Corresponding author: Meike Piepenbring (
Academic editor: Huzefa Raja
Cercosporoid fungi (
Meswaet Y, Mangelsdorff R, Yorou NS, Piepenbring M (2021) Unravelling unexplored diversity of cercosporoid fungi (Mycosphaerellaceae, Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota) in tropical Africa. MycoKeys 81: 69–138.
Hyphomycetous anamorphs of
Cercosporoid fungi belonging to
Cercosporoid fungi are dematiaceous hyphomycetes with conidiophores formed singly or in groups, arranged in sporodochia or in synnemata, with integrated, terminal or intercalary conidiogenous cells (
The genus
The genus
The genus
Several molecular phylogenetic studies are available on species of cercosporoid fungi that are represented by strains in culture collections (
Although cercosporoid fungi cause a wide range of diseases on major agricultural crops, the study of cercosporoid fungi in West Africa is still at an early pioneer stage and only very incomplete information is currently available (
As a first step towards a systematic documentation of cercosporoid fungi in tropical Africa, we focus on species infecting hosts belonging to the
We apply an integrative approach that includes sampling in Benin, detailed descriptions and illustrations of collected specimens and herbarium specimens, examination of closely related known species on the same or closely related host species based on herbarium specimens and the isolation, sequencing and analysis of nuclear DNA sequence data. For the isolation of DNA, a new, simple method for DNA isolation has been developed and is presented for the first time for cercosporoid fungi.
Samples of leaves infected by cercosporoid fungi were randomly collected in farmlands and fallows in Benin from July–August 2016, July–September 2017 and August–September 2019. Infected leaves were dried in a plant press and deposited in the herbaria Botanische Staatssammlung München (M) and University of Parakou (
Dried specimens were observed by stereomicroscopy and by light microscopy, using a Zeiss Axioscope 40 microscope. For light microscopy, leaf sections were made with razor blades and mounted in distilled water or 5% KOH without staining. Semi-permanent preparations of sections of the infected leaves were made by a microtome (Leica CM 1510-1) and mounted in lactophenol with cotton blue. For approximately 50 ml lactophenol cotton blue solution we mixed 10 mg phenol, 0.025 mg cotton blue, 10 ml lactic acid, 20 ml glycerin and 10 ml distilled water. Measurements of 30 conidia, conidiophores and other structures have been made for each specimen at a magnification of ×1000. Measurements are presented as mean value ± standard deviation with extreme values in parentheses. Line drawings were made freehand on scaled paper. Images and drawings were edited with Photoshop CS5 (Adobe, San Jose, California). Critical taxa were determined with the help of type specimens and other specimens loaned from the US National Fungus Collections (
Host plants were identified by morphological characteristics and in some cases by molecular methods. Morphological identifications were made by comparison with herbarium specimens, literature (e.g.,
DNA was isolated from caespituli taken with a needle from dry specimens using the E.Z.N.A Forensic DNA Extraction Kit following the manufacturer’s instructions. Small pieces of leaves containing several clean caespituli, with as little contaminations as possible, were selected under the stereomicroscope. Precautions were taken to avoid picking cells of any other organism (fungi, algae) associated with the leaves. To extract total genomic DNA from caespituli, a small amount of clean hyphae from the leaf surface was transferred into a sterile Eppendorf tube using a sterilized needle or adhesive mini-tapes. The sample was homogenized for 7–10 min. using a Retsch Mixer Mill MM301 with TL buffer and 2.5 mm Zirconia beads. Isolated DNA was re-suspended in elution buffer and stored at -20 °
Four partial nuclear gene regions (three ribosomal loci and one protein-coding gene) were amplified and sequenced: For the large subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA (
Amplification of the SSU, LSU,
For Maximum Likelihood analyses one thousand nonparametric bootstrap iterations were used with the generalised time-reversible model with a discrete gamma distribution (
Data of DNA sequences of cercosporoid fungi downloaded from GenBank and used in this study.
