Corresponding author: Alfredo Vizzini (
Academic editor: T. Lumbsch
Vizzini A, Tatti A, Huijser HA, Liang JF, Ercole E (2019) Looking for
Recent molecular analyses have indicated that the genus
Species of
According to recent molecular analyses, the species with a hymeniform pileus covering do not form a monophyletic lineage (
During a 3-year survey of macrofungi in the Botanical Garden of Cagliari (Sardinia, Italy), a collection of a
Macroscopic description was based on detailed field notes of fresh basidiomes. Colour terms in capital letters (e.g., Pale Cinnamon-Pink, Plate XXIX) are those of Ridgway (1912). HTML alphanumeric colour codes (
When possible, dimensions of the microscopic elements are given as: (minimum–) average minus standard deviation – average plus standard deviation (–maximum) of length × (minimum–) average minus standard deviation – average plus standard deviation (–maximum) of width. Spore dimensions do not include the hilar appendix. The width of each basidium was measured at the widest part, and the length was measured from the apex (sterigmata excluded) to the basal septum. The DNA fluorescent dye 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenyl-indoldihydrochloride (
Total DNA was extracted from seven dry basidiomes (Tab.
Taxa, vouchers and GenBank accession numbers used in the molecular analyses. Newly sequenced collections are in bold.
Species | Collection No. | Origin | GenBank accession No. | |
---|---|---|---|---|
nrITS | nrLSU | |||
|
Th.W. Kuyper 960 (L) | Belgium |
|
|
|
MCVE 56163 | Italy |
|
– |
|
4-X-1989, H.A. Huijser s.n. (herb. Huijser) | The Netherlands |
|
– |
MCVE 9247 | Italy |
|
– | |
|
TENN 064380, ECV4063 | USA | – |
|
|
DUKE-JJ177 | USA | – |
|
|
LAH. NO. 10152012, Holotype | Pakistan |
|
– |
LAH. NO. 9992012 | Pakistan |
|
– | |
|
26-IX-1990, H.A. Huijser (herb. Huijser) | The Netherlands |
|
– |
04-X-1991, H.A. Huijser (herb. Huijser) | The Netherlands |
|
– | |
|
E.C. Vellinga 2233 (L) | The Netherlands |
|
– |
GLM 45944 | Germany | – |
|
|
|
Iqbal 825 GDGM 45684 Holotype | Bangladesh |
|
|
Iqbal 860 Paratype | Bangladesh |
|
– | |
|
DB4157 | Hungary | – |
|
NL-5409 | Hungary | – |
|
|
|
TENN 064371, ECV4016 | USA | – |
|
NL-2980 | Hungary | – |
|
|
|
E.C. Vellinga 2594 (UC) | USA |
|
– |
E.C. Vellinga 2410 (UC) | USA |
|
– | |
E.C. Vellinga 2805 (UC) | USA |
|
– | |
E.C. Vellinga 2756 (UC) | USA |
|
– | |
|
MFLU 09-0061 | Thailand | – |
|
|
E.C. Vellinga 2515 (UC) | USA |
|
– |
E.C. Vellinga 2677 (UCB) | USA |
|
– | |
E.C. Vellinga 2714 (UC) | USA |
|
– | |
|
E.C. Vellinga 1683 (L) | Germany |
|
– |
TENN 064372, ECV4003 | USA | – |
|
|
VPI- |
South Korea | – |
|
|
CBS 146.42 | Sweden | – |
|
|
|
9-X-1991, H.A. Huijser (herb. Huijser) | The Netherlands |
|
– |
MCVE 16888 | Italy |
|
– | |
Zhu L. Yang 4790 | China |
|
– | |
Zhu L. Yang 4951 | China |
|
– | |
SAV F-3212 | Spain |
|
– | |
SAV F-3213, Holotype | Spain |
|
– | |
NL-5353 | Hungary | – |
|
|
|
NL-1602 | Hungary | – |
|
|
22-IX-1993, H.A. Huijser (herb. Huijser) | The Netherlands |
|
– |
20-IX-1989, H.A. Huijser (L) | The Netherlands |
|
– | |
9-VII-1998, Z.L. Yang 2238 (HKAS) | China |
|
– | |
8-XII-2000, E.C. Vellinga 2611 (UC) | USA |
|
– | |
30-I-1993, D.E. Desjardin 5658 (SFSU) | USA |
|
– | |
24-IX-2000, S. Clark (coll. P.B. Matheny 1958) (WTU) | USA |
|
– | |
AFTOL-ID 1625, ECV 2449 (UC) | USA | – |
|
|
E.C. Vellinga 2780 (UC) | USA |
|
– | |
E.C. Vellinga 2750 (UC) | USA |
|
– | |
DUKE1582 | USA | – |
|
|
420526MF0542 | China | – |
|
|
420526MF0550 | China | – |
|
|
|
5-IX-1996, H.A. Huijser s.n. (herb. Huijser) | The Netherlands |
|
– |
|
E.C. Vellinga 2142 (L) | France |
|
– |
|
NL-3095 | Hungary | – |
|
|
VPI- |
USA |
|
|
NL-4207 | Slovakia | – |
|
|
|
MEL 2358504 | Australia | – |
|
MEL:2358503 | Australia | – |
|
|
|
MCVE 13747 | Italy |
|
– |
|
E.C. Vellinga 2017 (L) | The Netherlands |
|
– |
|
FP2012-11-02 | Hungary | – |
|
|
E.C. Vellinga 2451 (UCB) | USA |
|
– |
E. Brown (coll. E.C. Vellinga 1873) (L) | United Kingdom |
|
– | |
|
H.V. Smith 284 (MICH) | USA |
|
– |
|
TENN 064381 | USA | – |
|
|
HKAS 50028 | China | – |
|
|
E.C. Vellinga 2602 (UCB) | USA |
|
– |
E.C. Vellinga 3947 (UC) | USA |
|
– | |
rh24 08/27/07 (ISC) | USA |
|
– | |
rh39 08/11/07 (ISC) | USA |
|
– | |
E.C. Vellinga ecv3955 (UC) | USA | – |
|
|
