta CBS 109745T Ulmus glabra Austria KC343172 KC343414 KC343656 KC343898 KC344140
Diaporthe perseae CBS 151.73 Persea gratissima Netherlands KC343173 KC343415 NA NA NA
Diaporthe pescicola MFLUCC 16-0105 Prunus persica China KU557555 KU557603 NA KY400831 KU557579
Diaporthe phaseolorum AR4203T Phaseolus vulgaris USA KJ590738 KJ612135 KJ659220 KJ590739 KJ610893
Diaporthe phillipsii CAA 817 Vaccinium corymbosum Portugal MK792305 MK883831 MK871445 MK828076 MN000351
Diaporthe pimpinellae JZB320131T Pimpinella peregrine Italy MK874656 NA MT373073 MT373074 MT373072
Diaporthe podocarpi-macrophylli LC6155 Podocarpus macrophyllus Japan KX986774 KX999278 KX999246 KX999167 KX999207
Diaporthe pometiae SAUCC194.72T Pometia pinnata China MT822600 MT855679 MT855568 MT855797 MT855912
Diaporthe pseudoalnea CFCC 54190T Alnus glutinosa Netherlands MZ727037 MZ753468 MZ781302 MZ816343 MZ753487
Diaporthe pseudomangiferae CBS 101339T Mangifera indica Dominican Republic KC343181 KC343423 KC343665 KC343907 KC344149
Diaporthe pseudophoenicicola CBS 176.77 Mangifera indica Iraq KC343183 KC343425 KC343667 KC343909 KC344151
Diaporthe pseudotsugae MFLU 15-3228T Pseudotsuga menziesii Italy KY964225 KY964138 NA KY964181 KY964108
Diaporthe psoraleae CPC 21634 Psoralea pinnata South Africa KF777158 NA NA KF777245 KF777251
Diaporthe psoraleae-pinnatae CPC 21638T Psoralea pinnata South Africa KF777159 NA NA NA KF777252
Diaporthe pterocarpi MFLUCC 10-0571T Pterocarpus indicus Thailand JQ619899 JX197451 NA JX275416 JX275460
Diaporthe pterocarpicola MFLUCC 10-0580aT Pterocarpus indicus Thailand JQ619887 JX197433 NA JX275403 JX275441
Diaporthe pulla CBS 338.89T Hedera helix Yugoslavia KC343152 KC343394 KC343636 KC343878 KC344120
Diaporthe pungensis SAUCC194.112T Elaeagnus pungens China MT822640 MT855719 MT855607 MT855837 MT855952
Diaporthe pyracanthae CAA483 Pyracantha coccinea Portugal KY435635 KY435645 KY435656 KY435625 KY435666
Diaporthe racemosae CPC 26646 Euclea racemosa South Africa MG600223 MG600219 MG600221 MG600225 MG600227
Diaporthe raonikayaporum CBS 133182 Spondias mombin Brazil KC343188 KC343430 KC343672 KC343914 KC344156
Diaporthe ravennica MFLUCC 16-0997 Clematis vitalba Italy NA NA NA MT394670 NA
Diaporthe rhusicola CPC 18191 Rhus pendulina South Africa JF951146 NA NA NA NA
Diaporthe rosae MFLUCC 17-2658 Rosa sp. United Kingdom MG828894 MG829273 NA NA MG843878
Diaporthe rosicola MFLU 17-0646T Rosa sp. United Kingdom MG828895 MG829274 NA MG829270 MG843877
Diaporthe rosiphthora COAD 2914T Rosa sp. Brazil MT311197 MT313691 NA MT313693 NA
Diaporthe rossmaniae CAA 762T Vaccinium corymbosum Portugal MK792290 MK883822 MK871432 MK828063 MK837914
Diaporthe rostrata CFCC 50062T Juglans mandshurica China KP208847 KP208849 KP208851 KP208853 KP208855
CFCC 50063 Juglans mandshurica China KP208848 KP208850 KP208852 KP208854 KP208856
Diaporthe rostrata CFCC 58843 Juglans mandshurica China OQ912951 NA NA NA NA
CFCC 58844 Juglans mandshurica China OQ912952 NA NA NA NA
Diaporthe rudis AR3422T Laburnum anagyroides Austria KC843331 KC843146 NA KC843090 KC843177
Diaporthe saccarata CBS 116311T Protea repens South Africa KC343190 KC343432 KC343674 KC343916 KC344158
Diaporthe sackstonii BRIP 54669bT Helianthus annuus Australia KJ197287 NA NA KJ197249 KJ197267
Diaporthe salicicola BRIP 54825T Salix purpurea Australia JX862531 NA NA JX862537 KF170923
Diaporthe sambucusii CFCC 51986T Sambucus williamsii China KY852495 KY852499 KY852503 KY852507 KY852511
CFCC 51987 Sambucus williamsii China KY852496 KY852500 KY852504 KY852508 KY852512
Diaporthe schimae CFCC 53103 Schima superba China MK442640 MK442962 MK442987 MK578116 MK578043
CFCC 53104 Schima superba China MK442641 MK442963 MK442988 MK578117 MK578044
CFCC 53105 Schima superba China MK442642 MK442964 MK442989 MK578118 MK578045
Diaporthe schini CBS 133181T Schinus terebinthifolius Brazil KC343191 KC343433 KC343675 KC343917 KC344159
Diaporthe schisandrae CFCC 51988T Schisandra chinensis China KY852497 KY852501 KY852505 KY852509 KY852513
CFCC 51989 Schisandra chinensis China KY852498 KY852502 KY852506 KY852510 KY852514
Diaporthe schoeni MFLU 15-1279T Schoenus nigricans Italy KY964226 KY964139 NA KY964182 KY964109
Diaporthe sclerotioides CBS 296.67 Cucumis sativus Netherlands MH858974 KC343435 KC343677 KC343919 KC344161
Diaporthe searlei BRIP 66528T Macadamia sp. Australia MN708231 NA NA NA MN696540
Diaporthe sennae CFCC 51636T Senna bicapsularis China KY203724 KY228875 NA KY228885 KY228891
CFCC 51637 Senna bicapsularis China KY203725 KY228876 NA KY228886 KY228892
Diaporthe sennicola CFCC 51634T Senna bicapsularis China KY203722 KY228873 KY228879 KY228883 KY228889
CFCC 51635 Senna bicapsularis China KY203723 KY228874 KY228880 KY228884 KY228890
