1 |
Hymenophore poroid, predominantly poroid or irpicoid/raduloid |
2
|
– |
Hymenophore smooth to odontioid or hydnoid |
12
|
2 |
All hyphae simple-septate |
X. poroideoefibulatus (Sheng H. Wu) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia poroideoefibulata Sheng H. Wu); distr.: East Asia |
– |
Hyphae clamped at all primary septa |
3
|
3 |
Tapering or acuminate cystidia present in hymenium |
4
|
– |
Hymenial cystidia apically rounded to capitate; tapering cystidial elements absent |
8
|
4 |
Spores cylindrical to suballantoid |
X. nothofagi (G. Cunn.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden [Hyphodontia nothofagi (G. Cunn.) E. Langer, Schizopora nothofagi (G. Cunn.) P.K. Buchanan & Ryvarden]; distr.: New Zealand |
– |
Spores broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid |
5
|
5 |
Hyphal system pseudodimitic due to thick-walled (up to 1.5 μm) hyphae in subiculum and dissepiment; cystidia moniliform, often with a small acuminate apical segment |
X. bresinskyi (E. Langer) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Schizopora bresinskyi E. Langer); distr.: Europe |
– |
Hyphal system monomitic, hyphal walls up to 0.5 μm thick; cystidia not moniliform or only faintly constricted |
6
|
6 |
Spores 4–5.5 μm broad; pores up to 2 mm deep; subiculum up to 0.5 mm thick; capitate hyphal ends usually absent in subiculum, but present in dissepiment; tapering hymenial cystidia reaching 50 × 8 μm in size; basidia 5–7 μm broad, usually not repetitive; |
X. apacheriensis (Gilb. & Canf.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden [Hyphodontia apacheriensis (Gilb. & Canf.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden]; distr.: North America |
– |
Spores up to 4(–4.5) μm broad; pores to 0.3 mm deep; subiculum to 0.15 mm thick; capitate hyphal ends in subiculum numerous; tapering hymenial cystidia reaching about 30 × 6 μm in size; basidia 4.5–5 μm broad, often repetitive |
7
|
7 |
Pores rounded; spores (3–)3.3–4 μm broad |
X. niemelaei (Sheng H. Wu) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia niemelaei Sheng H. Wu subsp. niemelaei Sheng H. Wu); distr.: East Asia, Africa, South America |
– |
Pores somewhat elongated; spores 3.7–4(–4.5) μm broad |
X. gracilis (Hjortstam & Ryvarden) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia niemelaei subsp. gracilis Hjortstam & Ryvarden); distr.: South America |
8 |
Spores suballantoid |
X. syringae (E. Langer) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia syringae E. Langer); distr.: East Asia |
– |
Spores subglobose to oblong |
9
|
9 |
Pores 1‒3/mm; spores subglobose to broadly ellipsoid |
10
|
– |
Pores 4‒7/mm; spores narrowly ellipsoid to oblong, 4‒5.5 × 2.5‒3.2 μm |
11
|
10 |
Pores about 3/mm; margin filamentous-arachnoid, without rhizomorphs; spores subglobose, 4.2‒5 × 4‒4.3 μm; capitate cystidia 15‒23 × 4.5‒3 μm |
X. hallenbergii (Sheng H. Wu) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia hallenbergii Sheng H. Wu); distr.: East Asia |
– |
Pores 1‒2/mm; margin with white rhizomorphs; spores broadly ellipsoid/ellipsoid, (4‒)4.3‒5.5(‒6) × 3.5‒4(‒4.3) μm; capitate cystidia 20–27 × 6–7 μm |
Hyphodontia rhizomorpha C.L. Zhao, B.K. Cui & Y.C. Dai; distr.: East Asia |
11 |
Pores 4–6/mm, up to 0.35 mm deep; capitate cystidia 10‒45 × 3.5‒5 μm, apically capped with resinous matter; basidia 14‒20 μm long; spores 4.5–5.5 μm long |
X. taiwanianus (Sheng H. Wu) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia taiwaniana Sheng H. Wu); distr.: East Asia |
