A new species of Cintractiella (Ustilaginales) from the volcanic island of Kosrae, Caroline Islands, Micronesia

Abstract Cintractiella is an unusual genus of smut fungi containing two described species that produce sori as adventitious gall-like spikelets on members of tribe Hypolytreae (subfam. Mapanioideae, Cyperaceae). In September 200, during a botanical expedition on the volcanic island of Kosrae located in the eastern Caroline Islands and within the Federated States of Micronesia, a specimen of Mapaniapacifica was collected displaying Cintractiella-like sori in adventitious spikelets on the host leaves. Sori were hypophyllous, occurring in groups of spikelets composed of olivaceous-brown scale-like leaves, 1–1.5 mm wide and up to 6 mm long. Microscopic comparison with the protologue and drawings of the type material of C.lamii show several differences in teliospore and sori characters between it and the newly collected material on Mapania. To our knowledge, this represents only the second known collection of any member of Cintractiella on vegetative organs of Hypolytreae and a third species for this genus and the only known smut species infecting Mapania, herein described as Cintractiellakosraensissp. nov.

Cintractiella Boedijn, with only two known species, is an example of a smut genus that appears to be restricted to Cyperaceae, in this case wholly within the tribe Hypolytreae. Cintractiella lamii Boedijn, the type species of the genus, is only known from the locus classicus from Indonesia. The species produces sori in adventitious spikelets on leaves of a Hypolytrum sp. (Cyperaceae, subfam. Mapanioideae, tribe Hypolytreae). The type specimen was collected in Indonesia in 1920 and preserved in alcohol at Herb. Bogoriense (BO). Boedijn (1937) investigated the material thoroughly and described it as a new smut fungus in a new genus. Since that time, the fungus has not been recollected. Unfortunately, neither type material nor other collections of this species are available for study. The type specimen in Bogor was lost; only the empty glass vessel and label is present (Piepenbring 2001, Vánky 2003. Thus, our knowledge of this species is based on the original publication for C. lamii (Boedijn 1937, for a reproduction see Vánky 2013). The second species, C. diplasiae (Henn.) M. Piepenbr., was originally described as Ustilago diplasiae Henn., on Diplasia karataefolia L.C.Rich. (Hypolytreae). The type specimen was collected from Brazil and the species is also known from Venezuela on the same host species (Vánky 2003). In addition to differences in host plant and distribution, C. diplasiae differs from C. lamii in producing sori in the host inflorescences, rather than on the leaves.
In September 2009, an unusual smut fungus producing spikelets on the leaves of Mapania pacifica (Hosok.) T.Koyama (Hypolytreae) was discovered on the island of Kosrae within the Federated States of Micronesia, herein described as a third species of Cintractiella, C. kosraensis sp. nov. To our knowledge, C. kosraensis is the only smut species known to infect a species of Mapania.

Methods
Field surveys for botanical specimens were conducted on the island of Kosrae (5°20'N and 163°0'E) in September 2009. Due to the extreme steepness, inaccessibility and thickness of vegetation within this study region, survey transects were chosen intuitively and conformed to regional contours that were safely approachable. Herbarium voucher collections have been made in order to document common and rare plant taxa and for species identifications. Data for plant specimen vouchers are entered into the National Tropical Botanical Garden (PTBG) herbarium database. Specimens are being curated primarily at the Bishop Museum (BISH) and PTBG herbaria. Photographs of plants and habitats are curated by the NTBG and stored within a digital asset management system (i.e. ResourceSpace). The NTBG maintains a checklist of vascular plant taxa observed within the study region (Microsoft Excel database). Latitude and longitude coordinates were recorded by a Garmin GPSmap 60CSx (Garmin corp., Olathe, Kansas, U.S) unit in Lat/Long decimal for herbarium specimen data. The new smut species was found along the summit ridge of Mt. Oma in Malem Municipality (Fig. 1A) on the indigenous sedge M. pacifica (Fig. 1B). Materials studied here were deposited in the Kriebel Herbarium (PUL) and National Tropical Botanical Garden (PTBG).

Cintractiella kosraensis
Distribution and ecology. Cintractiella kosraensis sp. nov. is only known from the type location along the summit ridge of Mt. Oma in Malem Municipality and type host-the indigenous sedge M. pacifica-on the volcanic island of Kosrae, located in the eastern Caroline Islands and within the Federated States of Micronesia in the general vicinity of 5°20'N, 163°0'E (Lorence and Wood 2012, Figure 1A).
Etymology. kosraensis = for the island of Kosrae, where this species was discovered.

Discussion
Cintractiella is an unusual genus amongst smut fungi that produces sori in adventitious spikelets on vegetative or generative organs of members of tribe Hypolytreae (subfam. Mapanioideae, Cyperaceae). Only two other species have been described: C. diplasiae and C. lamii. Cintractiella diplasiae differs from C. kosraensis in producing sori in the host inflorescences and also producing teliospores with walls covered by blunt, rather densely situated, rarely confluent warts of variable sizes (Vánky 2003). Cintractiella lamii produces masses of teliospores in "peculiar galls", i.e. adventitious branches with scale-like leaves, growing out of hypertrophic parenchymatic tissue on the abaxial side of the lamina of leaves, similar to C. kosraensis. However, in C. lamii, these are agglutinated and protrude as a column from the tips of the branches, whereas no column is formed in C. kosraensis. Teliospores are also diagnostic: in C. lamii these are globose, more or less flattened at one side, 29-36 µm and dark brown with a germpore and spore walls that are 3-4 µm thick and finely reticulate (Piepenbring 2001).
All three known members of Cintractiella parasitise members of Mapanioideae in Cyperaceae. The only report of C. lamii is from Hypolytrum sp. from Indonesia; C. diplasiae is found on Diplasia karataefolia in Brazil, Trinidad and Venezuela (Vánky 2003). To our knowledge, C. kosraensis is the first smut fungus known to infect a species of Mapania.
Ideally, the description of new taxa is supported by abundant material from multiple collections. However, especially when considering microfungi from remote locales, these optima often cannot be met. Nonetheless, description of new species, even from limited material, adds to our understanding of fungal diversity (Kurtzman 2010) and highlights regions and lineages for which in-depth studies are needed. Most of the South Pacific islands remain under-explored for fungi, although these also appear rich in rare and endemic taxa (e.g. Kijpornyongpan and Aime 2016). Importantly, newly discovered taxa from rare lineages were shown to harbour the majority of novel genes in comparative genomic studies in smut fungi (Kijpornyongpan et al. 2018), highlighting the urgency in documenting this diversity before it disappears.