Diaporthe serafiniae BRIP 55665aT Helianthus annuus Australia KJ197274 NA NA KJ197236 KJ197254
Diaporthe shaanxiensis CFCC 53106 Liana sp. China MK432654 MK442976 MK443001 MK578130 NA
CFCC 53107 Liana sp. China MK432655 MK432977 MK432002 MK578131 NA
Diaporthe siamensis MFLUCC 10-0573a Dasymaschalon sp. Thailand NA JQ619897 NA JX275393 JX275429
Diaporthe silvicola CFCC 54191T Fraxinus excelsior Netherlands MZ727041 MZ753472 MZ753481 MZ816347 MZ753491
Diaporthe sojae FAU635T Glycine max USA KJ590719 KJ612116 KJ659208 KJ590762 KJ610875
Diaporthe spartinicola CPC 24951 Spartium junceμm Spain KR611879 NA KR857696 NA KR857695
Diaporthe spinosa PSCG 383T Pyrus pyrifolia China MK626849 MK691129 MK726156 MK654811 MK691234
Diaporthe sterilis CBS 136969T Vaccinium corymbosum Italy KJ160579 KJ160548 MF418350 KJ160611 KJ160528
Diaporthe stictica CBS 370.54 Buxus sampervirens Italy KC343212 KC343454 KC343696 KC343938 KC344180
Diaporthe subclavata ZJUD95 Citrus unshiu China KJ490630 NA KJ490572 KJ490509 KJ490451
Diaporthe subcylindrospora KUMCC 17-0151 Unknown China MG746629 NA NA MG746630 MG746631
Diaporthe subellipicola KUMCC 17-0153 Unknown China MG746632 NA NA MG746633 MG746634
Diaporthe subordinaria CBS 464.90 Plantago lanceolata South Africa KC343214 KC343456 KC343698 KC343940 KC344182
Diaporthe taoicola MFLUCC 16-0117 Prunus persica China KU557567 NA NA KU557636 KU557591
Diaporthe tarchonanthi CBS 146073T Tarchonanthus littoralis South Africa MT223794 NA NA MT223759 MT223733
Diaporthe tectonae MFLUCC 12-0777 Tectona grandis Thailand KU712430 KU749345 NA KU749359 KU743977
Diaporthe tectonendophytica MFLUCC 13-0471 Tectona grandis Thailand KU712439 KU749354 NA KU749367 KU743986
Diaporthe tectonigena MFLUCC 12-0767 Camellia sinensis China KX986782 KX999284 KX999254 KX999174 KX999214
Diaporthe terebinthifolii CBS 133180T Schinus terebinthifolius Brazil KC343216 KC343458 KC343700 KC343942 KC344184
Diaporthe ternstroemia CGMCC 3.15183 Ternstroemia gymnanthera China KC153098 NA NA KC153089 NA
Diaporthe thunbergii MFLUCC 10-0576aT Thunbergia laurifolia Thailand JQ619893 JX197440 NA JX275409 NA
Diaporthe thunbergiicola MFLUCC 12-0033T Thunbergia laurifolia Thailand KP715097 NA NA KP715098 NA
Diaporthe tibetensis CFCC 51999T Juglandis regia China MF279843 MF279888 MF279828 MF279858 MF279873
CFCC 52000 Juglandis regia China MF279844 MF279889 MF279829 MF279859 MF279874
Diaporthe torilicola MFLUCC 17-1051T Torilis arvensis Italy KY964212 KY964127 NA KY964168 KY964096
Diaporthe toxica CBS 534.93T Lupinus angustifolius Australia KC343220 KC343462 KC343704 KC343946 KC344188
Diaporthe tulliensis BRIP 62248a Theobroma cacao Australia KR936130 NA NA KR936133 KR936132
Diaporthe ueckerae FAU656T Cucumis melo USA KJ590726 KJ612122 KJ659215 KJ590747 KJ610881
Diaporthe ukurunduensis CFCC 52592T Acer ukurunduense China MH121527 MH121445 MH121485 MH121569 NA
CFCC 52593 Acer ukurunduense China MH121528 MH121446 MH121486 MH121570 NA
Diaporthe ulmina CFCC 58828T Ulmus pumil a China OQ912957 OQ910232 OQ910262 OQ910290 OQ910324
CFCC 58829 Ulmus pumila China OQ912958 OQ910233 OQ910263 OQ910291 OQ910325
CFCC 58830 Ulmus pumila China OQ912959 NA NA NA NA
Diaporthe undulata LC6624 Unknown China KX986798 NA KX999269 KX999190 KX999230
Diaporthe unshiuensis CFCC 52594 Carya illinoensis China MH121529 MH121447 MH121487 MH121571 MH121606
CFCC 52595 Carya illinoensis China MH121530 MH121448 MH121488 MH121572 MH121607
Diaporthe vaccinii CBS 160.32T Oxycoccus macrocarpos USA MH121502 MH121426 MH121462 MH121544 MH121584
Diaporthe vacuae CAA830 Vaccinium corymbosum Portugal MK792306 MK883832 MK871446 MK828077 MK837928
Diaporthe vangueriae CBS 137985T Vangueria infausta Zambia KJ869137 NA NA NA KJ869247
Diaporthe vawdreyi BRIP 57887a Psidium guajava Australia KR936126 NA NA KR936129 KR936128
Diaporthe velutina LC4421 Neolitsea sp. China KX986790 NA KX999261 KX999182 KX999223
Diaporthe verniciicola CFCC 53109 Vernicia montana China MK573944 MK574583 MK574599 MK574619 MK574639
CFCC 53110 Vernicia montana China MK573945 MK574584 MK574600 MK574620 MK574640
Diaporthe viniferae JZB320071T Vitis vinifera China MK341551 MK500119 NA MK500107 MK500112
Diaporthe virgiliae CMW 40748 Virgilia oroboides South Africa KP247556 NA NA NA KP247575
Diaporthe xishuangbanica LC6707 Camellia sinensis China KX986783 NA KX999255 KX999175 KX999216
Diaporthe xunwuensis CFCC 53085 Unknown China MK432663 MK442983 MK443008 MK578137 MK578063
CFCC 53086 Unknown China MK432664 MK442984 MK443009 MK578138 MK578064
Diaporthe yunnanensis LC6168 Unknown China KX986796 KX999290 KX999267 KX999188 KX999228
Diaporthe zaobaisu PSCG 031T Pyrus bretschneideri China MK626922 NA MK726207 MK654855 MK691245
Diaporthella corylina CBS 121124 Corylus sp. NA KC343004 KC343246 KC343488 KC343730 KC343972