– |
Pores 6‒7/mm, to about 1 mm deep; capitate cystidia 11‒13.5 × 4‒6 μm, without resinous cap; basidia 9‒12.5 μm long; spores (4‒)4.3‒5 μm long |
Hyphodontia pseudotropica C.L. Zhao, B.K. Cui & Y.C. Dai; distr.: East Asia |
12 |
Spores allantoid, 1–1.5 μm broad |
X. scopinellus (Berk.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden [Odontia scopinella (Berk.) Berk.]; distr.: Australia, New Zealand |
– |
Spores subglobose to cylindrical or suballantoid, at least 2 μm broad |
13
|
13 |
Apically acute cystidia or acuminate hyphal ends regularly present in hymenium and/or at sterile apices of aculei |
14
|
– |
All cystidia apically blunt (but can be tapering), or acuminate elements rare and only at aculeal apices or occasionally in hymenium |
35
|
14 |
Acuminate hyphal ends or acuminate cystidia confined to sterile aculeal apices |
15
|
– |
Acuminate cystidia or cystidioles also in hymenium |
20
|
15 |
With hypha-like, thick-walled tramal cystidia, somewhat constricted and flexuous, often richly encrusted and with adventitious septa, apically blunt, subcapitate or acute |
X. lanatus (Burds. & Nakasone) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia lanata Burds. & Nakasone); distr.: North and South America, East Asia |
– |
Thick-walled tramal cystidia absent |
16
|
16 |
With hastocystidia, 40–60 × 6–8 μm, at aculeal apices |
X. hastifer (Hjortstam & Ryvarden) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia hastifera Hjortstam & Ryvarden); distr.: South America |
– |
No hastocystidia; acuminate hyphal ends in aculei 2–4 μm broad |
17
|
17 |
With enclosed, more or less constricted (torulose) cystidia; capitate and subcapitate cystidia often provided with resinous cap |
18
|
– |
Torulose cystidia absent; capitate and subcapitate cystidia naked, seldom with resinous cap |
19
|
18 |
Cylindrical sterile elements in hymenium (if present) up to 4 μm broad; torulose cystidia with oily contents (like gloeocystidia), sometimes very rare; spores ellipsoid, 4–5 × 3–3.5 μm |
X. brevisetus (P. Karst.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden [Hyphodontia breviseta (P. Karst.) J. Erikss.]; distr.: temperate north hemisphere |
– |
Subclavate/short cylindrical cystidia common or scattered in hymenium, 4.5‒8.5 μm broad; torulose cystidia with non-oily contents; most basidiospores broadly ellipsoid, some subglobose, 4‒5.5(‒6) × (3‒)3.5‒4(‒4.5) μm |
Hyphodontia subclavata Yurchenko, H.X. Xiong & Sheng H. Wu; distr.: East Asia |
19 |
Spores ellipsoid to oblong, convex or flat adaxially, 5.5–6.5(–7) × 3.5–4.5 μm; capitate cystidia present in hymenium |
X. pruni (Lasch) Hjortstam & Ryvarden [Hyphodontia pruni (Lasch) Svrček]; distr.: Eurasia, North Africa, North America |
– |
Spores ellipsoid, flat or depressed adaxially, (5‒)6–7 × 2.5–3.5 μm; capitate cystidia absent, subcapitate elements very few |
Hyphodontia novozelandica Gorjón & Gresl.; distr.: New Zealand |
20 |
All hyphae covered with dark yellow or brown granular material, dissolving and turning violet in KOH |
X. australis (Berk.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden [Hyphodontia australis (Berk.) Hjortstam]; distr.: Australia, South America |
– |
The hyphal incrustations colorless or pale colored, not turning violet in KOH |
21
|
21 |
Hymenophore smooth to minutely odontioid, with the longest aculei reaching 0.05–0.3 mm in length |
22
|
– |
Hymenophore odontioid to hydnoid and almost irpicoid, with aculei reaching 0.5–3 mm long |