Species | Host | Host family | Country | Source | GenBank Accession Numbers | Reference | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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S. Africa | CBS 115411 |
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– |
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USA | AS16-02 |
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India | Cer70-18 | – |
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– |
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S. Korea | CBS 132622 | – |
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Japan | MUCC 576 | – |
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Mexico | CPC 15600 |
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– |
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USA | DLS5070-3A |
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Japan | MUCC 570 | – |
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S. Korea | KACC 47769 | – |
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Japan | MUCC 575 | – |
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– | CBS 570.69 | – |
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Romania | CBS 253.67 | – |
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India | Cer 69-18 |
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– | Sinha et al., unpublished | ||
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Mexico | 15-GTOX |
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– |
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S. Korea | CBS 132615 | – |
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Thailand | CPC 10550 | – |
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Japan | MUCC 579 | – |
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Australia | CBS 118790 |
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– |
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– | – | Russia | G402 |
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Kenya | CMW5147 |
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– |
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Romania | CBS 552.71 |
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France | CPC:18385 |
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– |
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Australia | CBS 142236 |
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– |
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India | CBS 485.81 |
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Mexico | CPC 22067 |
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– |
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Italy | CBS 556.71 |
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– |
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S.Korea | CBS 132103 |
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New Zealand | CBS 114640 |
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Japan | MUCC 896 |
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S. Korea | CBS 131924 |
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– |
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Thailand | CBS 123244 |
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– |
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Taiwan | CBS 117232 |
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S. Korea | CBS 131923 |
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– |
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New Zealand | CBS 114645 |
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– |
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S. Africa | CBS 126002 |
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– |
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Benin | YMMAS78 | – |
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– |
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Thailand | CBS 118824 | – |
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– |
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Japan | MUCC 533 |
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S. Korea | CBS 131929 |
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– |
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Australia | CBS:144520 |
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Japan | MUCC 742 |
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– |
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Japan | MUCC 900 |
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Madagascar | CBS 124155 |
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– |
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New Zealand | CBS 118795 |
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Italy | CPC 23765 |
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S. Korea | CBS 131889 | – | – |
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Brazil | CBS:111286 |
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S. Africa | CPC 23449 |
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USA | HI-018 |
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– |
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S. Africa | CBS 131587 | – | – |
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China | BJFU ZYP141005.9 |
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Indonesia | CBS 126005 |
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India | CBS 122468 |
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– |
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Thailand | CBS 124990 |
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( |
Brazil | CPC 25206 |
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China | ZJUM 75 |
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Brazil | CPC 19537 |
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– |
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Brazil | CPC 19535 |
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– |
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Iran | CCTU 1166 |
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Thailand | CPC 25217 |
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Australia | CBS 125214 |
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– |
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S. Korea | CPC 11595 | – | – |
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New Zealand | CBS 119488 |
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New Zealand | CBS 114644 |
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Australia | CBS:116002 |
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Data of sequences of cercosporoid fungi from Benin generated during the present study. Names of species proposed as new in this study are written in bold.
Species | Voucher | Host | Host family | GenBank Accession Numbers | |||