Note: NA, not applicable. Strains in this study are marked in bold. Acronyms of culture collection: AR, DP, FAU isolates in culture collection of Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, USA; BRIP: Australian plant pathogen culture collection, Queensland, Australia; CAA: Personal Culture Collection Artur Alves, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; CBS: Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CFCC: China Forestry Culture Collection Center, China; CGMCC: China General Microbiological Culture Collection; CMW: culture collection (CMW) of the Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute; COAD: Coleção Octávio Almeida Drummond, Universidade Ferderal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil; CPC: Collection Pedro Crous, housed at CBS; DAOM, Canadian Collection of Fungal Cultures or the National Mycological Herbarium, Plant Research Institute, Department of Agriculture (Mycology), Ottawa, Canada; IFRDCC: International Fungal Research and Development Centre Culture Collection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China; JZB, Culture collection of Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China. LC: working collection of Lei Cai, housed at Institute of Microbiology, CAS, China; MAFF: Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; MFLUCC: Mae Fah Luang University Culture Collection; SAUCC: Shandong Agricultural University Culture Collection; ZJUD: Zhe Jiang University, China.

Phylogenetic analyses

The sequences used in this study were aligned using MAFFT v. 6 (Katoh and Standley 2013) and corrected manually using MEGA v. 6.0 (Tamura et al. 2013). Reference sequences were obtained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), based on recent published literature associated with Diaporthe (Gao et al. 2021; Bai et al. 2022; Norphanphoun et al. 2022). The sequences of Diaporthella corylina (CBS 121124) were included as outgroups in the polygenic Diaporthe analyses. The alignment, based on combined five concatenated sequences, were concatenated and aligned to compare with other species in Diaporthe to infer the phylogenetic position using Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI) analyses.

