Corresponding author: Young Woon Lim (
Academic editor: Zai-Wei Ge
Wisitrassameewong K, Park MS, Lee H, Ghosh A, Das K, Buyck B, Looney BP, Caboň M, Adamčík S, Kim C, Kim CS, Lim YW (2020) Taxonomic revision of Russula subsection Amoeninae from South Korea. MycoKeys 75: 1–29.
In the field, specimens of
To date, 34 species have been published worldwide within
Historically, taxonomic studies of
The present study aims to: 1) clearly distinguish species of
A total of 15 collections from the Korean peninsula were included in this study. All Korean specimens were deposited in the Seoul National University Fungus Collection (
Specimens used for the multi-locus analyses in this study. Sequences produced in this study are presented in boldface.
Taxon | Herbarium no. | Locality | GenBank accession no. | ||
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Outgroup | |||||
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1119/BB 12.086 | Italy |
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572/BB 07.209 | Slovakia |
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239/BB 06.532 | Mexico |
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Other subgenera | |||||
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741/BB 09.344 | New Caledonia |
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91/BB 06.184 | Madagascar |
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228/B 06.295 | USA |
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579/BB 08.167 | Madagascar |
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569/BB 06.066 | Madagascar |
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570/BB 08.178 | Madagascar |
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Closely related groups in subg. |
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31/BB 06.616 | Canada |
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93/BB 06.255 | Madagascar |
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721/BB 09.021 | New Caledonia |
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577/ BB 08.675 | Italy |
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75/BB 06.048 | Madagascar |
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36/ BB 06.380 | Mexico |
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6/BB 06.030 | Madagascar |
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82/BB 06.105 | Madagascar |
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45/BB 06.525 | Mexico |
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71/ BB 06.050 | Madagascar |
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449/BB 07.184 | Slovakia |
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448/BB 07.338 | Slovakia |
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450/ BB 07.792 | France |
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21/BB 06.146 | Madagascar |
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XHW4765 | China |
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555/BB 07.252 | Slovakia |
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1176/SA 09.88 | Slovakia |
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254/BB 98.024 | Tanzania |
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46/BB 06.530 | Mexico |
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18/BB 06.161 | Madagascar |
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578/ BB 05.160 | USA |
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545/BB 08.061 | Madagascar |
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XHW4785 | China |
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Subsect. |
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546/BB 07.038 | USA |
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542/BB 07.273 | Slovakia |
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Macromorphological characters were described from fresh specimens using the terminology of
DNA was extracted from fresh or dried basidiomes using a modified CTAB extraction method (
For species delimitation of the Korean samples,
The
Maximum Likelihood (
A total of 72
Maximum Likelihood (
Sequences of three loci (
The three species found in South Korea have the typical morphological characters of subsection
Morphological characteristics of Asian
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Pileus size (mm) | 20–45 | 20–50 | 26–49 | 65–130 | 52–60 | 53–63 | 50–100 | 25–60 | 60 | |
Pileus colour | bright red | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||
pink | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||
grey | √ | √ | √ | |||||||
brown | ||||||||||
purple | √ | √ | √ | |||||||
violet | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||
green | √ | √ | ||||||||
bright yellow | √ | √ | ||||||||
cream or pale yellow | √ | √ | ||||||||
Stipe colour | almost white | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||
partly pink | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||
partly purple | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||
