Resolving the species of the lichen genus Graphina Müll. Arg. in China, with some new combinations

In the framework of continuing studies on the Graphidaceae in China, the status of all taxa traditionally assigned to the genus Graphina reported from China are resolved in the present paper. Five new combinations are made, namely Diorygma isabellinum (Zahlbr.) Z.F. Jia & Lücking, comb. nov., Fissurina adscribens (Nyl.) Z.F. Jia & Lücking, comb. nov., Graphis lecanactiformis (Zahlbr.) Z.F. Jia & Lücking, comb. nov., Phaeographis haloniata (Zahlbr.) Z.F. Jia & Lücking, comb. nov. and Platygramme taiwanensis (J.C. Wei) Z.F. Jia & Lucking, comb. nov. Five new synonymies were found: Graphina olivascens Zahlbr. (= Fissurina adscribens), Graphina plumbicolor Zahlbr. (= Phaeographis haloniata), Graphina roridula Zahlbr. and its variety platypoda Zahlbr. [= Diorygma pachygraphum (Nyl.) Kalb, Staiger & Elix], and Graphina taiwanensis f. obscurata J.C. Wei (= Platygramme taiwanensis).


Introduction
The lichen genus Graphina Müll.Arg.entailed an artificial concept of ascospore-based genera in Graphidaceae Dumort., including all graphidoid species with muriform, hyaline ascospores (Müller 1880).Based on phenotypic and molecular studies, a new classification of genera within the family was recently established (Staiger 2002;Rivas Plata et al. 2012).As a result, the genus Graphina was placed in synonymy with Thalloloma Trevis., based on the systematic affinities of its presumed type species, Graphina anguina Müll.Arg.[= Thalloloma anguinum (Mont.)Trevis.](Staiger 2002).However, G. anguina had not actually been included in the protologue of Graphina, and therefore a new lectotype had to be selected, namely G. puiggarii Müll.Arg., which makes Graphina a synonym of Graphis Ach.(Lücking et al. 2007).Following the current generic concept of Graphidaceae (sensu Staiger 2002), many species of Graphina belong in Graphis s. str., whereas others have been moved into other genera based on phylogeny, apothecial morphology and/or anatomy.

Materials and methods
Type material cited here was either obtained on loan from the herbaria in H, PC, and W or studied in the cited herbaria.Because many of the names discussed here have already been treated by Kalb et al. (2004), Staiger (2002), Nakanishi et al. (2003) and Lücking et al. (2009), we do not provide full synonymies and type specimen citations unless the name has not previously been treated or the type specimen is particularly relevant to the discussion.A dissecting microscope (Olympus SZX12) and a light microscope (Olympus BX51 and Nikon Eclipse-55i) were used for the morphological and anatomical studies.Measurements and illustrations were taken from the manual cross sections of fruit bodies in water.The amyloidy of the ascospores was tested using Lugol's solution.The lichen substances were detected and identified by thin-layer chromatography (Culberson and Kristinsson 1970;Culberson 1972;White and James 1985).Newly proposed taxonomic names and combinations were deposited in MycoBank.

Taxonomy
List of the Chinese species previously reported under the name Graphina Müll.Arg.
Below, a list of all species reported under Graphina from China is provided.Following modern concepts of the Graphidaceae (Staiger 2002;Rivas Plata et al. 2012), the current name is indicated, accompanied by brief notes.(Thrower 1988).
It is a corticolous species reported from Hainan (Jia andWei 2011, 2016), Hong Kong (Thrower 1988;Jia and Wei 2016) and Taiwan (Aptroot and Sparrius 2003).Based on characteristics of thallus and lirellae, this species has to be included in Fissurina.