Maximum-likelihood (ML) analyses were conducted with 100 bootstrap support pseudoreplicates and the appropriate models for each gene using PhyML v. 3.0 (Guindon et al. 2010; Kozlov et al. 2019). Bayesian inference (BI) was conducted with a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm in MrBayes v. 3.1.2 (Ronquist and Huelsenbeck 2003). MrModeltest v. 2.3 was used to estimate the best fit evolutionary models for each partitioned locus following the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) (Posada and Crandall 1998). Two MCMC chains were run from random trees for 1,000,000 generations and stopped when the average standard deviation of split frequencies fell below 0.01. Trees were sampled every 100th generation, resulting in a total of 10,000 trees. For each analysis, the first 25% of the trees were discarded as the burn-in phase and the remaining 75% trees were assessed to calculate the posterior probabilities (BPP) (Rannala and Yang 1996). Phylograms were viewed by using FigTree v. 1.3.1 and edited in Adobe Illustrator CS6 v. 16.0.0 (Rambaut and Drummond 2010).

Results

Phylogenetic analyses

The concatenated sequences of five genetic regions (ITS, cal, his3, tef1-α and tub2) were analysed to infer the interspecific relationships within Diaporthe. The dataset consisted of 343 sequences including the outgroup, Diaporthella corylina CBS 121124. A total of 2,919 characters including gaps (547 for ITS, 578 for cal, 618 for his3, 619 for tef1-α and 557 for tub2) were included in the phylogenetic analysis. The topologies resulting from ML and BI analyses of the concatenated dataset were similar. ML bootstraps (ML BS ≥ 50%) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP ≥ 0.95) have been shown above the branches (Fig. 1). In this study, 35 isolates formed seven clades representing seven species of Diaporthe, of which 22 isolates represented D. eres, CFCC 58824 and 58825 clustered together with D. corylicola, CFCC 58806 and 58807 grouped with D. donglingensis and CFCC 58843 and 58844 represented D. rostrata. The remaining seven isolates formed three distinct clades representing three new species which have been described below.

Figure 1. 

Phylogenetic tree of Diaporthe resulting from a Maximum-Likelihood (ML) analysis, based on the concatenated sequences from ITS, cal, his3, tef1-α and tub2 genetic regions. Numbers above the branches indicate ML bootstraps (left, ML BS ≥ 50%) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (right, BPP ≥ 0.90). The tree is rooted with Diaporthella corylina CBS 121124. Isolates from the present study are marked in blue and holotype isolates are indicated in bold.

Taxonomy

Diaporthe changpingensis Y.K. Bai & X.L. Fan, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 847165
Fig. 2

Etymology

Named after the place where it was first collected, Changping District, Beijing City.

Description

Sexual morph not observed. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, conical, immersed in bark, scattered, erumpent through the surface, with a solitary locule. Locule undivided, 620–830 μm diam. Conidiophores cylindrical, attenuate towards the apex, hyaline, phialidic, unbranched, slightly curved, 8.5–12.5 × 1.0–2.0 μm (av. = 10 ± 1.3 × 1.6 ± 0.3 μm, n = 50). Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, subcylindrical to cylindrical, 6.5–9.5 × 1.0–2.0 µm (av. = 8.0 ± 1.1 × 1.7 ± 0.2 µm, n = 50). Alpha conidia hyaline, aseptate, fusiform to oval, multi-guttulate, acute at both ends, 5.5–9.0 × 1.5–3.0 μm (av. = 6.5 ± 0.7 × 2.1 ± 0.5 μm, n = 50), L/W = 3.0–4.0 (av. = 3.5 ± 0.3, n = 50). Beta conidia hyaline, aseptate, filiform, straight or hamate, eguttulate, 13.0–19.0 × 1.0–2.0 μm (av. = 15.5 ± 1.5 × 1.5 ± 0.3 μm, n = 50), L/W = 9–11 (av. = 10 ± 0.4, n = 50).

Figure 2. 

Diaporthe changpingensis from Robinia pseudoacacia (BJFC CF202212141) A, B habit of conidiomata on branch C transverse section of conidioma D longitudinal section through conidioma E, F conidiophores and conidiogenous cells G alpha and beta conidia H top (left) and bottom (right) sides of colonies on potato dextrose agar (PDA) after 7 days. Scale bars: 500 μm (B, C); 200 μm (D); 10 μm (E–G).

Culture characteristics

Cultures on PDA initially white, growing slowly and entirely covering the 9 cm Petri dish after 14 days. The colonies flat, lacking aerial mycelium with an irregular edge. Conidiomata not observed on medium surface until 30 days.