31
|
22 |
Spores cylindrical to suballantoid, (2‒)2.5–3(–3.5) μm broad |
23
|
– |
Spores subglobose to oblong, 3–4 μm broad |
25
|
23 |
Basidioma very thin (mostly about 25 μm thick); hymenial surface smooth |
Hyphodontia tenuissima Yurchenko & Sheng H. Wu; distr.: East Asia |
– |
Basidioma usually 50 μm or more thick; hymenial surface scarcely aculeate (in younger parts smooth) to densely odontioid |
24
|
24 |
Hymenial surface whitish or greyish, with sterile peg-like projections (11‒15 projections/mm) |
Hyphodontia vietnamensis Yurchenko & Sheng H. Wu; distr.: Southeast Asia |
‒ |
Hymenial surface yellowish or cream-colored, with at least partly fertile aculei (about 5 aculei/mm) |
X. crustosus (Pers.: Fr.) Chevall [Hyphodontia crustosa (Pers.: Fr.) J. Erikss., H. burtii (Peck) Gilb.]; distr.: cosmopolitan |
|
The species is very variable, especially in macromorphology and spore morphology. Hjortstam and Ryvarden (1997) noted a specimen from Colombia under the name Hyphodontia cf. crustosa, with ellipsoid spores. A morphological variant called Hyphodontia crustosa “jacutica” (Eriksson et al. 1981), or H. jacutica (Eriksson and Ryvarden 1976), differs from H. crustosa by narrowly ellipsoid spores, and this may represent a taxon of its own. |
|
25 |
Spores subglobose; hymenophore smooth or scanty odontioid |
26
|
– |
Spores broadly ellipsoid to oblong; hymenophore smooth to densely odontioid |
27
|
26 |
Basidia bisterigmate; spores 5.5–7 × 4.5–6 μm, thin-walled; subulate cystidia 18–25 × 4.5–6 μm; hymenophore smooth |
X. bisporus (Boidin & Gilles) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia bispora Boidin & Gilles); distr.: Europe |
– |
Basidia with (2)4 sterigmata; spores about 5 × 3.8–4 μm, slightly thick-walled; subulate cystidia 30–40 × 3.5–5 μm; hymenophore at first smooth, later with minute, separated aculei |
X. crustosoglobosus (Hallenb. & Hjortstam) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia crustosoglobosa Hallenb. & Hjortstam); distr.: South America |
27 |
Capitate (including lecythiform) elements present in hymenium |
28
|
– |
Capitate cystidial elements absent, or present only in aculei or in subhymenium |
29
|
28 |
Hymenial surface salmon-colored when dry; hymenial cystidia of three types: tapering, 2–3.5 μm wide, capitate, and lecythiform; spores ellipsoid |
Hyphodontia macrescens (Banker) Ginns & Lefebvre; distr.: North America |
|
According to Hjortstam and Ryvarden (2009), this is a name of unknown application. |
|
– |
Hymenial surface ochraceous- or cinnamon-yellow; cystidia of two types: tapering, 3–5 μm wide, and lecythiform; spores ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid |
X. rimosissimus (Peck) Hjortstam & Ryvarden [Hyphodontia rimosissima (Peck) Gilb. sensu Gilbertson (1962)]; distr.: North America |
29 |
Hymenophoral aculei consisting of strongly flexuous hyphae with blunt, subcapitate or capitulate apices |
X. candidissimus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Hjortstam & Ryvarden [Hyphodontia candidissima (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) E. Langer]; distr.: North and South America |
– |
Hymenophoral aculei, if present, consisting apically of acute cystidial elements |
30
|
30 |
Hymenophore smooth to minutely tuberculate, white to yellowish; basidioma not stratified, except at the differentiation zone of subhymenium and subiculum; hymenial surface more or less matt |