partly violet | √ | |||||||||
Spore size | length (µm) | 6.5–7.5 | 6.5–7.7 | 7–8 | 7.6–9.3 | 6.9–7.8 | 6–8 | 6–9.5 | 6.5–7 | 6.5–7 |
width (µm) | 5.5–6 | 5.3–6.0 | 6.5–7 | 7.3–8.2 | 6–6.9 | 5.5–7 | 5–8 | 5–6 | 5.6–6.2 | |
mean (length × width) | 7.1 × 5.7 | 7.5 × 6.7 | 7.3 × 6.4 | 6.9–6.3 | 7.3–6.3 | 6.8 × 5.9 | ||||
Q value | 1.17–1.33 | 1.07–1.19 | 1.00–1.15 | 1.09–1.19 | 1.00–1.17 | 1.03–1.33 | 1.10–1.19 | |||
Spore ornamentation | subreticulate | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
reticulate | √ | √ | ||||||||
height (µm) | 0.4–1.0 | 0.6–0.9 | 0.75 | 0.6–1 | -2 | -2 | 0.7–1.2 | |||
Cystidia on lamellae sides | length (µm) | 44–55 | 52–75 | 29–34 | 80–110 | 74.5–101 | 55–135 | 90–117 | 45–60 | 66.5–91.5 |
width (µm) | 5.5–7 | 7.5–10.5 | 10–12.5 | 11–17 | 10.5–15 | 12–22 | 10–21 | 9–12 | 12.5–16.5 | |
cylindrical or clavate | √ | √ | √ | |||||||
subulate or lageniform | √ | |||||||||
fusiform | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||
obtuse | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||
acute | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||
Cystidia on lamellae edges | length (µm) | 37–65 | 38.5–63 | 32–39 | 70–100 | 48–88 | 36–68 | 30–85 | 42.5–56.5 | |
width (µm) | 5.5–7 | 5.5–7.5 | 5.5–7 | 11–17 | 5.5–10.5 | 8–15 | 7–10 | 5.5–7 | ||
different from sides | √ | √ | √ | |||||||
TC (margin) | length (µm) | 44–80 | 47–76 | 39–47 | 55.5–89 | 9–64 | 11–65 | 60–85 | ||
width (µm) | 5.3–8 | 5–7 | 2.5–4.5 | 5–11 | 5–7 | 4–10 | 4–10 | 6–9 | 4.5–6 | |
Short cells | number | 1–2 | 2–4 | 0–2 | 2–4 | 1–2 | ||||
subterminal width (µm) | -12 | -14 | ||||||||
TC centre | width (µm) | 4.5–7.5 | 4.5–7.5 | 3–4 |
References: a-
Basidiomes of Korean
Basidiospores with scanning electron microscopy images (
Microscopic features of
gregarious to scattered on soil in mixed forest with
South Korea. Jeollanam-do, Haenam-gun, Mt. Duryun, 614 m elev.,
‘
Pileus surface with pale cream with flushed pale purple to purple stains; spores with almost complete to complete reticulum; subfusiform to fusiform hymenial cystidia.
Microscopic features of
solitary to scattered on soil in mixed forest with
South Korea. Chungcheongnam-do, Gongju-si, Mt. Museong, 341 m elev.,
Microscopic features of
solitary on soil in deciduous forest, near
South Korea. Incheon-si, Ongjin-gun, Jangbongdo islands, 72 m elev.,
This species is morphologically similar to
1 | Basidiome with pinkish pileus |
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– | Basidiome with violet or purple pileus |
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2 | Obtuse hymenial cystidia, subreticulate spore ornamentation, in mixed |
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– | Acute hymenial cystidia, subreticulate to reticulate spore ornamentation |
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3 | Reticulate spore ornamentation, large hymenial cystidia (46‒60 × 9‒12 µm), broad hyphal terminations (6‒9 µm wide) in the pileipellis |
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– | Subreticulate spore ornamentation, small hymenial cystidia (29‒34 × 10‒12.5 µm), narrow hyphal termination (2.5‒4.5 µm wide) in the pileipellis |
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4 | Reticulate spore ornamentation, pileus with pale cream to yellowish grey color and purplish tinges |
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– | Subreticulate spore ornamentation, pileus with vivid color |
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5 | Pileus with violet/greenish/yellowish shades, stipe with purplish flush, large and broad hymenial cystidia |
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– | Pileus without greenish or yellowish shades |
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6 | Small spores with high ornamentation (up to 2 µm), lamellae yellowish, lamellulae absent |
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– | Large spores with low ornamentation (up to 0.75 µm), lamellae yellowish to greenish, lamellulae present |
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7 | Lamellar edge discolorous (pastel violet), spore ornamentation up to 2 µm high |
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– | Lamellar edge concolorous, spore ornamentation up to 1.2 µm high |
The phylogenetic analyses showed that subsection
Four
Phylogenetic analysis of LSU sequence data showed a close relationship among
The occurrence of a previously reported species from South Korea (
Most Korean specimens of
In conclusion, the East Asian
This study was supported by the National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR 201801105), Korea National Arboretum (KNA1-1-25, 19-2), and the Korean government (NRF-2015M3A9B8029237). The research of Miroslav Caboň and Slavomír Adamčík was funded by Slovak Grant APVV 15-0210.
Table S1. List of validly published names classified in
species list
List of validly published names classified in
Table S2. Sequences used for the
Sequences used for the