|
E.C. Vellinga 2267) (L) | The Netherlands |
|
– |
E.C. Vellinga 2273 (L) | The Netherlands |
|
– | |
|
NL-2973 | Hungary | – |
|
|
Murhula Cizungu 39 | Gabon | – |
|
|
FO 46679 | Germany | – |
|
|
E.C. Vellinga 3000 (UC) | USA |
|
– |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
– | |
|
|
|
|
|
15-IX-1999, H.A. Huijser (herb. Huijser) hah6153 | The Netherlands |
|
– | |
3-VIII-1999, H.A. Huijser s.n. (herb. Huijser) | The Netherlands | – |
|
|
H.A. Huijser (herb. Huijser) hah6177 | The Netherlands |
|
– | |
HMJAU3799 | China |
|
|
|
|
GLM 45945 | Germany | – |
|
|
E.C. Vellinga 2006 (L) | The Netherlands |
|
– |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E.C. Vellinga 2610 (UCB) | USA |
|
– |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E.C. Vellinga 2307 (UC) | USA |
|
– |
E.C. Vellinga 2595 (holotype) (UC) | USA |
|
– | |
USA | – |
|
||
|
HKAS 45633 | China | – |
|
|
ANGE253 (JBSD, duplicate in MEXU) | The Dominican Republic |
|
– |
|
E.C. Vellinga 2242 (L) | The Netherlands |
|
– |
|
E.C. Vellinga 2234 (L) | The Netherlands |
|
– |
VPI- |
South Korea | – |
|
|
NL-2022 | Hungary | – |
|
|
|
E.C. Vellinga 2590 (UCB) | USA |
|
– |
E.C. Vellinga 2589 (UC) | USA |
|
– | |
|
TUB 011553 | Germany | – |
|
Uncultured |
Environmental sample, man22_soil_G02 | USA |
|
– |
Sequences obtained in this study were compared to those available in the GenBank (
Based on the BLASTn results (sequences were selected based on the greatest similarity) and outcomes of recent phylogenetic studies incorporating
Phylogenetic hypotheses were constructed with Bayesian inference (
Bayesian phylogram obtained from the general nrITS sequence alignment of
The PCR product was 476–729 bp (nrITS) and 894–1128 bp (nrLSU). The nrITS data matrix comprised 68 sequences (including 63 from GenBank). This dataset was 814 bp long and contained 545 (66.9 %) variable sites. The nrLSU data matrix comprised 45 sequences (including 39 from GenBank). This dataset was 953 bp long and contained 335 (35.2%) variable sites.
As both Bayesian and Maximum likelihood analyses produced a consistent topology, only the Bayesian trees with both
In both the nrITS and nrLSU analyses (Figs
Bayesian phylogram obtained from the general nrLSU sequence alignment of
Both the nrITS and nrLSU analyses (Figs
Macrocharacters (Fig.
Microcharacters (Figs
Gregarious on bare soil, in gardens and parks; so far known only from the type locality (Austria) and Sardinia (Italy).
Italy, Sardinia, Cagliari, Botanical Garden, 6 basidiomes growing among the
The Netherlands, prov. Limburg, Valkenburg, Schaelsberg, 02 September 2004, Henk A. Huijser (TR gmb 01482).
From the Latin “reconditus”, meaning hidden, forgotten, which refers to its resemblance with
It is distinguished from
Macrocharacters (Fig.
Microcharacters (Figs
Gregarious on rich in nutrients and lime (marl) bare soil, in a mixed deciduous forest; so far known only from the type locality.
The Netherlands, Limburg province, Valkenburg, Schaelsberg, man-made (anthropized) hilly grove with mainly deciduous trees (
The specific epithet is a combination of Medieval Latin “sino” (which means Chinese) and “
China, Jilin Province, Changchun City, Jinyuetan Park, 7 July 2005, Wang Jianrui (HMJAU 3799).
Solitary, terrestrial, on the ground in a larch forest in summer and autumn. So far known only from China.
The morphological differences among the
The phylogenetically closest species are
The other morphologically allied species of
When the Sardinian specimens were collected, they were morphologically attributed to
An identification key for the taxa belonging to this complex is proposed below.
1 | Cheilocystidia absent |
|
– | Cheilocystidia present |
|
2 | Smell farinaceous, annulus often adhering to pileus margin (as velar remnants), spores weakly dextrinoid |
|
– | Smell |
|
3 | Spores ellipsoid, on average = 3.9 μm long, Qav = 1.36 |
|
– | Spores ellipsoid to oblong, on average > 4.0 μm long, Qav > 1.4 |
|
4 | Cheilocystidia versiform, spores ellipsoid, Qav = 1.5, annulus entirely smooth |
|
– | Cheilocystidia mainly clavate, spores oblong, Qav = 1.64, annulus covered by minute yellowish brown squamules on lower surface |
|
We thank Irmgard Greilhuber and Walter Till (University of Vienna) for sending us photographs and part of the holotype collection of