X. juniperi (Bourdot & Galzin) Hjortstam & Ryvarden [Hyphodontia juniperi (Bourdot & Galzin) J. Erikss. & Hjortstam]; distr.: Eurasia, Macaronesia, North and South America |
– |
Hymenophore distinctly warted to odontioid (basidioma can be partly smooth), yellowish to ochraceous; basidioma when well developed, somewhat stratified; hymenial surface more or less glossy |
X. stratosus (Hjortstam & Ryvarden) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia stratosa Hjortstam & Ryvarden); distr.: Africa, South America |
31 |
Spores cylindrical to suballantoid, 2.5–3.5 μm broad |
X. quercinus (Pers.: Fr.) Gray [Hyphodontia quercina (Pers.: Fr.) J. Erikss.]; distr.: temperate north hemisphere |
– |
Spores subglobose to narrowly ellipsoid, (3.2–)3.5‒4.5 μm broad |
32
|
32 |
Basidioma up to 0.8 mm thick between aculei; torulose, apically rounded cystidia with 2‒9 constrictions present |
Hyphodontia anmashanensis Yurchenko, H.X. Xiong & Sheng H. Wu; distr.: East Asia |
– |
Basidioma about 0.05 mm thick between aculei; constricted cystidia if present, with 1‒5 constrictions and apically acute |
33
|
33 |
Spores narrowly ellipsoid or oblong, 5–6.3 × 3–4 μm; capitate hyphal ends, if present, without resinous cap; cystidia ventricose-submucronate, thin- or slightly thick-walled towards the base |
X. submucronatus (Hjortstam & Renvall) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia submucronata Hjortstam & Renvall); distr.: Africa |
– |
Spores subglobose to ellipsoid, 4.5–5(–5.5) × (3.5–)4–4.5 μm; capitate hyphal ends in hymenium often with resinous caps; cystidia fusoid with 1–5 constrictions, acuminate, thin-walled |
34
|
34 |
Hymenophoral aculei flattened, incised, rarely conical or subcylindrical |
X. spathulatus (Schrad. : Fr.) Kuntze [Hyphodontia spathulata (Schrad. : Fr.) Parmasto]; distr.: cosmopolitan |
– |
Hymenophoral aculei triangular at base, subulate above, arranged in more or less parallel rows |
Hyphodontia fimbriiformis (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Ginns & Lefebvre ‘fimbriaeformis’; distr.: North America |
|
Hjortstam and Ryvarden (2009) synonymized this name with X. spathulatus. |
|
35 |
Astrocystidia present on subicular hyphae |
Hyphodontia astrocystidiata Yurchenko & Sheng H. Wu; distr.: East Asia |
– |
Astrocystidia lacking in subiculum |
36
|
36 |
Thick-walled, hypha-like, more or less encrusted, constricted and septate cystidia present, projecting in bundles at aculeal apices |
37
|
– |
All cystidia thin-walled or slightly thick-walled in lower part, aseptate |
40
|
37 |
Spores cylindrical 2–2.5(–3) μm wide; hymenial cystidia subcapitate |
X. nespori (Bres.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden [Hyphodontia nespori (Bres.) J. Erikss. & Hjortstam, Odontia papillosa (Fr.) Bres. sensu Nikolajeva, 1961]; distr.: cosmopolitan |
|
Spores in O. papillosa, according to Nikolajeva (1961), are larger than X. nespori measuring 5–8 × 2–3.5 μm. |
|
– |
Spores broadly ellipsoid to oblong 3–4(‒5) μm wide |
38
|
38 |
Capitate hyphal ends (vesicles) present in subiculum |
X. lanatus (see step 15) |
– |
No capitate hyphal ends in subiculum |
39
|
39 |
Cystidia at aculeal apices flexuous and subcapitate; aculei fertile at base; basidia 15‒17 μm long |
X. serpentiformis (E. Langer) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia serpentiformis E. Langer); distr.: East Asia, Macaronesia |
|
Hyphodontia crassa Sang H. Lin & Z.C. Chen was considered as synonym of H. serpentiformis by Dai et al. (2004). |
