Corresponding author: Khwanyuruan Naksuwankul (
Academic editor: P. Divakar
Five new species of
Naksuwankul K, Kraichak E, Parnmen S, Lücking R,Lumbsch TH (2016) Five new species of Graphidaceae (Ascomycota, Ostropales) from Thailand. MycoKeys 17: 47–63.
Phenotypical characters, such as morphology of the thallus and ascomata and anatomy of the ascomata as well as secondary chemistry have traditionally guided species delimitation in lichenized ascomycetes. However, especially crustose lichens often exhibit only few traits and without independent markers, such as DNA sequence data, it is often difficult to assess whether variation is due to genetic differences or plasticity. Indeed, recent phylogenetic studies suggest high amounts of homoplasy in phenotypical characters used to delimit taxa in lichenized fungi (
This study is mainly based on new collections made by the first two authors deposited in F and
We performed two different phylogenetic analyses: 1) sequences of six samples of the genus
GenBank numbers and voucher information of specimens used in this study. For author names see
Species | Country | Collector | Number | mtSSU | nuLSU |
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Philippines | Rivas Plata | 1099 |
|
|
|
|
Thailand | Lumbsch | 19751g | [—] |
|
[—] |
|
Australia | Lumbsch | 19127eA |
|
[—] | [—] |
|
Brazil | Cáceres | 11817 |
|
[—] | [—] |
|
Tanzania | Frisch | 99Tz866 |
|
[—] | [—] |
|
Thailand | Papong | 8560 | [—] |
|
[—] |
|
Costa Rica | Nelsen | 2034A |
|
|
[—] |
|
Thailand | Kalb | 38891 |
|
[—] | [—] |
|
Australia | Mangold | 43o |
|
|
[—] |
|
Australia | Mangold | 34a |
|
[—] | [—] |
|
New Caledonia | Papong | 7511 |
|
|
|
|
Cameroon | Frisch | 99Ka403 |
|
|
[—] |
|
Australia | Lumbsch | 19120jB |
|
|
[—] |
|
Australia | Lumbsch | 19120jD |
|
[—] | [—] |
|
Thailand | Papong | 8434 |
|
[—] | [—] |
|
Thailand | Lumbsch | 19756n | [—] |
|
[—] |
|
Brazil | Cáceres | 11071 |
|
[—] | [—] |
|
Thailand | Papong | 8574 |
|
[—] | [—] |
|
Thailand | Papong | 8478 |
|
|
[—] |
|
Thailand | Papong | 8479 |
|
[—] | [—] |
|
Thailand | Papong | 8483 |
|
[—] | [—] |
|
Thailand | Papong | 8496 |
|
|
[—] |
|
Peru | Rivas Plata | 803D |
|
[—] | [—] |
|
Peru | Rivas Plata | 1canopy |
|
[—] |
|
|
Brazil | Cáceres | 6002a |
|
[—] |
|
|
Brazil | Lücking | 27966 |
|
[—] | [—] |
|
Puerto Rico | Mercado | F19 |
|
[—] |
|
|
Thailand | Papong | 8541 |
|
|
[—] |
|
Thailand | Papong | 8542 |
|
|
[—] |
|
Thailand | Papong | 8552 |
|
|
[—] |
|
Thailand | Papong | 8557 |
|
|
[—] |
|
Thailand | Papong | 8566 |
|
|
[—] |
|
Thailand | Papong | 8567 |
|
[—] | [—] |
|
Thailand | Papong | 8568 |
|
|
[—] |
|
Thailand | Papong | 8570 |
|
|
[—] |
|
Thailand | Papong | 8573 |
|
|
[—] |
|
Puerto Rico | Mercado | F74 |
|
|
|
|
Thailand | Papong | 8576 |
|
[—] | [—] |
|
Thailand | Papong | 8439 |
|
|
[—] |
|
Thailand | Papong | 8458 |
|
[—] | [—] |
|
Peru | Rivas Plata | 103D |
|
[—] | [—] |
|
Brazil | Cáceres | sn |
|
[—] | [—] |
|
Peru | Rivas Plata | 809canopy |
|
[—] | [—] |
|
El Salvador | Lücking | 28015 |
|
[—] |
|
For the phylogenetic analyses, the alignment of the nucleotide sequences for each dataset was performed separately using Geneious version 8.0.3 (
The final alignment of the combined data set for the
In the
Phenogram depicting phylogenetic relationships of
Phenogram depicting phylogenetic relationships of
THAILAND, Ubon Ratchathani Province, Pha Tam National Park, Sang Chan waterfall,
Characterized within the genus by having submuriform ascospores.
The specific epithet refers to the country where the type specimen was collected.