Specimens examined

China, Beijing City, Changping District, Baihujian Forest Park, 40°7'34.15"N, 116°5'30.26"E, on twigs and branches of Robinia pseudoacacia, 20 Aug 2022, Y.K. Bai, L. Lin & M. Pan (holotype BJFC CF202212141, ex-type living culture: CFCC 58812; other living culture: CFCC 58813).

Notes

Diaporthe changpingensis was isolated from Robinia pseudoacacia. The molecular phylogenies of this species show a clearly different position in this study with high support (ML/BI = 100/1.00). This species appears most closely related to D. canthii. However, D. changpingensis can be distinguished from D. canthii, based on ITS, tef1-α and tub2 loci (23/458 in ITS, 38/326 in tef1-α and 31/417 in tub2). Morphologically, D. changpingensis differs from D. canthii in having shorter alpha conidia (5.5–9.0 vs. 12.0–14.0 μm) and shorter beta conidia (13.0–19.0 vs. 18.0–25.0 μm) (Crous et al. 2012). Therefore, we described D. changpingensis as a novel species, based on morphology and sequence data.

Diaporthe corylicola H. Gao & X.L. Fan, Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 11: 664366 (2021).

Description

See Gao et al. (2021).

Specimens examined

China, Beijing City, Yanqing District, Songshan National Nature Reserve, 40°30'4.32"N, 115°49'56.46"E, from branches of Corylus heterophylla, 17 Jun 2022, Y.K. Bai & X.L. Fan (BJFC CF202212148, cultures CFCC 58824 and 58825).

Notes

Diaporthe corylicola was isolated from Corylus heterophylla in Beijing, China (Gao et al. 2021). This species is similar to D. coryli in culture morphology, but it can be distinguished by its longer and thinner alpha conidia (11.0–16.5 × 2.0–3.5 vs. 11.5–13.0 × 3.0–3.5 µm) (Gao et al. 2021). The isolates in this study clustered with D. corylicola, while the phylogram supported it belonging to this species because of the identical DNA sequence.

Diaporthe diospyrina Y.K. Bai & X.L. Fan, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 847473
Fig. 3

Etymology

Named after the host genus on which it was collected, Diospyros.

Description

Sexual morph not observed. Asexual morph: Conidiomata pycnidial, conical, immersed in bark, scattered, erumpent through the surface, with a solitary locule. Locule undivided, 250–430 μm diam. Conidiophores cylindrical, attenuate towards the apex, hyaline, phialidic, unbranched, slightly curved, 10.0–27.0 × 0.5–2.0 μm (av. = 16.5 ± 4 × 1.3 ± 0.5 μm, n = 50). Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, subcylindrical to cylindrical, 4.5–8.0 × 1.0–2.0 µm (av. = 6.2 ± 1.2 × 1.3 ± 0.2 µm, n = 50). Alpha conidia hyaline, aseptate, oval, one guttulate at each end, 7.5–9.0 × 2.0–3.5 μm (av. = 8.2 ± 0.6 × 2.8 ± 0.3 μm, n = 50), L/W = 2.0–3.5 (av. = 2.7 ± 0.4, n = 50). Beta conidia not observed.

Culture characteristics

Colonies with felty aerial mycelium initially white, growing to 80 mm after 3 days, with a uniform texture and regular edge, becoming umber after 9 days. Conidiomata black, distributed randomly at the marginal area.

Specimens examined

China, Beijing City, Yanqing Distinct, Yeya Lake, 40°25'31.25"N, 115°51'36.34"E, from branches of Diospyros kaki, 14 Jun 2022, Y.K. Bai & X.L. Fan (holotype BJFC CF202212147, ex-type living culture: CFCC 58820; other living culture: CFCC 58821).

Notes

Diaporthe diospyrina and D. diospyricola were isolated from the same host genus Diospyros (Crous et al. 2013). Although D. diospyricola only has a sequence of the ITS locus, D. diospyrina can be distinguished from D. diospyricola by ITS (20/460). Morphologically, alpha conidia of D. diospyrina (7.5–9.0 μm) are longer than D. diospyricola (5.5–7.0 μm) (Crous et al. 2013). Therefore, the current two isolates (CFCC 58820 and 58821) were identified as a new species, D. diospyrina.

Figure 3. 

Diaporthe diospyrina from Diospyros kaki (BJFC CF202212147) A, B habit of conidiomata on branch C transverse section of conidioma D longitudinal section through conidioma E conidiophores and conidiogenous cells F alpha conidia G top (left) and bottom (right) sides of colonies on potato dextrose agar (PDA) after 30 days. Scale bars: 500 μm (B, C); 250 μm (D); 10 μm (E, F).

Diaporthe donglingensis Y.K. Bai & X.L. Fan, Plant Pathol. 71: 1982 (2022).

Description

See Bai et al. (2022).