|
– |
Cystidia straight or slightly wavy, apically hypha-like, forming sterile peg-like fascicles; basidia 15‒35 μm long |
Hyphodontia echinata Yurchenko & Sheng H. Wu; distr.: East Asia |
40 |
Lepto- or gloeocystidia present, of tramal or subhymenial origin, longer, than 30 μm, or if shorter, then reaching 8–15 μm in width |
41
|
– |
Lepto- or gloeocystidia absent, or if hymenial leptocystidia present, then up to 30 × 8 μm, or somewhat thick-walled in lower 1/2–2/3 |
48
|
41 |
Hymenophore smooth to tuberculate |
42
|
– |
Hymenophore odontioid to hydnoid |
43
|
42 |
Cystidia of three types: enclosed cylindrical gloeocystidia, capitate and hyphoid cystidia; cylindrical hyphoid cystidia 40‒70(‒80) × (3‒)4‒5(‒5.5) μm |
X. tuberculatus (Kotir. & Saaren.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia tuberculata Kotir. & Saaren.); distr.: Europe |
– |
Cystidia of one type, cylindrical or subcylindrical, 90‒100 × 4‒6 μm; gloeocystidia absent |
X. tenuicystidius (Hjortstam & Ryvarden) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia tenuicystidia Hjortstam & Ryvarden nom. inval.); distr.: South America |
43 |
Capitate cystidial elements present in hymenium or subiculum, sometimes projecting from aculeal apices |
44
|
– |
Capitate cystidial elements lacking |
47
|
44 |
Hyphae in aculeal trama thin- to slightly thick-walled; spores thin-walled, the biggest ones 5–5.5 × 3.5 μm |
45
|
– |
Aculeal trama with thick-walled or pseudoskeletal hyphae; spores often slightly thick-walled or distinctly thick-walled, the biggest ones 6–7 × 4–4.5 μm |
46
|
45 |
Lepto- or gloeocystidia mostly of tramal origin, submoniliform, sometimes cylindrical, 40–60(–125) × 4–5(–7) μm, enclosed, sometimes difficult to find; capitate cystidia in hymenium and in aculeal apices, sometimes in subiculum, naked and apically 3.5–5.5 μm broad, or provided with a cap of resinous matter; spores ellipsoid |
X. brevisetus (see step 18) |
|
Hyphodontia cf. breviseta, briefly described and illustrated in Kotiranta and Saarenoksa (2000) also keys here. It has long (about 100 μm and more), acute sterile aculeal apices, consisting of strictly parallel, tightly agglutinated, amyloid hyphae; gloeocystidia more 90 μm long; spores (4.5–)5–5.5 × 3–3.5(–4) μm. In H. breviseta, following to the same authors, sterile aculeal apices are shorter (near 70 μm), and consisting of subparallel, loosely arranged, inamyloid hyphae; gloeocystidia usually (45–)50–70 μm long; spores 4–4.5(–6) × (2.7–)3–3.5(–5) μm. Distr.: Europe |
|
– |
Leptocystidia of subhymenial origin, cylindrical, fusoid or clavate, often apically projecting, 35–50 × (5.5–)6–8(–9) μm; capitate cystidia only embedded in subiculum and aculeal trama, naked, apically 5–8 μm broad; spores narrowly ellipsoid to oblong |
Hyphodontia heterocystidiata H.X. Xiong, Y.C. Dai & Sheng H. Wu; distr.: East Asia |
|
The species is referred by Gorjón (2012) to the H. breviseta complex. |
|
46 |
Capitate cystidia enclosed or projecting, mostly capped with resinous matter; leptocystidia enclosed; spores thick-walled, (5–)5.5–6(–7) × 4–4.5 μm |
X. crassisporus (Gresl. & Rajchenb.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia crassispora Gresl. & Rajchenb.); distr.: South America |
– |
Capitate cystidia in subiculum only, without resinous cap; leptocystidia enclosed or projecting up to 30 μm; spores thin- to slightly thick-walled, 4–6 × 3–4 μm |
Hyphodontia sinensis H.X. Xiong, Y.C. Dai & Sheng H. Wu; distr.: East Asia |