Thallus endophloeodal to epiphloeodal, up to c. 120 µm thick, pale green to yellowish green, smooth. True cortex ±continuous, to c. 25 µm thick. Algal layer poorly to well developed, ±continuous; calcium oxalate crystals sparse to abundant, large and clustered; medulla usually distinct. Vegetative propagules not seen. Ascomata conspicuous, to c. 0.8–1.2 mm diam., often larger when fused, ±rounded to irregular, apothecioid to somewhat chroodiscoid, solitary to more often fused, becoming slightly to distinctly emergent, mostly irregularly or regularly urceolate. Disc usually partly visible from above, rarely completely exposed, pale yellowish to whitish green. Pores broad to gaping, to c. 0.6–08 mm wide, ±rounded to irregular, entire to slightly ragged; thalline exciple often becoming apically visible, rarely completely visible from above, ±free, whitish. Thalline rim margin broad to gaping, ±rounded, more commonly irregular, thick, entire, concolorous to whitish. Thalline exciple fused to partly or entirely free, thick, hyaline internally, pale yellowish or greenish marginally, with calcium oxalate crystals. Hymenium to c. 120 µm thick, clear, strongly conglutinated; paraphyses thick, irregular and often distoseptate, ±interwoven, with thickened irregular tips; lateral paraphyses absent; columella whitish and reticulate. Epihymenium hyaline, with fine crystals. Asci 8-spored; tholus initially thick, thin when mature, 100–110 × 10–12 µm. Ascospores submuriform with 3 × 0–1 septa, hyaline, slightly amyloid, 15–20 × 7.5 µm. Pycnidia not seen.
Morphology and anatomy of
Thallus K+ yellowish, C–, P+ yellow; containing psoromic acid.
The new species was found in northeastern Thailand, growing on bark in a dry evergreen forest. It is known only from the type locality.
This new species is unique within the genus in having submuriform ascospores, whereas all other described species have transversely septate ascospores. In addition, the ascospores in
THAILAND, Ubon Ratchathani Province, Pha Tam National Park, Sang Chan waterfall,
Differing from the similar
The specific epithet refers to the collector Mr. Winia Klinhom, mycologist from Thailand.
Thallus corticolous, epiperidermal, up to c. 5 cm diam., continuous; surface rimose, whitish grey, medulla white; prothallus absent. Thallus in section 30–40 µm thick, with prosoplectenchymatous cortex, 5–10 µm thick, photobiont layer 15–20 µm thick, and medulla 20–25 µm thick, with scattered clusters of calcium oxalate crystals. Photobiont
No substances detected by TLC.
The new species was collected in northeastern Thailand, growing on bark in a dry evergreen forest. It is known only from the type locality.
Similar in ascospore size, lack of secondary metabolites and only apically carbonized exciple to
THAILAND, Ubon Ratchathani Province, Pha Tam National Park, Sang Chan waterfall,
THAILAND, Ubon Ratchathani Province, Pha Tam National Park, Sang Chan waterfall,
Differing from the similar
The specific epithet refers to the name of the Pha Tam National Park in Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand.
Thallus corticolous, epiperidermal, up to c. 5 cm diam., continuous; surface uneven-verrucose to rimose, grayish, medulla white; prothallus absent. Thallus in section 60–75 µm thick, with prosoplectenchymatous cortex, 5–8 µm thick, photobiont layer 20–25 µm thick, and medulla 35–40 µm thick, with scattered clusters of calcium oxalate crystals. Photobiont
Morphology and anatomy of
No substances detected by TLC.
The new species was collected in northeastern Thailand, growing on bark in a dry evergreen forest. It is known only from the type locality.
The new species is similar to
THAILAND, Ubon Ratchathani Province, Pha Tam National Park, Sang Chan waterfall,
Differing from
The specific epithet refers to the ascospore shape with rounded ends and to the similarity with
Thallus corticolous, endophloeodal to epiphloeodal, up to c. 200 µm thick, greenish gray to olive, slightly glossy, smooth, rarely continuous to usually ±verrucose. True cortex discontinuous, to c. 15 µm thick, formed by irregular hyphae. Algal layer well developed, continuous; calcium oxalate crystals moderately large, scattered. Photobiont
No compounds detectable by TLC.
The new species was collected in northeastern Thailand, growing on bark in a dry evergreen forest. It is known only from the type locality.
Similar to
THAILAND, Ubon Ratchathani Province, Pha Tam National Park, trail to Huai Sanom,
Differing from the similar
The specific epithet refers to the country where the type specimen was collected.
Thallus corticolous, epiperidermal, up to c. 5 cm diam., continuous; surface uneven-verrucose to rimose, light yellowish green, medulla white; prothallus absent. Thallus in section 40–60 µm thick, with prosoplectenchymatous cortex, 5–7 µm thick, photobiont layer 15–25 µm thick, and medulla 20–30 µm thick, with scattered clusters of calcium oxalate crystals. Photobiont
No substances detected by TLC.
The new species was collected in northeastern Thailand, growing on bark in a dry evergreen forest. It is known only from the type locality.
This new species is closely related to
THAILAND, Ubon Ratchathani Province, Pha Tam National Park, trail to Huai Sanom,
THAILAND. Ubon Ratchathani Province: Pha Tam National Park, trail to Huai Sanom,
In order to clarify the application of the name
THAILAND, Ubon Ratchathani Province, Pha Tam National Park, trail to Huai Sanom,
Morphology and anatomy of
This study was financially supported by grants of the Mahasarakham University and Thai Research Fund to the first author (K. Papong RSA 5580045) and the grant