Specimens examined

China, Beijing City, Mentougou District, Mountain Dongling, Xiaolongmen Forestry Centre, 40°0'54.47"N, 115°29'36.24"E, on twigs and branches of Corylus heterophylla, 13 Jun 2022, Y.K. Bai & X.L. Fan (BJFC CF202212148, cultures CFCC 58806 and 58807).

Notes

Diaporthe donglingensis was isolated from Corylus heterophylla in Beijing, China (Bai et al. 2022). Phylogenetically, isolates CFCC 58806 and 58807 clustered together with D. donglingensis with high statistical support (ML/BI = 100/1.00) (Fig. 1). Therefore, two isolates in this study were confirmed to be D. donglingensis.

Diaporthe eres Nitschke, Pyrenomyc. Germ. 2: 245 (1870).

Remark

Synonyms are listed in Hilário et al. (2021).

Description

See Udayanga et al. (2014).

Specimens examined

China, Beijing City, Mentougou District, Mountain Dongling, Xiaolongmen Forestry Centre, 39°59'59.42"N, 115°29'47.36"E, on twigs and branches of Populus sp., 15 Jun. 2022, Y.K. Bai & X.L. Fan (BJFC CF2022121411, cultures CFCC 58839 and 58840); Tongzhou District, 39°52'53.52"N, 116°43'45.35"E, on twigs and branches of Acer palmatum, 11 Jun 2022, Y.K. Bai & X.L. Fan (BJFC CF2022121412, culture CFCC 58835); Tongzhou District, 39°52'53.25"N, 116°43'46.26"E, on twigs and branches of Syringa oblata, 11 Jun 2022, Y.K. Bai & X.L. Fan (BJFC CF2022121413, culture CFCC 58836); Tongzhou District, 39°52'53.28"N, 116°43'46.35"E, on twigs and branches of Pinus armandii, 11 Jun 2022, Y.K. Bai & X.L. Fan (BJFC CF2022121414, cultures CFCC 58841 and 58842); Mentougou District, Mountain Dongling, Xiaolongmen Forestry Centre, 40°0'59.47"N, 115°29'47.34"E, on twigs and branches of Cotinus coggygria, 15 Jun 2022, Y.K. Bai & X.L. Fan (BJFC CF2022121415, culture CFCC 58837); Mentougou District, Mountain Dongling, Xiaolongmen Forestry Centre, 40°0'59.28"N, 115°29'47.44"E, on twigs and branches of Platycladus orientalis, 15 Jun 2022, Y.K. Bai & X.L. Fan (BJFC CF2022121415, culture CFCC 58838); Mentougou District, Mountain Baihua, 39°59'54.38"N, 115°29'44.34"E, on twigs and branches of Koelreuteria paniculata, 15 Jun 2022, Y.K. Bai & X.L. Fan (BJFC CF2022121416, culture CFCC 58833); Mentougou District, Mountain Baihua, 39°59'54.36"N, 115°29'44.35"E, on twigs and branches of Forsythia suspensa, 26 Jun 2022, Y.K. Bai & X.L. Fan (BJFC CF2022121417, culture CFCC 58834); Mentougou District, Mountain Dongling, Xiaolongmen Forestry Centre, 39°59'59.31"N, 115°30'7.52"E, on twigs and branches of Juglans mandshurica, 15 Jun 2022, Y.K. Bai & X.L. Fan (BJFC CF2022121418, culture CFCC 58845); Mentougou District, Mountain Dongling, Xiaolongmen Forestry Centre, 40°0'59.36"N, 115°29'47.57"E, on twigs and branches of Pterocarya stenoptera, 15 Jun 2022, Y.K. Bai & X.L. Fan (BJFC CF2022121419, culture CFCC 58846); Fangshan District, Xiayunling National Forest Park, 39°44'35.32"N, 115°45'53.58"E, on twigs and branches of Prunus salicina, 23 Jun 2022, Y.K. Bai & X.L. Fan (BJFC CF2022121420, cultures CFCC 58847 and 58848); Mentougou District, Mountain Dongling, Xiaolongmen Forestry Centre, 39°59'59.36"N, 115°29'47.57"E, on twigs and branches of Ailanthus altissima, 15 Jun 2022, Y.K. Bai & X.L. Fan (BJFC CF2022121421, cultures CFCC 58831 and 58832); Mentougou District, Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve, 40°30'18.55"N, 115°50'34.24"E, from branches of Corylus heterophylla, 17 Jun 2022, Y.K. Bai & X.L. Fan (BJFC CF202212146, cultures CFCC 58816 and 58817); Daxing District, Gusang National Forest Park, 39°38'48.25"N, 116°33'25.44"E, from branches of Populus sp., 6 Jun 2021, X.L. Fan & L. Lin (BJFC CF202212143, cultures CFCC 58818 and 58819); Mentougou District, Mountain Dongling, Xiaolongmen Forestry Centre, 40°0'16.22"N, 115°29'33.65"E, from branches of Spiraea salicifolia, 15 Jun 2022, Y.K. Bai & X.L. Fan (BJFC CF202212144, cultures CFCC 58826 and 58827).