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YMM11 |
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YMM07 |
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– |
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YMM01 |
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YMM05 |
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YMM23A |
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– | – |
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YMM296A |
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– |
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YMM289 |
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– |
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YMM03B |
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YMM3S |
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YMM48S |
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YMM229 |
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– |
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YMM297B |
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YMM75 |
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– |
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YMM293 |
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– |
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YMM299 |
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– | – | – |
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YMM49A |
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– | ||
YMM49B |
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– | ||
YMM275 |
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– | – |
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YMM288 |
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YMM04 |
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YMM03A |
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YMM294B |
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YMM125 |
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YMM297A |
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– | ||
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YMM12 |
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– | |
YMM19 |
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– |
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– | ||
YMM123 |
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– | ||
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YMM220 |
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The specimen data is available through the Dryad Digital Repository
We isolated DNA from a total of 28 specimens of cercosporoid fungi recently collected in Benin (Table
For the four-locus data analysis, DNA sequence data from the 18SrDNA, 28SrDNA,
The Bayesian phylogenetic tree inferred from DNA sequence data from the multigene alignment (SSU rDNA, LSU rDNA,
Based on morphological, molecular phylogenetic and host evidence, the cercosporoid fungi recently collected in Benin are assigned to 18 different taxa belonging to four genera. Among these, eight species are proposed as new to science, six in the genus
The epithet
Comparison of
Leaf spots colour, size | Stromata | Conidiophore size (in μm), branching, septa, colour | Conidium sizes (in μm), septa | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Brown to reddish brown, 0.5(1.5–)–5.5 mm diam. | Small or lacking | (14.5–)28.5–160(–168) × (3–)3.5–4.5(–5), branched, 0–6(–8)-septate, dark brown | (19–)23.5–122(–150) × (2.5–)3.5–4(–4.5), 1–7(–9) septa | |
|
Present | Often small or lacking, occasionally developed, (up to 50 μm diam.) | 20–300 × 4–6.5, rarely branched, multi-septate, pale brown, uniform in colour and width | 25–315 × 3–6, (0–)3–25(–30) septab |
|
3–15 mm | Often small | 20–200 × 3–6.5, rarely branched, multi-septate, pale to medium dark brown | 25–300 × 2.5–5.5, indistinctly multi-septate |
|
Rusty brown to dark brown, 1–1.5 mm. | Present | 40–350 × 4–6 (–7) c or up to 1 mmde, 1–10-septate, unbranched, pale brown | 50–210 × 3.5–5.5 /75–230 × 4–7, 7–16, very closely and indistinctly septate |
|
No information | No information | 110–130 × 5–6 | 35–70(–170) × 5–5.5 |
a
Benin. Borgou: Parakou, c. 363 m a.s.l.,
Benin. Borgou: Parakou, on the way to Okpara forest, c. 323 m a.s.l.,
On
Currently, three species and one form of
USA (no further data available), on
For synonyms see
Benin. Borgou: Parakou, c. 363 m a.s.l.,
On many species of
The present
Leaf spot symptoms associated with
India. R. Br. Khandala (Maharashtra), on
Benin. Borgou: Parakou, c. 386 m a.s.l.,
On
Seven species of
South Korea. Suwon, on
For synonyms see
Benin. Donga: Taneka-Koko, c. 441 m a.s.l.,
On
Currently there are two species of the genus
Our sequence of the
Benin. Borgou: Parakou, Tankaro, c. 360 m a.s.l.,
The epithet
Benin. Borgou: Parakou, c. 395 m a.s.l.,
See
On
Currently, two
In the multi-gene tree (Fig.
Based on a MegaBLAST search using the
USA. Alabama: Tuskegee, on
Benin. Borgou: Parakou, c. 386 m a.s.l.,
On
Thirteen
Benin. Borgou: Parakou, c. 385 m a.s.l.,
The epithet
Benin. Borgou: Parakou, c. 395 m a.s.l.,
See
On
The infection of leaves of
Comparison of
Stromata | Conidiophore size (in μm), branching, septa, colour | Conidium sizes (in μm), septa | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Dark brown to reddish brown, (3–)4.5–12.5 mm diam. | Well-developed | (12.5–)26–160(–200) × (3.5–)4–5(–5.5), branched, 0–7(–9)-septate, dark brown | (28–)40–265(–280) × (3–)3.5–4.5(–5), 1–9 distinct septa | |
|
Almost absent | Small or lacking | (32.5–)40–400(–435) × (3–)3.5–4.5(–5), rarely branched, (2–)3–8(–10)-septate, brown to dark brown | (29–)38–188(–240) × (2.5–)3–3.5(–4.5), 1–9 septa |
Brown to reddish brown, 2–6.5 mm diam. | Lacking or small | (28–)35.5–278(–340) × (3.5–)4–5, rarely branched, 2–6-septate, brown to dark brown | (19–)26.5–100(–110.5) × (2.5–)3–4, (2–)3–6 septa | |
|
Present | Often small or lacking, occasionally developed, up to 50 μm diam. | 20–300 × 4–6.5, rarely branched, multi-septate, pale brown, uniform in colour and width | 25–315 × 3–6, (0–)3–25(–30) septab |
|
3–15 mm | Often small | 20–200 × 3–6.5, rarely branched, multi-septate, pale to medium dark brown | 25–300 × 2.5–5.5, indistinctly multi-septate |
|
Pale brown to brown, 3–6 mm | Developed | 29.8–85.0 × 3.4–4.2, 1–3-septate, or rarely non-septate, pale brown | 31.2–89.9 × 3–3.4, 3–9 septa |
|
Present | Present | 40–80 × 5–6, unbranched, | 50–75 × 4, 3–5 septa |
|
Present | Small | 45–200 × 3–6.5, unbranched, multi-septate | 50–375 × 2.5–5, indistinctly multi-septate |
|
Present | Small | 5–30 × 1.5–3, unbranched, multi-septate, scars indistinct or lacking | 75–170 × 2–3.5, indistinctly multi-septate |
|
Pale to medium brown, 8–20 mm | Small to well-developed (up to 60 μm diam.) | 40–130 × 5–7(–10), 0–3-septate | (35–)45–70(–150) × (2.5–)4–6(–10), (3–)4–7(–14) septa |
a
In the multi-gene (Fig.