47 |
Hymenophore odontioid-hydnoid, with aculei 0.2–0.8 mm long; leptocystidia of tramal and subhymenial origin, cylindrical to torulose, 15–70 × 5–8 μm; spores 4–5 × 3–3.5 μm |
X. lenis Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia mollis Sheng H. Wu); distr.: East Asia |
– |
Hymenophore odontioid, with aculei up to 0.4 mm long; leptocystidia only hymenial, subcylindrical, clavate, almost pyriform, 20–35 × 4.5–15 μm; spores 5–6 × 3.5–4.5 μm |
Hyphodontia pelliculae (H. Furuk.) N. Maek.; distr.: East Asia |
48 |
Capitate, subcapitate or capitulate cystidial elements abundant to scattered, but regularly present in hymenium or at aculeal apices |
49
|
– |
Capitate and similar cystidial elements absent or occasional |
68
|
49 |
Resinous caps present on some or many capitate cystidia |
50
|
– |
Capitate cystidia lacking resinous cap |
53
|
50 |
Hymenial surface with fairly sparse aculei (1–3/mm), separated or connected by crests |
51
|
– |
Hymenial surface densely tuberculate to densely odontioid (6–10 aculei/mm), without crests |
52
|
51 |
Aculei separated; capitate cystidia 4.5–5.5(–6) μm broad, often lacking resinous cap; spores subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, 3.5–4.5(–5) μm broad |
X. asperus (Fr.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden [Hyphodontia aspera (Fr.) J. Erikss., H. granulosa (Pers.: Fr.) Ginns & Lefebvre nom. superfl.]; distr.: temperate Eurasia |
– |
Aculei often connected by crests; capitate cystidia 3–4.5 μm broad, usually with a cap of resinous matter; spores ellipsoid, 3.5–4 μm broad |
Hyphodontia subspathulata (H. Furuk.) N. Maek.; distr.: East Asia |
|
Hjortstam and Ryvarden (2009) consider this name as a synonym of X. spathulatus. However, in Maekawa’s description (1993) no acuminate, constricted gloeocystidia were mentioned. |
|
52 |
Basidioma white or cream-colored, with age pale ochraceous; aculei narrowly conical or subcylindrical; hyphal texture in subiculum and trama loose; spores (5–)5.5–6.5(–7) × 3.5–4.5(–5) μm |
X. pruni (see step 19) |
– |
Basidioma creamish or often pale ochraceous and reddish ochraceous; aculei conical to almost semiglobose; hyphal texture in subiculum and trama fairly dense; spores 5–6 × 3.5–4 μm |
X. verruculosus (J. Erikss. & Hjortstam) Hjortstam & Ryvarden [Hyphodontia verruculosa J. Erikss. & Hjortstam; H. papillosa (Fr.) J. Erikss. p.p., sensu Eriksson and Ryvarden (1976); Lyomyces papillosus (Fr.) P. Karst.]; distr.: Europe |
|
In many taxonomical works Hyphodontia verrucolosa is considered to be a synonym of H. rimosissima. However, Hjortstam and Ryvarden (2009) treated X. verruculosus separately from X. rimosissimus (see step 28). |
|
53 |
Spores 7.5–10 μm long, ovoid to suballantoid; aculeal apices with subulate or hypha-like, apically capitulate cystidia |
X. adhaerisporus (E. Langer) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia adhaerispora E. Langer); distr.: southwest Indian Ocean islands |
– |
Spores up to 7 μm long, subglobose to oblong, never concave adaxially; aculeal apices with hypha-like, tapering, capitate or capitulate cystidia |
54
|
54 |
Capitate cystidia apically 8–12 μm broad, projecting about 20 μm |
X. capitatus (G. Cunn.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden [Hyphodontia cunninghamii Gresl. & Rajchenb., non Hyphodontia capitata (Boidin & Gilles) Hjortstam]; distr.: Australia, New Zealand |
– |
Capitate or subcapitate cystidia apically up to 6(–7) μm broad, projecting or enclosed |