Notes

Diaporthe eres was first described by Nitschke (1870) and isolated from Ulmus sp. in Germany. It is the most common species posing serious canker disease on diverse hosts (Gomes et al. 2013; Udayanga et al. 2014). In this study, 22 isolates were associated with canker diseases of 14 hosts genera including nine new host records in Beijing, China, which clustered in the D. eres species complex (Fig. 1). Therefore, these isolates were conformed to belong to D. eres, based on sequence data and morphology.

Diaporthe rostrata C.M. Tian, X.L. Fan & K.D. Hyde, Mycol. Prog. 14: 82 (2015).

Remark

Synonym is listed in Zhu et al. (2019).

Description

See Fan et al. (2015).

Specimens examined

China, Beijing City, Mentougou District, Mountain Dongling, Xiaolongmen Forestry Centre, 39°59'59.52"N, 115°29'47.26"E, on twigs and branches of Juglans mandshurica, 15 Jun 2022, Y.K. Bai & X.L. Fan (BJFC CF2022121410, cultures CFCC 58843 and 58844).

Notes

Diaporthe rostrata was described as being associated with walnut dieback of Juglans mandshurica in China (Fan et al. 2015). The common symptom of this species was rostrate host tissue around the necks on infected branches (Fan et al. 2015). The current two isolates (CFCC 58843 and 58844) were identified as D. rostrata according to forming a fully supported clade with sequences from CFCC 50062, the ex-type of D. rostrata (ML/BI = 100/1.00).

Diaporthe ulmina Y.K. Bai & X.L. Fan, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 847184
Fig. 4

Etymology

Named after the host genus on which it was collected, Ulmus.

Description

Sexual morph: Ascostromata immersed in bark, erumpent, with 3–4 perithecial in black entostromata, conceptacle absent, 300–600 μm diam. Perithecia black, scattered, arranged circularly, ovoid to spherical, 250–380 μm (av. = 310 ± 30 μm, n = 30) diam. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate to cylindrical, sessile, 37–43 × 4.5–7 μm (av. = 40 ± 1.5 × 5.6 ± 0.5 μm, n = 50). Ascospores fusoid, hyaline, 2–4 guttulate, smooth-walled, 9–11 × 2–3.5 μm (av. = 9.9 ± 0.4 × 2.8 ± 0.4 μm, n = 50), L/W = 3–4 (av. = 3.4 ± 0.2, n = 50). Asexual morph not observed.

Culture characteristics

Cultures with felty aerial mycelium are initially white, growing slowly and entirely covering the 9 cm Petri dish after 8 days, felty with a uniform texture and regular edge. Conidiomata were not observed until 30 days.

Figure 4. 

Diaporthe ulmina from Ulmus pumila (BJFC CF202212142) A, B habit of ascomata on branch C transverse section through ascomata D longitudinal section through ascomata E asci F ascospores G top (left) and bottom (right) sides of colonies on potato dextrose agar (PDA) after 7 days. Scale bars: 500 μm (B–D); 10 μm (E, F).

Specimens examined

China, Beijing, Mentougou District, Mountain Dongling, Xiaolongmen Forestry Centre, 39°58'19.65"N, 113°12'39.24"E, from branches of Ulmus pumila, 16 Jun 2022, Y.K. Bai & X.L. Fan (holotype BJFC CF202212142, ex-type living culture: CFCC 58828; other living culture: CFCC 58829; ibid. BJFC CF2022121423, culture CFCC 58830).

Notes

Diaporthe ulmina is associated with canker disease of Ulmus pumila. In this study, the isolates CFCC 58828 and 58829 formed a single-lineage clade with high support values (ML/BI = 100/1.00) and it appears to be most closely related to D. huairouensis (Fig. 1). Diaporthe ulmina differs from D. huairouensis isolated from Corylus heterophylla by host association (Bai et al. 2022). Phylogenetically, D. ulmina can be distinguished from D. huairouensis by base differences as follows: 16/466 for ITS, 4/420 for cal, 17/473 for his3, 34/329 for tef1-α and 10/420 for tub2 (Bai et al. 2022). Therefore, D. ulmina is described as a new species.

Discussion

The current study described three new species (D. changpingensis, D. diospyrina and D. ulmina) and four known species (D. corylicola, D. donglingensis, D. eres and D. rostrata), based on 35 isolates of Diaporthe in Beijing, China. The results indicate that Diaporthe species in Beijing are diverse and logical disease control strategies are required.