Benin. Borgou: Parakou, Tankaro, c. 360 m a.s.l.,
The infection of leaves of
Benin. Borgou: Parakou, c. 372 m a.s.l.,
The epithet
Benin. Borgou: Parakou, agricultural research site of the University of Parakou, c. 360 m a.s.l.,
See
Known on
Thirteen
Among these,
Comparison of
Stromata | Conidiophore size (in μm), branching, septa, colour | Conidium sizes (in μm), septa | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
Almost absent | Small or lacking | (32.5–)40–400(–435) × (3–)3.5–4.5(–5), rarely branched, (2–)3–8(–10)-septate, brown to dark brown | (29–)38–188(–240) × (2.5–)3–3.5(–4.5), 1–9 septa |
|
Almost absent | Small or lacking | 10–60 × 3–6, branched, 1–2-septate | (30–)50–90(–125) × (1.5–)2–3.5(–4), 0–6 septa |
|
3–15 mm | Often small | 20-200 × 3–6.5, rarely branched, multi-septate, pale to medium dark brown | 25–300 × 2.5–5.5, indistinctly multi-septate |
|
Present | Present | 40–80 × 5–6, unbranched | 50–75 × 3–4, 3–5 septa |
|
Present | Small | 45–200 × 3–6.5, unbranched, multi-septate | 50–375 × 2.5–5, indistinctly multi-septate |
|
Present | Small | 50–200 × 4–5.5, unbranched, multi-septate | 35–150 × 4–5.5, 3–9 septa |
|
Present | Present | 20–100 × 2.5–5(–6), usually pluri-septate | (20–)30–100 × 1–3, pluri-septate |
|
Present | Absent | 300–600 × 4–7(–10), branched, pluri-septate | 50–200 × 3–5, pluri-septate |
|
Present | No information | 50–80 × 4–5, unbranched | 20–45 × 3–3.5, 1–3 septa |
|
Present | Lacking or slightly developed | 10–80 × 3–5, mostly 10–40, 0–2-septate, unbranched | 40–125 × 2.5–4.5, usually 3septa |
a
Based on the present phylogenies, it is not possible to distinguish this species from many other
Benin. Borgou: Parakou, c. 394 m a.s.l.,
The epithet
Benin. Alibori: Gogounou, c. 333 m a.s.l.,
See
On
Seven species of
In the multi-gene (Fig.
Benin. Collines: Glazoué, c. 189 m a.s.l.,
The epithet
Benin. Borgou: Parakou, on the way to N’Dali, c. 367 m a.s.l.,
The genus
In the multi-gene phylogeny (Fig.
Based on a MegaBLAST search in the NCBI GenBank nucleotide database using the
USA. South Carolina: Santee River, on
For more synonyms see
Benin. Donga: Taneka-Koko, c. 441 m a.s.l.,
On
Leaf spot symptoms associated with cercosporoid fungi
Japan. Tokyo, Experiment Station, on
For more synonyms see
Benin. Donga: Taneka-Koko, c. 441 m a.s.l.,
On
Puerto Rico. Rosario, on
For more synonyms see
Benin. Borgou: N’Dali, c. 380 m a.s.l.,
On
Three species of
USA. South Carolina: (no further information on the locality), on
For more synonyms see
Benin. Borgou: Parakou, c. 353 m a.s.l.,
On
Except for the presence of external hyphae and mostly slightly shorter conidiophores, the present specimen from Benin is morphologically identical to
For synonyms see
Italy. Selva, on
For illustrations see: Saccardo (1881),
Benin. Borgou: Parakou, Tankaro, c. 360 m a.s.l.,
On