55
|
55 |
Capitate cystidia predominating at aculeal apices, naked or slightly encrusted |
Hyphodontia capitatocystidiata H.X. Xiong, Y.C. Dai & Sheng H. Wu; distr.: East Asia |
– |
Aculeal apices consisting predominantly of tapering or cylindrical cystidia or hyphal ends, otherwise capitate cystidia richly encrusted (incrustation dissolving in KOH) |
56
|
56 |
With fairly straight, hyphoid, projecting cystidia, somewhat broadened apically and thick-walled there, and somewhat broadened basally |
X. borealis (Kotir. & Saaren.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia borealis Kotir. & Saaren.); distr.: temperate Eurasia |
|
This taxon was depicted under the name Hyphodontia aff. nudiseta in Langer (1994). |
|
– |
Hyphoid cystidia if present, then not broadened and thick-walled apically |
57
|
57 |
Spores (5–)5.5–6.5(–7) μm long |
58
|
– |
Spores 3.8–5(–6) μm long |
61
|
58 |
Hymenophoral aculei 10–15/mm; capitate, subcapitate and capitulate cystidia 20–60 × 4–6 μm, typically present in aculei |
X. fimbriatus (Sheng H. Wu) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia fimbriata Sheng H. Wu); distr.: East Asia, South America |
– |
Hymenophoral aculei 6–12/mm; capitate and similar cystidia 15–40 × 3–5 μm, often absent in aculei |
59
|
59 |
Spores thin-walled, 3.5–4.5(–5) μm broad; projecting hyphal ends in aculei subulate, obtuse, capitulate |
X. pruni (see step 19) |
– |
Spores slightly thick-walled when mature, 3.5‒4 μm broad; projecting hyphal ends in aculei nearly cylindrical or tapering |
60
|
60 |
Hymenial cystidia tibiiform to lecythiform |
X. bugellensis (Ces.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden sensu Hjortstam and Ryvarden (2007a) [Hyphodontia bugellensis (Ces.) J. Erikss.]; distr.: Macaronesia, Africa |
|
In earlier works (Eriksson and Ryvarden 1976; Langer 1994) this name was synonymized with Hyphodontia pruni. |
|
– |
Hymenial cystidia cylindrical or subcapitate |
X. subscopinellus (G. Cunn.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden [Hyphodontia subscopinella (G. Cunn.) Greslebin & Rajchenb.]; distr.: Australia, New Zealand |
61 |
Subulate cystidial elements regularly present at aculeal tips and/or in hymenium |
62
|
– |
Subulate cystidia absent, rare, or little distinguishing from cylindrical hyphal ends |
64
|
62 |
Many capitate cystidia with olive brownish contents; all hyphae thin-walled; spores narrowly ellipsoid, 3–3.5(–4) μm broad |
Hyphodontia sp. 2 (Kotiranta and Saarenoksa 2000); distr.: Europe |
– |
Capitate cystidia colorless; subicular hyphae with thickened to moderately thick walls; spores broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, 3.5–4 μm broad |
63
|
63 |
Cystidia subulate, rarely capitate; tramal hyphae with thickened walls; spores thin- or slightly thick-walled |
Hyphodontia sp. 1 (Kotiranta and Saarenoksa 2000); distr.: Europe. |
|
European samples, treated under the name X. nudisetus, and having, besides subulate cystidia, also slightly capitate ones (Langer 1994), possibly belong here (Kotiranta and Saarenoksa 2000). |
|
– |
Cystidia subcapitate and almost subulate; tramal hyphae thin-walled; spores thin-walled |
X. pruniaceus (Hjortstam & Ryvarden) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia pruniacea Hjortstam & Ryvarden); distr.: Africa |
64 |
With skeletal-like, strongly light-refractive hyphae in aculeal trama and partly in subiculum |