Since modern taxonomy approaches were applied, more than 40 novel species have been introduced in the recent five years (Fan et al. 2018b; Yang et al. 2018; Dissanayake et al. 2020; Guo et al. 2020; Hilário et al. 2020; Gao et al. 2021; Huang et al. 2021; Jiang et al. 2021b; Bai et al. 2022; Cao et al. 2022). Warmer climate and extensive application of chemicals in fungicides may lead to emergence of new species that are more resistant in northern China (Piao et al. 2010; Úrbez-Torres 2011; Manawasinghe et al. 2018; Jiang et al. 2022a, b). Diaporthe species pose a significant challenge to disease control due to their high species diversity and outstanding environmental adaptation.

Taxonomic identification of the Diaporthe species complexes is challenging. Norphanphoun et al. (2022) introduced 13 species complexes (D. alnea, D. arecae, D. biconispora, D. carpini, D. decedens, D. oncostoma, D. pustulata, D. rudis, D. scobina, D. sojae, D. toxica, D. varians and D. vawdreyi) to make the identification of Diaporthe species easier. The current phylogenetic analysis revealed that D. donglingensis clustered between the D. decedens and D. oncostoma complexes and the remaining isolates clustered in the D. alnea, D. arecae, D. carpini, D. decedens and D. oncostoma complexes (Fig. 1), of which the D. alnea complex was controversial. Diaporthe eres was extensively studied and described as a complex by Udayanga et al. (2014). Fan et al. (2018b) treated four species (D. biguttusis, D. ellipicola, D. longicolla and D. mahothocarpus) as synonyms of the D. eres complex using a three genes matrix (cal, tef1-α and tub2). Then Hilário et al. (2021) treated 31 species in the D. eres complex as one species, based on the GCPSR principle and the coalescent-based species model (PTP). Currently, D. eres is included in the D. alnea complex by Norphanphoun et al. (2022). Diaporthe alnea was used to describe it because D. alnea was the oldest name that was introduced in 1867 (Fuckel 1867). However, most of the species in this complex have been treated as synonyms of D. eres and D. eres was used most often in the past (Hilário et al. 2021). Therefore, we suggest using D. eres to describe this complex to make communication easier. In this study, we considered D. eres as a single species following Hilário et al. (2021). The largest isolation rate of D. eres (62.86%) revealed this species to be the most prevalent species in Beijing, which is consistent with Bai et al. (2015). As an important pathogen, it has a wide range of hosts, especially hosts in Rosaceae (https://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases; accessed on 23 Mar 2023). In this study, D. eres were reported on 14 hosts including nine new hosts (Ailanthus altissima, Cotinus coggygria, Forsythia suspensa, Koelreuteria paniculata, Pinus armandii, Platycladus orientalis, Prunus salicina, Pterocarya stenoptera and Syringa oblata). The pathogenicity of D. eres on these hosts should be evaluated in further studies.

Hazelnuts and walnuts are important plants for ecological forestation and economy and are suffering from various fungal pathogens. Over 40 species of fungi occurring on Corylus have been recorded in the Fungal database (https://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases; accessed on 23 Mar 2023). Diaporthe eres is the main cause of hazelnut defects in the Caucasus Region (Battilani et al. 2018). In this study, we accepted three species (D. corylicola, D. donglingensis and D. eres) inhabiting hazelnuts, of which D. corylicola was reported as the main species isolated form Corylus in Beijing (Gao et al. 2021). The comparisons show that the occurrence of Diaporthe species may associate with geographical and environmental factors. The distribution of Diaporthe species requires further studies. In terms of walnut, three species (D. eres, D. rostrata and D. tibetensis) have been reported causing canker disease in Juglans in China (Fan et al. 2015, 2018b). However, this study accepted D. eres and D. rostrata inhabiting Juglans in the present study in Beijing. These results proved that Corylus and Juglans could be infected by diverse species of Diaporthe. These fungi have become one of the main threats to hosts and pose serious environmental burdens. Therefore, preventative measures are required to control the diseases caused by Diaporthe species.

Most Diaporthe species occur on a wide host range, especially D. eres (Gomes et al. 2013). However, some of the species seem to be limited to a single host species in the current study. For example, D. rostrata is associated with canker diseases of Juglans mandshurica, which is consistent with the results of Zhu et al. (2019). Therefore, extensive sampling should be constructed in the future to better understand the host association of Diaporthe species.

Acknowledgements

This study is financed by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32101533), Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program of China (2021FY100900) and College Student Research and Career-Creation Program of College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University.

Additional information

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Ethical statement

No ethical statement was reported.

Funding

No funding was reported.

Author contributions

Conceptualization: XF, YB. Formal analysis: LL, YB. Funding acquisition: XF. Investigation: LL, XF, YB. Methodology: LL, YB. Resources: LL, YB, XF. Software: YB, XF. Supervision: XF. Validation: YB, MP. Visualization: YB. Writing - original draft: YB. Writing - review and editing: XF, LL, MP.

Author ORCIDs

Yukun Bai https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4433-2931

Meng Pan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4580-0496

Xinlei Fan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4946-4442

Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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