Four species of
Angular leaf spot (ALS) caused by
Synnematous fascicle of conidiophores of
Benin. Atlantique: Cotonou, University of Abomey-Calavi, c. 9 m a.s.l.,
The epithet
Comparison of
Stromata | Conidiophore size (in μm), branching, septa | Conidium sizes (in μm), septa | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Often lacking or indistinct | Lacking to slightly-developed | (16.5–)20.5–92(–98) × (3–)3.5–4.5, branched, 2–6(–8)- septate | (16–)22–54.5(–65) × 3–4.5(–5) μm, 2–6 septa, slightly constricted at the septa | |
|
Brownish to dingy grey, 0.5–3 mm. | Small | 10–50 × 2–3.5, unbranched, rarely septate | 15–75 × 2–4 µm, 3–7 septa |
|
Present | Small | 3–45 × 2.5–3.5, 0–6-septate | 15–90 × 1.5–2 µm, 1–10 septa |
|
Greyish brown to dark, 0.5–2 mm. | Well-developed | 10–30 × 2.5–5, unbranched, 0–2-septate | 25–65 × 3–4 µm, 2–8 distinct septa |
|
Indistinct | Absent | 60–130 × 4–5, unbranched, 2–6-septate | 62–100 × 3.5–4.8, 3–6 septa |
|
Present | Present | 15.3–27.2 × 3.4–4.2, 0–1-septate | 28.9–93.5 × 3.4–4.2, 2–8 septa |
|
Yellowish discoloration to greyish brown, 2–3 mm wide | Small | 15–125 × 3–5, branched, 1–3-septate | 20–80 × 3–5, 1–10 septa |
|
Grey brown, 2–18 mm in diam. | Well-developed (5–67 µm diam.) | 11–81 × 3–4, unbranched, 0–2-septate | 75–170 × 2–3.5, 2–7 septa |
|
Yellowish to brownish grey, 0.5–4 mm in diam. | Absent | 31–77 × 4.5–5.5, branched, 0–2(–4)-septate. | 30–67 × 3.5, 3 (rarely 1 or 4) septa |
|
Greyish brown, 1–5 mm wide | Well-developed | 10–25 × 1–4.3, unbranched, 0–2-septate | 20–55–100 × 1.5–3, 1–6 indistinct septa |
Benin. Atlantique: Cotonou, University of Abomey-Calavi, c. 9 m a.s.l.,
On
On
Currently, eleven
In the multi-gene tree (Fig.
Based on a MegaBLAST search using the
Benin. Borgou: Parakou, c. 360 m a.s.l.,
The epithet
Comparison of
Stromata | Conidiophore size (in μm), branching, septa | Conidia size (in μm), septa | |
---|---|---|---|
Small or well-developed up to 45 μm diam. | (11.5–)14.5–40(–44.5) × (3–)3.5–4(–4.5), branched, 0–4-septate | (20.5–)24–82(–84.5) × 3–4(4.5), 2–6(–8) septa | |
|
Up to 30 μm diam. | 10–75 × 3–5, branched, 0–3-septate | 25–120 × 2–5, 3–14 septa |
|
Up to 30 μm diam. | Up to 90(–130) × 4.5–7.5, branched, 1–3-septate | 25–84 × 4.5–7.5, 3–8 septa |
|
Absent | 3–25 × 1.5–3 | 20–90 × 1.5–2, indistinctly septate |
|
Absent | 35–55 × 4–5, branched, 1–4-septate | 20–52 × 4–5, 3–8 septa |
|
Presen t | 10–17 × 4–5, unbranched, continuous or rarely 1-septate | 40–100 × 2.5–4, 3–8 septa |
|
Small | 40–250 × 3.5–5.5, branched | 30–95 × 4 –6.5, 1–12 septa |
|
Well-developed | 22–75 × 3–5, branched, 0–1-septate | 30–60 × 2.5–3, 3–6 septa |
|
Small | 22–75 × 3–5, unbranched, 1–3-septate | 33–60 × 4–5.5(–6), 3–6 septa |
a
Benin. Borgou: Parakou, c. 354 m a.s.l.,
On
On species of
In the multi-gene phylogeny (Fig.