X. rudis (Hjortstam & Ryvarden) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia rudis Hjortstam & Ryvarden); distr.: South America |
– |
Skeletal-like hyphae absent, hyphae in aculeal trama thin- to slightly thick-walled |
65
|
65 |
Hyphae in aculeal apices richly encrusted; spores 4‒5 μm long |
66
|
– |
Hyphae in aculeal apices scarcely to moderately encrusted; spores up to 5.5‒6 μm long |
67
|
66 |
Capitate cystidia in hymenium between aculei, 15‒18 μm long; hyphae in aculei (peg-like fascicles) flexuous, 2.5‒3.5 μm wide; spores 4–5 × 3–3.5 μm |
Hyphodontia microfasciculata Yurchenko & Sheng H. Wu; distr.: East Asia |
– |
Capitate cystidia mainly in aculei, 30–60 μm long; hyphae in aculeal apices straight, 3‒4 μm wide; spores 4.3–4.5 × 4–4.3 μm |
X. tenellus Hjortstam & Ryvarden; distr.: South Americ |
67 |
Hymenophoral aculei more or less scattered, usually 1–3/mm; spores subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, 5–6 × (3.5–)4–5(–5.8) μm |
X. asperus (see step 51) |
– |
Hymenophoral aculei more crowded; spores broadly ellipsoid, (4.2–)4.5–5(–5.5) × 3.5–4 μm |
Hyphodontia sp. 3 (Kotiranta and Saarenoksa 2000); distr.: Europe |
68 |
Spores 2.2–3 μm broad |
69
|
– |
Spores ≥ 3 μm broad |
70
|
69 |
Spores (6–)6.5–7 × 2.2–2.5 μm; cystidia or hyphal ends in aculei tapering, thin- to moderately thick-walled; hymenophore densely odontioid; subicular hyphae (2.5–)3–4 μm diam; basidia 25–30 × 4.5–5 μm |
X. nesporina (Hallenb. & Hjortstam) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia nesporina Hallenb. & Hjortstam); distr.: South America |
– |
Spores 4.5–6 × 2.5–3 μm; cystidia or hyphal ends in aculei cylindrical, thin-walled; hymenophore smooth to grandinioid; subicular hyphae 2–3 μm in diam; basidia about 15 × 3.5–4 μm |
Hyphodontia papillosa (Fr. : Fr.) J. Erikss. sensu Gilbertson (1974); distr.: North America |
|
The concept of this species in Gilbertson differs from the concept of H. verruculosa (Ginns and Lefebvre 1993; see step 52), and resembles X. nespori with naked cystidia (see step 37). |
|
70 |
Cystidia or hyphal ends in aculei with crystalline incrustations |
71
|
– |
Cystidia or hyphal ends in aculei naked or almost naked |
72
|
71 |
Cystidia torulose; spores thick-walled when mature |
X. bugellensis sensu Bernicchia and Gorjón (2010) [Hyphodontia bugellensis sensu Melo and Tellería (1997); see also step 60]; distr.: Europe, Southwest Asia |
– |
Cystidia subulate, often with somewhat broadened base; spores thin-walled |
X. knysnanus (Van der Byl) Hjortstam & Ryvarden [Hyphodontia knysnana (Van der Byl) D.A. Reid]; distr.: Africa, South America |
72 |
Hymenophoral aculei 2–4/mm; cystidia 3–4 μm broad, usually flexuous; spores ellipsoid, (6–)6.5–7(–7.5) × (3–)3.5–4 μm |
X. lutescens (Hjortstam & Ryvarden) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia lutescens Hjortstam & Ryvarden); distr.: South America |
|
Langer (1994) noted that this taxon should be treated in the genus Hyphoderma because of Hyphodontia-like hyphae are absent and spores are with granular contents. However, Hjortstam and Ryvarden (2009) referred X. lutescens to the same morphological group as X. asperus and X. brevisetus. |
|
– |
Hymenophoral aculei crowded, more than 4/mm; cystidia basally up to 7 μm broad, straight or weakly flexuous; spores subglobose to ellipsoid, 4.5–6 × 3–4.5 μm |
X. nudisetus (Warcup & P.H.B. Talbot) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hyphodontia nudiseta Warcup & P.H.B. Talbot; see also step 63); distr.: East Asia, Australia |