Based on a MegaBLAST search in the NCBI GenBank nucleotide database using the
1 | Stromata well-developed, i.e., usually broader than 40 μm diam |
|
– | Stromata lacking or small, i.e., usually less than 20 μm diam |
|
2 | Conidiophores branched, with polyblastic conidiogenous cells, conidia mostly 26–160 × 4–5 μm. On |
|
– | Conidiophores unbranched, usually with monoblastic conidiogenous cells, conidia mostly 27–70 × 2–3 μm. On |
|
3 | Stromata totally lacking, hyphae mainly internal, conidiophores branched, mostly 18–178 × 4–5 μm, conidia mostly 19–88 × 3.5–4.5. On |
|
– | Stromata often formed by few aggregated swollen hyphal cells with similar morphology |
|
4 | Conidiophores up to 400 μm long. On |
|
– | Conidiophores usually not longer than 150 μm |
|
5 | Leaf spots inconspicuous or absent, caespituli mostly epiphyllous, conidia mostly 38–188 μm long |
|
– | Leaf spots conspicuous, brown to later with necrotic centre, caespituli mostly hypophyllous, conidia mostly 26–100 μm long |
|
6 | Conidia up to 330 μm long. On |
|
– | Conidia mostly 20–160 μm long |
|
7 | Only internal hyphae |
|
– | Internal and external hyphae |
|
8 | Internal hyphae often distinct and developed, conidiophores in loose to moderately large and dense fascicles of up to approx. 16. On |
|
– | Internal hyphae often indistinct, conidiophores in small and loose fascicles of up to approx. 6 conidiophores, conidiophores mostly attenuated towards the tips. On |
|
9 | Conidiophores unbranched, in small, loose or moderately large and dense fascicles of up to approx. 22. On |
|
– | Conidiophores branched |
|
10 | Leaf spots almost lacking or brown discolorations, often uniform in colour and width, conidia hyaline. On |
|
– | Leaf spots often developed, reddish brown, later dark brown by abundant caespituli, conidia often sub-hyaline. On |
|
1 | Conidiophores in synnematous fascicles, synnemata up to 250 µm high, mostly 20–40 µm wide. On |
|
– | Conidiophores solitary, fasciculate or in sporodochia |
|
2 | Stromata well-developed |
|
– | Stromata lacking or very small |
|
3 | Leaf spots often lacking or indistinct, conidiophores often narrower towards the tips, mostly 20–92 μm long, conidia, mostly 22–55 μm long, constricted at the septa. On |
|
– | Leaf spots evident, conidiophores, mostly 14–40 μm long, conidia mostly 24–82 μm long. On |
|
4 |
Caespituli amphigenous, conidiophores mostly 15–54 μm long, conidia mostly 42–132 μm long. On |
|
– |
Caespituli mainly epiphyllous, conidiophores mostly 13–44 μm long, conidia mostly 38–110 μm long. On |
|
The present study aims to increase the knowledge on the diversity of cercosporoid fungi in tropical Africa. Therefore, cercosporoid fungi collected on fifteen species of plants belonging to ten genera of
Fortunately, most species included in this study differ from each other by their morphology and host range. For example,
For the morphological identification of all species included in this study, we examined about 50 type specimens and other specimens loaned from
In order to obtain DNA sequence data, up to now, only cercosporoid fungi available as cultures have been used (
The present study is the first effort towards generating molecular and morphological data for cercosporoid fungi in Benin, West Africa. We found 18 taxa, representing only a small fraction of the yet unknown species diversity of cercosporoid fungi (
New scientific data, such as species new to science, new records of hosts and for geographic areas, will help plant pathologists to develop efficient and sustainable disease management programs to control these fungal diseases and quarantine officials to take decisions based on scientific evidence. The plethora of novel and newly reported taxa collected on
The present study is a first step for the investigation of the diversity of cercosporoid fungi by an integrative approach including morphological, phylogenetic and ecological information. Taxonomic studies in this work generated eight newly described species, eight new records and the confirmation of two species of cercosporoid fungi that were previously reported from Benin. Previously, 12 cercosporoid fungi were known for Benin. The present work expands this number by adding 16 species of
We are grateful to Roland Kirschner, Hermine Lotz-Winter, José Macia-Vicente and Melissa Mardones for fruitful discussions and valuable advice in the context of this study. We thank Carola Glatthorn for her support for the literature search and daily needs. Our special thanks go to Affoussatou Tabé and Ramdan Dramani (Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, Benin) who helped with the sampling of specimens in the field. We acknowledge the support and facilities made available for this study by the Université de Parakou and Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Benin. We are grateful to Adomou Aristide and Paul Yédémohan (National Herbarium of Benin, University of Abomey-Calavi) for their assistance with the identification of host plants. We thank the curators of the US National Fungus Collections (
Our participation in summer schools and scientific meetings in tropical mycology 2016, 2017 and 2019 in Benin, along with the field work, has been made possible by financial support from the Volkswagen Foundation (grants Az 90 127 and Az 93 338) and the Freunde und Förderer der Goethe-Universität. A special gratitude goes to the Adolf Messer Foundation for providing a scholarship to the first author. NSY is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) under the contract number 01DG20015FunTrAf.
Checklist for cercosporoid fungi in West Africa
Checklist
This information is based on the checklist published by
References for the checklist for cercosporoid fungi in West Africa
text
References for the checklist for cercosporoid fungi in West Africa (Suppl. material
A Bayesian phylogenetic tree inferred from
phylogenetic
Nodes receiving Bayesian
A Bayesian phylogenetic tree inferred from
phylogenetic
Nodes receiving Bayesian